山东大学外国语学院《621实践英语》历年考研真题及详解合集

目录2015年山东大学621实践英语考研真题及详解2016年山东大学621实践英语考研真题及详解2017年山东大学621实践英语考研真题及详解2018年山东大学621实践英语考研真题及详解

2015年山东大学621实践英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Multiplechoices(每题1分，共10分)Thereare10incompletesentencesinthissection.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChooseONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Whenyou’redrivingonamotorway,youmustobeythesignstellingyoutogetintotheright_____.A.wayB.trackC.roadD.lane【答案】D【解析】句意：在高速公路上开车时必须遵循车道标志。way指的是为了到达某个地点而要经过的地方，比较笼统、抽象。track指“不平坦的小路”，还可以指铁轨，比赛的跑道等。road指“大道，公路”，通行的道路。lane指的是“公路上用黄线或白线划开的车道”。根据句意，应该选D。2.The_____goalofthehookistohelpbridgethegapbetweenresearchandteaching,particularlythegapbetweenresearchersandteachers.

A.jointB.intensiveC.overallD.decisive【答案】C【解析】句意：这本书总的目的是帮助建立研究与教学之间，特别是研究人员与教师之间的联系。overall意为“总的，全部的”，符合句意，因此正确答案为C。intensive深入细致的。concise简明的。joint合办的，共有的。3.Youmustn’tallowagoldenopportunityto_____throughyourfingersoryouwillregretlater.A.dropB.slipC.glideD.slide【答案】B【解析】句意：千万别让大好机会从指缝溜过，否则日后将追悔莫及。dropthrough“失败，落空”，不符合句意。在此slip，glide，slide三者都由“滑过”的意思，但glide主要指有意的、持续的、平稳的滑行。slide主要表示某物在另一物表面的滑动。slip多指无意的、急速的、短距离的滑动，常有因不小心或失去平稳等造成之意。因而此处用slip表示“错失良机”的意思更为恰当。

4.ThefirstpointtonoteisthatneithertheBankofEnglandnortheTreasurycandoanythingmuchto_____thepoundaslongastheeuroremainsontheropes.A.reserveB.restrainC.retainD.replace【答案】C【解析】句意：首先要注意的一点是，只要欧元的地位岌岌可危，英国央行和财政部就都没有办法保持英镑的稳定。retain有“保持，稳定”之意，符合句意。reserve储备，保留。restrain控制，约束。replace代替。5.Thisisnotaneconomicalwaytogetmorewater;_____,itisveryexpensive.A.ontheotherhandB.onthecontraryC.inshortD.orelse【答案】B【解析】句意：这不是得到更多水的省钱方法，相反，它非常昂贵。onthecontrary表示“相反”，与句意符合，故本题选B。

6.Thesepilotsmustnowfacethe_____oftheiractionsandbebroughttotrial.A.consequenceB.aftermathC.resultsD.effect【答案】A【解析】句意：这些飞行员现在必须承担自己行为的后果，接受审判。这组词均含有“结果”的意思：consequence带有贬义，一般表示一种不好的结局，常译为“后果”，符合句意。aftermath指发生天灾人祸之后上随之而来的不良的，甚至更严重的后果或余波。result是最普通的用词，用途最广，指很多效果、后果的综合，带有“最后结果”的意味。effect与cause（原因，起因）相对，强调由某种原因直接或立即产生的结果，意为“效果，效力，作用，影响”。7.Manypeoplewereinfavoroftheproposalthataspecialcommittee_____toinvestigatetheincident.A.weresetupB.wassetupC.besetupD.setup【答案】C

【解析】句意：许多人同意他的提议，应该成立一个特别委员会调查此事。proposal后面的同位语从句中的谓语动词应该用should+动词原形形式的虚拟语气。committee与setup之间为被动关系，故应该选C。8.Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillthere.She_____bybus.A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone【答案】A【解析】句意：南希已经去上班了，但她的车还在那里。她肯定是坐公交车去的。musthavedone表示肯定的猜测。shouldhavedone和oughttohavedone都表示本应做而没做。couldhavedone表示不太确定的猜测。根据上一句的语境，可断定是肯定的猜测，A项为正确选项。9.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo_____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever【答案】C

【解析】句意：政府已经承诺会尽一切能力来减轻洪灾地区灾民的困难。这里do后面缺少宾语，liein前面缺少主语，whatever引导一个宾语从句做主句的宾语，并在从句中充当主语，相当于anythingthat，意为“政府能做的事”。10.Thereislittledoubt,however,_____thingswillimproveinthenottoodistantfuture.A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when【答案】B【解析】句意：然而毋庸置疑的是，事情在不远的将来会有所改善。doubt后面接从句时若前面表示肯定意义则用连词whether，若表示否定意义则接that，这里littledoubt表否定，意为“毫无疑问”，因此要用that。Ⅱ.ErrorCorrection(每题1分，共10分)CorrecttheONEerrorineachofthefollowingsentencesastheexampleshows.Example:Heisstudents.students→astudent1.Theyarereluctanttosharethemselves’experiencewithothers.

【答案】themselves’→their【解析】这里表示他们的经验，因此要用形容词形的复数第三人称的所有格形式their后接experience，而themselves则是复数第三人称反身代词。2.Iamnotdaretosayitisafaultyconceptofrightandwrong.【答案】amnot→not【解析】这里dare是助动词，表示“敢”，可单独充当谓语动词，因此前面不需要加系动词am。3.Stayingwarmincoldweather,cold-bloodedanimalsmustexposethemselvestoasourceofwarmthsuchasdirectlight.【答案】Staying→Tostay【解析】结合句意，这里意为“为了保持温暖”，所以要用不定式来表示目的。4.TheChineseGovernmentfirmlyopposestoandcracksdownontheproductionandsaleoffakedrugs.【答案】opposesto→opposes【解析】oppose做及物动词后直接加名词表示“反对”，后面不加to，不要与beopposedto混淆。5.Whilewethinkofrainbowsaslightofvariouscolor,infacttheyare

reallyjusttherefractionofsunlightthroughraindrop.【答案】color→colors【解析】这里表示各种各样的颜色，因此要用color的复数形式colors。6.Thismayapplytoaparticularperiodoritmaybeconcerningchangesoveralongperiodoftime.【答案】beconcerning→concern【解析】may+bedoing表示推测正在做某事，而这里是对一般事实的推测，因此后接动词原形。7.Likeallotherecologicalsystems,aforestconsistsinalivingenvironmentandanonlivingenvironment,thelattercomposedofair,rocks,soil,andwater.【答案】consistsin→consistsof【解析】consistin表示“存在于……中，以……为主要部分”，而consistof则表示“由……组成”，结合题干信息“森林由生物环境和非生物环境组成”，可知要用of。8.Thischapteranalyzesthecausetotheabove-mentioneddifferencesfromtheirpointofview.【答案】to→of【解析】causeto意为“导致，带来”，causeof指“导致某事发生的原

因”，题干中意为“分析导致差异的原因”，因此要用介词of。9.OnlyfewpeoplehavetheopportunitytocontactwithnativespeakersofEnglish.【答案】contactwith→contact【解析】contact既可做及物动词又可做不及物动词，单独使用时，有“接触到”的意思，后接with表示“和……保持联系”，题句意为“很少有人能有机会接触到母语为英语的人”，所以去掉with更合适。10.Someplantsproducepoisonsthateffectapersonevenifheorshemerelybrushesagainstthem.【答案】effect→affect【解析】effect一般做名词，意为“影响，效果”，作动词则有“产生”的意思，此处后接宾语aperson，因此要改为affect，意为“影响到，感染到”。Ⅲ.Blankfilling(每题1分，共10分)Fillineachoftheblankswithawordinitsproperformthatbestcompletesthesentence.Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,(1)_____pioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Weareobliged(2)_____thembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthe

peopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheir(3)_____languages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,(4)_____werelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.Thenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewell-studiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsia(5)_____somescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasa(6)_____duringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.(7)_____interestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthat(8)_____itiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalong(9)_____.Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.(10)_____bothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.【答案与解析】1.were（句意为：在描述北美和南美许多土著语言方面，二十世纪上半页

博厄斯和萨丕尔是先驱。两位人物充当的主语与表语先驱之间缺少系动词，又因为有特定时间限制二十世纪上半页，所以用第三人称复数过去式were。)2.to（beobligedtosb感激某人，为固定搭配。)3.native（nativelanguage“本族语”，结合语境：这些土著语言已经不复存在，丧失了他们的本族语言。)4.who（看句子主干，可知已经有谓语动词，所以此处应是一个主语从句，修饰主语otherlinguists，因此要用连接代词who。)5.that（此处是固定搭配，so+形容词或副词+that引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。)6.code（通过后面的tosendsecretmessages“发密码电报”可知是被用作code“密码”。)7.Being（非谓语动词做状语，表原因，伴随，方式，因此要用beinterested的-ing形式。)8.because（通过语境可知此处为因果关系，because引导从句表原因。)

9.another（alongonetrackandnotalonganother意为“沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行”。这里有“这个，而非那一个”的意思，因而用one...another...。)10.Although（although引导从句表转折，这里意为：虽然萨丕尔和沃尔夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨丕尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。)Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension(每题1分，共20分)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Makethebestchoiceforeachquestionbasedonwhatyouread.PassageOneHarvardthrilledmiddle-classparentslastweekbycappingitstuitionforfamilieswithincomesofupto$180,000at10percentoftheirearnings.Themovesparkedhopesofadonationracethatcouldeasethesoaringcostsofcollege.Earlierthismonth,DukejoinedagroupofschoolsincludingHarvard,Princeton,andStanfordthatpromisefreeridestolow-incomestudents.Butmanypointoutthatthesegestureswillaffectonlyafewhundredluckystudents.Theoutlaysaresocomparativelysmallthattheyareunlikelytodivertpressureforreformsinthewayscollegesspendtheirmoney—especiallytheestimated$380billionofendowmentfundsstoredintax-freeaccounts.“It’sanimportantgesture,”CollegeParentsofAmericaPresident

JamesBoylesaysofHarvard.Butcollegesshoulddomorenowwiththemoneythey’vesockedawayforarainyday,hesays.Harvard’splanwillrequireittopull$22millionextraoutofitsendowment,whichgrew23percentlastyeartoalmost$35billion.Harvardisdrawingout$1.1billion—asmallpercentageoflastfiscalyear’s$6.7billioninannualinvestmentreturns—tofundaboutathirdofitsoperationsthisyear.Thenumbersaresmaller,butthestoryissimilaratothercolleges.Theaverageendowmenthasbeenreaping10percentayearoninvestmentssince2004.Butcollegesspentanaverageofjust4.6percentoftheirendowmentslastyearwhileraisingtuitionfasterthantherateofinflation.ThattroublesfolkslikeSen.ChuckGrassley,who’spushingCongresstorequirewealthycollegestospendatleast5percentoftheirendowmentseveryyear.“lax-exemptorganizationsaresupposedtoprovidepublicbenefitinexchangefortheirspecialstatus,”hesaid.“Helpingthenextgenerationaffordcollegeisapublicbenefit.”Manycollegeofficials,ofcourse,arebattlingsuchrulechanges.WhileHarvard,Yale,andPrincetonallhavemorethan$1millionworthofendowmentperstudent,halfofallcollegeshavenomorethan$2,000perstudentsavedup.Evenhigh-earningschoolssaytheyalreadyarespendingasmuchastheyshould.ChrisBittman,chiefinvestmentofficeroftheUniversityofColoradoFoundation,rackedupalmost23percentinreturnslastfiscalyear,bringingtheschool’sendowmenttonearly$800million.Hesupportstheschool’spolicyofspending4.5percent.Recentbigprofitscan’tlastforever,hesays.Instead,endowmentsshouldplanonearningthelong-termaverageof10percent.

Still,pressureappearstobeforcingsomechanges.InJune,Stanfordannounceditwouldincreaseitsendowmentspendingto5.5percent,or$160millionayear.Ifeveryschoolfollowedsuit,thatwouldfreeupabout$4billionayear(or$200perstudent)toincreaseaidorkeeptuitionpricesdown.OrasRichardVedder,anOhioUniversityeconomist,says,“asmallstepformankind.”1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,the“freerides”tofamousschoolswillprobably_____.A.affectmanystudentswithexcellentacademicrecordsB.promotethereformofendowmentspendinginuniversitiesC.resultinthetuitionraiseforotherstudentsD.putpressureonschooladministratorsonmoneypolicy2.Sen.ChuckGrassleysuggeststhattheschoolsshould_____.A.increasetheirendowmentstosuittheirparticularstatusB.abidebythelawonendowmentspendingC.usetheirtax-freefindstobringsocialbenefitsD.createlearningopportunitiesoutsideschoolforstudents3.AccordingtoParagraph5,ChrisBittmanbelievesthat_____.A.endowmentfundsshouldbeinvestedinbusinesstomakemoneyB.AmericancollegesshouldreformtheirendowmentspendingpoliciesC.school’sspendingpolicyreliesonitsprofitsofendowmentinvestmentD.thegapbetweenrichschoolsandpooronesstillremains4.Thephrase“asmallstepformankind”inParagraph6showsthattheincreasedendowmentspendingwill_____.A.encouragemorepublicspendingB.contributetosocialdevelopmentC.harmonizedifferentschoolsD.pavethewayforfreeeducation5.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Somerichuniversitiesfeelpressuretosharemoreoftheirwealth.B.Harvardisleadingthewayinpromotingtheevendistributionofwealth.C.Collegestudentswillbeexemptfromtuitionsoflearning.D.Lessendowmentspendingwillearnmorelong-termbenefits.【答案与解析】1.D通过第二段第一句可以排除A，freeride“减免学费”只能惠及几百个幸运学生。通过第二句中的“theyareunlikelytodivertpressureforreformsinthewayscollegesspendtheirmoney”可以排除B。C项在文中没有提起，也排除。从第二段最后一句“Butcollegesshoulddomorenowwiththemoneythey’vesockedawayforarainyday,hesays.”可知D是正确答案。2.C细节题。文章第四段后半部分可以找到Sen.ChuckGrassley，看本段倒数第二句话可以得知，他认为高校应该利用他们的免税基金去

产生更多社会效益，因而C选项正确。3.C推理题。第五段倒数第三句提到“ChrisBittmansupportstheschool’spolicyofspending4.5percent.”在最后一句他又指出“Instead,endowmentsshouldplanonearningthelong-termaverageof10percent.”可见ChrisBittman认为学校的支出政策依赖捐赠基金投资的利润。4.A归纳题。从第六段第一句“Still,pressureappearstobeforcingsomechanges.”可知从斯坦福大学开始，更多学校也会逐渐开始采取增加开支的行动了。5.A概括题。从整篇文中可以概括出一些富有的大学在增加开支预算方面感觉有压力。PassageTwoItusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityin

AustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess;atleastforthepublicationofpapers.6.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses_____.

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournaleditingB.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreportsC.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishersD.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication7.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.8.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat_____.A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresultsB.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchersC.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledgeD.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch9.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto_____.A.coverthecostofitspublicationB.subscribetothejournalpublishingitC.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreelyD.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission

10.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?A.TheInteractisposingathreattopublishers.B.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.C.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.D.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.【答案与解析】6.D归纳大意题。第一段主要介绍了传统的期刊出版过程，研究者会将他们的研究成果发给期刊杂志，杂志编辑将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行复审，编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件，版权归杂志发行人所有。因此D是正确答案。7.C通过第二段“whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit”可知批评的不是政府资助的研究，而是那些期刊，因此A选项不符合题意。B选项和D选项在报告中没有体现，因而也排除。第二段倒数第三句提到“Thereportmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.”该报告将那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。因此C项是正确答案。8.A推理题。通过文章最后一段第二句提到“AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.”（根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅），可知在线期刊让人们更容易接触到科研成果。9.A最后一段第三句话“Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobe

published”第二种是开放式出版模型，这种方式的典型特点就是要求作者（或其雇主）付钱发表文章，显然A选项是正确答案。其他三个选项都与对应信息无关。10.B概括主旨题。总览全文可知文章主要介绍了新型的出版方式的出现，因此B选项正确。PassageThree“Historyiswrittenbythevictors.”Thisfamousphrasereverberatesthroughoutofthehallsofthehistory,constantlyremindsustotakeallthatwelearnwithagrainofsalt,knowingthattheinformationprovidedforourdisseminationwasprovided,shapedandinfluencedbythoselefttoopenthepen-thatrecordit.Inthatrespect,oneoftheworstcrimesagainsthistoryistherevisionofit,thealteringofrecordofthepastsoastoreflecttheviewpointofabiasedgroupwhostandtobenefitfromthealteredversion.Byrevisingthelensbywhichhistoryisjudged,valuableinformationislost,tothedetrimentofbothstudentsofthefieldaswellastheawarenessthatcomesfromexperience.Withoutanaccuratelyrecordedaccounttoserveasaguidinglight,nationsandsocietiesarelefttostumbletheirwayabouttheiraffairs,ignorantofwhathasandhasn’tworkedbefore,andunawareofwhatpasteventsshapedanddeterminedtheirpresentsituation.Suchdismalemergefromsimplepride,aswellasthedesireoftherevisioniststodepictthemselvesinabetterlighttoposterityortocoverupanembarrassinglegacy,nomatterthecosttothefuture.RecentattemptsbynationsinvolvedintheSecondWorldWartominimizeorerasealtogethercertainshamefulincidentsfromtheirhistory

textbookshasbeenmetwithinternationaloutrageandprotest,andrightlyso.Byallowingfuturegenerationstoforgetorneverevenlearnabouthowtheirancestorsstumbledonthepathtoprogress,theexperiencesofthosewhosufferedasaresultofthosemistakesaretrivializedandmadetobeinvain.Also,afalsesenseofnationalidentityemerges,inconsistentandinaccurateinitsformation.Bothareheinousresultsforbothnationalsofthatparticularnationaswellasthoseoftheinternationalcommunity,whosestoryintertwinedtoformthelargerpicture.Whenasinglestringinthetapestryofworldhistoryisunraveledbyrevision,theentirepiecebecomesaweakerone,subjecttoadditionalmodificationatthewhimofthosewhowouldliketousehistoryasatoolfortheirownpurposes,evenifitmeansfundamentallychangingit.Thisoutcomemustbeavoidedatallcosts,firstlybynotallowingaprecedenttobeestablishedthatmakesitacceptable,eveninasinglecase,tocommittherevision.Otherwise,humansasracewillfallpreytoyetanotheroft-quotedphrase:“History,ifforgotten,isdoomedtoberepeated.”11.Whatdoesthefirstsentenceofthetextimply?A.Allhistoricalaccountsareinvariablywrittenbythewinners.B.Winnershavethemoralobligationtoaccuratelyrecordevents.C.Powerfulpeoplewilloftenrecordexperiencebythemselves.D.Losershavelittleornosayinthedocumentationoftheirstruggle.12.Theauthorviewstherevisionofhistoryas_____.A.generallyharmfulwhendonesotofavoronesideB.agoodthinginsomeexceptionalsituationsC.alwaysmotivatedbythedesiretoportraythereviserinabetterlightD.renderingtherevisedhistoryuselessforthepurposeofanalysis13.Whichofthefollowingistrueofhistoricalrevision?A.RevisionofWorldWarⅡeventhasproventhatsuchactionsareright.B.Historicalrevisionhasgreatimpactonfuturegenerations.C.Revisinghistoryhaslittleeffectbeyondthebordersofanyonecountry.D.Suchrevisionresultsinanundeservedsenseofnationalpride.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Aslighttossofreliabilitymakestheentirehistoricalrecordsuspect.B.Historyisanintertwinedseriesofeventscomingtogethertoformalargerpicture.C.Onceonepieceofhistoryisrevised,thewholeworldwillbecomeweak.D.Iftheintegrityofhistoryisbreached,itcansoonbefullyrecovered.15.Whatdoesthetextintendtotellus?A.Therevisionofhistorymayleadtolossofvitallessons.B.Historicalrevisionisaninternationalproblem.C.RevisinghistorymustbeavoidedinallsituationsatallcostD.Therevisionofhistoryisforthebenefitofrevisers.

【答案与解析】11.D第一段第一句“Historyiswrittenbythevictors.”历史是由胜利者书写的，这暗含了失败者的努力很少或没有被记录。注意题干中的imply“暗示，暗含”，因此D项最符合题意。12.C选项A和选项D过于笼统和绝对，选项B在文中没有体现。由第二段最后一句“Suchdismalemergefromsimplepride,aswellasthedesireoftherevisioniststodepictthemselvesinabetterlighttoposterityortocoverupanembarrassinglegacy,nomatterthecosttothefuture.”可知篡改历史的行为源于篡改者粉饰自我、讳言丑事的心理，所以选项C是正确答案。13.B第三段第一句中提到一些二战参战国试图篡改历史的行为遭到了国际社会的愤慨和抗议，因此A选项不正确。第三段最后一句话可以看出这种行为会对整个国际社会产生恶劣影响，因此排除C选项。D选项比较有迷惑性，文中提到afalsesenseofnationalidentity“错误的民族认同感”而非undeservedsenseofnationalpride“不当的民族自豪感”。通过第三段第二句，可知篡改历史对后代会产生消极影响，所以B项正确。14.A划线句子“在世界历史的织锦上，一旦有某一根线因篡改而被拆掉，整幅织锦就会变得脆弱”，可知一点点的变更都会使整个历史的可信度遭到怀疑，因此A项正确。15.C概括主旨题。从全文最后一段“Thisoutcomemustbeavoidedatallcosts,firstlybynotallowingaprecedenttobeestablishedthatmakesitacceptable,eveninasinglecase,tocommittherevision.”可知作者主张坚决不能对历史进行任何篡改，因此C选项是正确答案。

PassageFourItmaynotbeobvious,buthearingtwolanguagesregularlyduringpregnancyputsinfantsontheroadtobilingualismbybirth.AccordingtonewfindingsinPsychologicalScience,infantsborntobilingualmothers(whospokebothlanguagesregularlyduringpregnancy)exhibitdifferentlanguagepreferencesthaninfantsborntomothersspeakingonlyonelanguage.PsychologicalscientistsKristaByers-HeinleinandJanetF.WerkerfromtheUniversityofBritishColumbiaalongwithTraceyBurnsoftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentinFrancewantedtoinvestigatelanguagepreferenceanddiscriminationinnewborns.Twogroupsofnewbornsweretestedintheseexperiments:Englishmonolinguals(whosemothersspokeonlyEnglishduringpregnancy)andTagalog-Englishbilinguals(whosemothersspokebothTagalog,alanguagespokeninthePhilippines,andEnglishregularlyduringpregnancy).Theresearchersemployedamethodknownas“high-amplitudesucking-preferenceprocedure”tostudytheinfants’languagepreferences.Thismethodcapitalizesonthenewborns’suckingreflex—increasedsuckingindicatesinterestinastimulus.Inthefirstexperiment,infantsheard10minutesofspeech,witheveryminutealternatingbetweenEnglishandTagalog.ResultsshowedthatEnglishmonolingualinfantsweremoreinterestedinEnglishthanTagalog—theyexhibitedincreasedsuckingbehaviorwhentheyheardEnglishthanwhentheyheardTagalogbeingspoken.However,bilingualinfantshadanequalpreferenceforbothEnglishandTagalog.Theseresultssuggestthatprenatalbilingualexposuremayaffectinfants’languagepreferences,preparingbilingualinfantstolistentoandlearnaboutbothof

theirnativelanguages.Tolearntwolanguages,bilingualnewbornsmustalsobeabletokeeptheirlanguagesapart.Totestifbilingualinfantsareabletodiscriminatebetweentheirtwolanguages,infantslistenedtosentencesbeingspokeninoneofthelanguagesuntiltheylostinterest.Then,theyeitherheardsentencesintheotherlanguageorheardsentencesinthesamelanguage,butspokenbyadifferentperson.Infantsexhibitedincreasedsuckingwhentheyheardtheotherlanguagebeingspoken.Theirsuckingdidnotincreaseiftheyheardadditionalsentencesinthesamelanguage.Theseresultssuggestthatbilingualinfants,alongwithmonolingualinfants,areabletodiscriminatebetweenthetwolanguages,providingamechanismfromthefirstmomentsoflifethathelpsensurebilingualinfantsdonotconfusetheirtwolanguages.Theresearchersobservethat,“Monolingualnewborns’preferencefortheirsinglenativelanguagedirectslisteningattentiontothatlanguage”andthat,“Bilingualnewborns’interestinbothlanguageshelpsensureattentionto,andhencefurtherlearningabout,eachoftheirlanguages.”Discriminationofthetwolanguageshelpspreventconfusion.Theresultsofthesestudiesdemonstratethattherootsofbilingualismrundeeperthanpreviouslyimagined,extendingeventotheprenatalperiod.16.ThepurposeoftheexperimentsinParagraph2istofindout_____.A.infants’suckingreactionstolanguagestimulusB.languagelikingsanddiscerningabilityofinfantsC.children’sabilitytoalternatebetweentwolanguagesD.infants’suckingpreferencebetweendifferentlanguages

17.Inthe“high-amplitudesucking-preferenceprocedure”,strongerlanguagepreferenceisshownby_____.A.moresuckingbehaviorsB.greaterspeechattentivenessC.moreexposuretothatlanguageD.longersuckingtime18.AccordingtoParagraph3,languagelearningofaninfant_____.A.beginsbeforeitcomesintotheworldB.isdecidedbyitsmother’slanguagepreferenceC.isinfluencedbyitslingualenvironmentbeforebirthD.dependsonitslanguagepreferencebeforebirth19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofbilingualnewborns?A.Theyhaveapreferencebetweenthetwolanguages.B.Theyonlynoticeanewlanguage.C.Theyhavemoreadvantagethanmonolingualnewborns.D.Theycandistinguishbetweenthetwolanguages,20.Bilingualnewborns’interestinbothlanguagesishelpfulbecauseitenablesthemto_____.A