解析《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的美国现实主义

-1-ChapterOneIntroductionThischaptermainlytellsthestoryoutlineofTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,theauthor’slifeintroduction,andthepurposeofwriting,fromthesethreeaspects.1.1IntroductiontoMarkTwainMarkTwain①，formerlySamuelLanghorneClemens,isanAmericanwriterandspeaker.HisrepresentativeworksincludethenovelMillionsofPounds,T heAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,andTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.MarkTwainisthefounderofAmericancriticalRealismliterature.MarkTwainwrotemanyworksinhislife,coveringnovels,plays,essays,poemsandsoon.Incontent,hisworkscriticizedunreasonablephenomenaorhumanugliness,andexpressedastrongsenseofjusticeandconcern.Stylistically,bothexpertsandgeneralreadersagreethathumorandironyarethehallmarksofhiswork.HelivedthroughthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatestoimperialism.Histhoughtsandideasdevelopedfromfrivolitytobittersatiretopessimism.Intheearlyperiod,hewasgoodatbitingsatire,inthelaterperiod,thelanguageismorerevealing.In2006,theauthoritativeAmericanmagazine“TheAtlanticMonthly”namedthe100mostinfluentialpeopleintheUnitedStates,andMarkTwainranked16th.1.2IntroductiontoTheAdventureofTomSawyerItisanovelpublishedbyAmericannovelistMarkTwainin1876.[1]ThestoryofthenoveltookplaceinanordinarytownontheMississippiRiverintheUnitedStates,inthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.TomSawyer,thehero,isnaiveandlively,darestoexplore,andpursuesfreedom.Hecan’tbeartheboringlifethatshackleshispersonality,andfantasiesaboutdoingaheroiccareer.TheeraofthenovelwasbeforetheCivilWar.AlthoughthetownofSt.Petersburgwaswritten,itcanbesaidtobeamicrocosmofAmericansocietyatthattime.Throughtheadventuresoftheprotagonist,thenovelsatirizesandcriticizesthehypocriticalandvulgarsocialcustoms,hypocriticalreligiousritualsandrigidschooleducationintheUnitedStates,andportraysthefreeandlivelyspiritofchildrenwithcheerfulbrushstrokes.Italsoreflectstheadventurous,unconventionalspiritoftheAmericanpeople.Theauthorwithitspopularhumor,satireanddeepdescriptionoftheinnerworldofchildren,TomSawyerthiscute“naughtyboy”imageenduring,belovedbytheworld.1.3ThePurposeofWritingItexplainshowTomandHakutriedtobuildkarmatobreakthroughtheeducationsystemoftheFamily,ReligionandAgingCommittee,andhowtheyfoundfreedomandromancestoriesthattheycouldnotfindinlifeandadventure.[3]TheprotagonistTomhastheshadowoftheauthor’schildhoodinmanyways.TomandHakuaregood,kind,braveandself-respectingchildren.Atthattime,thesewereconsidered“pranks”and“politeness”insociety.“Idon’tunderstandtherules,”MaoHaizibecameaverycuteboyintheauthor’swriting,buthebecameaverycuteboy.Theprotagonistisintolerabletoallthecoursesrelatedtothechurch,andopposesthesupportofbooks,deathandstereotypesandrules.Theypursuefreedom,entertainmentandadventurewiththecharacteristicsofyouthlife,andrealizetheirinnocencebyplayingpiratesandrobbers.Theidealoffreeandeasylife.MarkTwainexplainedtheinnerworldofchildrenandchildren,fullofdeeppassionandallactions.Inaddition,theauthoralsouseshumortechnologytoimplementthevulgarsocialsystemandsocialpeopleatthattime,andmarksitasasocialUGphenomenon.Theauthorhasthecharacteristicsofironyandhumorouslanguage,whichisobviouslyexecutedinthisnovel.ChapterTwoTheOverviewofAmericanRealismThischapterfocusesonAmericanRealism,tellstheconceptofAmericanRealism,includingthecauses,andalsotellsthethreecharacteristicsofAmericanRealism:objectivity,authenticity,andattachingimportancetotheportrayaloflittlepeople.2.1TheMeaningofAmericanRealismAftertheCivilWar,AmericansocietypromotedthedevelopmentofRealism.AftertheCivilWar,greatchangestookplaceintheliteraryworld.Thereisnoplacetostand.Americansaretiredofromanticism.[4]18Thenewgenerationofwritersaredissatisfiedwiththeromanticismoftheoldgenerationandareexploringnewcreativeinspiration.Theyhaveastronginterestinreallife,seekexplanationsinallaspectsoflife,defendobjectivereality,andabandonsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,andromanticism.People’sinterestshavepenetratedintoallaspectsofdailylife.Theyfoundrealitytobecruelandnastyanddirectlypropagatedclassstruggle.Atthistime,thewritersreflectthestruggleoftheworkingclassindifferentconditionsandenvironments,andthesewritersarewelcomedbyreaders.ThetendencytofocusonreallifehasshapedtheliteratureintheageofRealisminAmerica.Americanliteraturefrom1865to1918wascalledRealisminthehistoryofAmericanliterature.AmericanRealismisthenegationofromanticism.Itpaysattentiontoreality,notfantasy,attentiontodescription,payattentiontotheportrayalofthelittleperson.[5]77AmericanRealismworkswerepopularatthattime,representativewriterssuchasMarkTwainandsoon.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanRealismTherearethreemaincharacteristicsofAmericanRealism,namelyobjectivity,criticality,andattentiontotheportrayalofsmallpeople.Objectivity,whichisagainstthelyriccharacteristicsofRomanticism,emphasizesthehonestdescriptionofobjectivelife,andthewriter’sideaofrightandwrongisreflectedthroughthisobjectivedescription.Criticism,thatis,theauthor’swritingpurposeistocriticizeandattackthesocialphenomenonthroughtherealdescriptionofthesocialstatusquo,soastoachievethepurposeofrevealingthenatureofsociety.Differentfromthepreviousliteraryworks,wherethemasterswereusuallynoblesandsomeheroicfigures,theRealismschoolspaymoreattentiontothedepictionofordinarycharactersindailylife,describingtherealexperiencesofsomesmallfiguresinaspecificsocialbackgroundtoreflectthecurrentsocietyandfinallyreflectsocialproblems.ThispaperwillfocusonthethreeaspectsofAmericanRealisminthebook.ChapterThreeAmericanRealisminTheAdventuresofTomSawyerThischapterfocusesonthenarrationofthreecharacteristicsofAmericanRealism,throughthecorrespondingfeaturesofthestorycontenttodeepenpeople’sunderstandingofAmericanRealism,andatthesametimetounderstandtheenlightenmentofthisbooktopeople.3.1RealisticDescriptionofSocialStatusThissectiondescribesthesocialrealityoftheUnitedStatesatthattime,andalsoreflectstheauthenticitycharacteristicsofAmericanRealismfromtheaspectsofcustomsandreligions.3.1.1UnequalNationalStatusAccordingtothehistoricaldataoftheUnitedStates,theaveragedailyproteinintakeofAfricanAmericansinPhiladelphiain1898wasonly15%oftheaveragedailyproteinintakeintheUnitedStateswaslowerthanthatoftheChinesepeoplein2013,accordingtothehigheststatisticsofthefirstblackuniversityintheUnitedStates--YouthCollegeofcolor,theaveragedailyproteinintakeofstudentsattheschoolwasevenhigherthanin2013AveragedailyproteinintakeinChina.However,thiswasonlyoneaspectoflifeforslavesin19thcenturyAmerica.Thereisanotherside,thatis,the19thcenturyAmericanslaveswerenot“people”inthelegalsense,but“goods”belongingtoslaveowners,nodifferentfromcows,horsesandpigs.Besidesbeingwellfed,lifeforblackAmericansasslaveswasmiserable.Firstofall,accordingtohistoricalrecords,theworktheseblackAmericanslavesdidwasveryhard.Heworkedinthefieldsfrommorningtillnight,planting,managingandharvestingcotton,sugarcane,rice,tobaccoandmore.Theseslavestilledtheland,clearedthefields,cuttrees,draggedtrees,andhoedtheland.Don’tbeidleforamoment.Takefemaleslavesforexample.DuringthecottonpickingseasoninAugusteachyear,femaleslaveswouldgotoworkinthecottonfieldsatdawnwithasmallbagandalargebasket.Inadditiontoa10-15minutelunchofcoldbaconandcorncakeatnoon,theywouldworknon-stoptherestofthedayuntilitwastoodarktosee.Inaddition,thewhiteoverseerweighedthecottonpickedbythefemaleslaves.Thelightestpunishmentforfailingtoreachacertainweightwas40lashes,andfemaleslaveswerebeatenwhenevertheyoversleptoratetoolong.TheblackJiminthebookisagoodexample.HewasAuntPolly’sblackslave.AlthoughAuntPollyiskindtohimanddoesn’tlethimdosomedirtyandtiringwork,andthemaincharacteriskindtohim,theotherslookdownonhim.Inthe19thcentury,racialdiscriminationintheUnitedStateswasveryserious,asitisnow.TheCivilWarwaswonintheNorth,becauseLincolnabolishedtheblackslavery,butthestatusdidnotimprovemuch.Accordingtothestatisticsofthe2000UScensus,morethan60%oftheblackpeoplelivedinbigcitiesandwerehighlyconcentrated.Threeoutoffivepeopleintheircommunityareblack,andthecommunityisrelativelyclosed.Asweallknow,theblackghettoistheso-called“problemblock”inAmericancitiestoday.Therearepoverty,unemployment,crime,singleparentfamiliesandothersocialproblems.ThisreflectsthegrossinequalityofAmericannationhood.3.1.2TheRigidityofSocialCustomsMarkTwainisthefounderofAmericancriticalRealismliteratureandtheworldfamousshortstorymaster.Histhoughtandcreationwentthroughthedevelopmentstagefromfrivolousmockerytobittersatiretopessimism.HiscreativeactivitieswerecloselyrelatedtomanyimportantsocialphenomenainAmericanlifeatthattime.Atthattime,theUnitedStateswasmovingrapidlyfromfreecapitalismtofreemonopolycapitalism.Theexperienceofsocialindustrializationseemstogivethisimpression.Inchapter12ofthenovel,Tomgivesmedicinetothecat,andhisauntopensherhearttorevealthecharacteristicsofthecharactersthatrepresentthevulgarconventionsofAmericansociety.Auntsshouldtryhealthmedicinelikebodybuildingfirst.AuntPollycleansedTom’ssoulinthemostvulgarways.ThisiswhatTomcalls“gettingthedirtywateroutofeverycapillary.”Tomforcedhisaunttofeedhismedicinetohercat,Peter.Hisaunt’sconversationwithTomafterdiscoveringhimisareflectionofMarkTwain’scritiqueofvulgarAmericansocialcustoms.ThroughthestoryofTomandhisaunt,MarkTwainexposedthevulgaritieshiddenintheprosperousAmericansocietyandmercilesslysatirizedandattackedtheso-calledrealityofAmericansociety.3.1.3TheDecayoftheEducationalSystemInhisnovels,MarkTwaingaveadetaileddescriptionofthesurroundingenvironmentandpeople’spsychologicalactivities,fullyshowingtheuniquecharacteristicsofjoy,fearandthepursuitofstimulationinchildhood,anddescribingthenaive,livelyandfreecharacterofchildreningreatdetail.ThesedescriptionsalsopavethewayfortherealAmericanantiquatededucationsystemandrigidschoolclassrooms.ThenovelsaysthatTomisverynaughtyandplaystruanteverychancehegets.Hisauntmadehimpaintthewall.Tomsayspaintingwallsisanartthatcanbeenjoyed.Thejealouschildrenpassingbywouldtradetheirbelovedobjectsforthechancetopaintthewalls;Tomwantedtoplaytruantwithatoothache,buthisauntpulledouthistooth.Hehasnoexcuseforplayingtruant;Inordertogetridofheavyhomeworkandrigidclasses,theherorealizeshisdreambytakingrisksandchangeshisenvironmentbytakingrisks.Intheprocessofadventure,itreflectsthechildren’sintelligence,courage,integrityandoptimism,butalsoreflectstheoutdatededucationsystem,whichalsoreflectstheoldschooleducationatthattimetothedestructionofchildren.MarkTwainshowedhisdepictionofhistoricalrealitythroughwonderfulpicturedescription.Hisintenseattentiontotheminutiaeoftimelifeisbreathtaking,andverymuchinkeepingwithwhatwethinkofJackson’sAmerica.3.1.4ReligiousHypocrisyInTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,MarkTwainsatirizedpriestsandexposedthehypocrisyofSundayschool.TherewereplentyofhypocritesinStPetersburg,hetoldhisreaders,andtheleadingsingerinthechurchwas“alwaysgigglingandwhispering”,andeveryonelaughedattheevilbeetleforplayingtricksondogs.Someonecoveredhisfacewithafanandahandkerchief.[6]120“Thereisnorespectinthechurch.TheboystradedtheirpaperticketsfromrecitingtheBibleforcandyhay,fishhooksandother“treasures”andlargewhitemarbles.AlthoughcunningTomdidnotknowthenamesofanyoftheTwelvedisciples,hewasabletogetenoughpaperticketstobuyaBible.Expressyouridealsthroughworks,explainyourexperienceandresearchoftheworldandlife,andconductself-reflectionandvaluecreation.Theformaltendencyofhumorandjokesclearlyreflectstheauthor’scriticalattitudetowardsfalsereligion.””MarkTwain,standingonahumanitarianstandpoint,sharplyexposedthehypocrisyundertheguiseofAmericandemocracyandfreedom.Inhisnovel,MarkTwainwrotethatSundayschoolwasthefocusofattention,andhedescribedthepricechildrenpaidtogettheirhandsontheBible.IttookMarytwoyearsandhardworktogettwoBibles;AboywithGermanparentsactuallyhasfourorfiveBibles.[7]HeevenmemorizedthreethousandBiblesatatime.Theboybecametheprincipalsinstrumenttocheerhimselfup.TheSundayschoolprincipalisarespectedfigureinreligiouscircles.ReligiousritesbecametoolstosatisfythevanityoftheSundayschoolprincipal,andtheBiblebecameanintermediaryfortheSundayschoolprincipaltoexercisepowerinthepresenceofchildren.Throughthisfascinatingstory,MarkTwainsharplysatirizesandcriticizesthehypocrisyofreligiousritualsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcentury.3.2CriticizingtheDarknessofSocietyThissectiondescribestheauthor’scriticismoftheAmericansocietyatthattimeinthebook,whichreflectsthecriticalcharacteristicsofAmericanrealism.3.2.1CriticizingRigidSocialCustomsMarkTwain’sworkisactuallyahistoryofthedevelopmentofAmericansociety.Thethoughtandimplicationofhisworksarecloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentprocess,fromtheinitialrelaxedhumor,tothebitterirony,andthentothepessimismofsociety.”[8]84ItisaworkthatvividlyreflectstheAmericansocialphenomenonatthattime.Atthattime,theUnitedStateswasinaperiodofrapiddevelopmentaftertheindustrialrevolution,andthesocialsystemhadchangedfromfreecapitalismtomonopolycapitalism.People’slivesweregreatlyaffectedbytheoppressedatmosphereandvulgarsocialcustoms.Inthetwelfthchapterofthenovel,withthehelpofTom’sdialoguewithhisaunt,thecharactercharacteristicsoftherepresentativetaskunderthecontrolofAmericanvulgarandstereotypedsocialcustomsaretrulyreproduced.AuntPolly’sattitudeandmethodtowardsTomreflectedthevulgarcustomsofthesocietyatthattime,andthedialoguebetweenTomandhisauntwasalsotheauthor’scriticismoftherigidsocialcustomsintheUnitedStates.MyauntforcedTomtofeedmedicine,andthemedicinewasforcedbyTomtofeedhisaunt’scat.Afterbeingfoundbyhisaunt,Tomsaidthis:“Ipityhimtotakemedicine.Look,hehasnoaunt.”.Throughthisdialogue,thedarkandrepressiverealityofAmericansocietyatthattimewasreflected,andthevulgarandstereotypedsocialcustomshiddenunderprosperitywereexposed.Similarly,Tom’sauntisnottheonlyone.Mostadultsinthenovelarelikethis.Theyliveamonotonouslifedayafterdayandlivelikemachinesundertherottensocialcustoms.Workandlifearefullofcompletesilence.Withoutpassion,youdon’tknowwhatloveis,whatbeautyis,andevenwhathappinessis.Theyareallunderthedisguiseofhumanbeings.Itisjustahiddenmachine.3.2.2CriticismofHypocriticalReligionBasedonthehumanitarianspirit,MarkTwaincriticizedandsatirizedthedefectsanddefectsoftheAmericancapitalistsystembyexposingthehypocrisyofdemocracyandfreedomhiddeninfrontofthepeople,andexpressedhisloveandyearningforrealdemocracyandfreelife.Throughexaggeration,expandtheweaknessofhumannature,expresstheyearningandpursuitoftheidealsociety.CriticismofRealismandfalsereligiousconsciousnesscanalsobefoundthroughoutthedescriptionofSundayschools.[9]ThisarticledescribeshowinSundayschool,theprincipalalwayscameonstagewithaBibleinhishand.“Justlikeasingerwhogoestoaconcertandgetsuponstageandstartsasolo,heneedstoholdthesheetmusic.”Althoughnooneknowswhythatis.Becausewhetherit’shymnsorsheetmusic,thesufferingpeopleonthestagewillneverusethese.Intheauthor’ssuggestion,theBibleintheprincipal’shandisactuallyfordecoration,withnopracticalmeaningorfunction.TheBible,whichhadbeenacompendiumoffaithintheheartsofreligiousbelievers,hadbecomeanornament,aninstrumenttosatisfythevanityoftheSundayschoolprincipalandtodemonstratehispowerbeforehispupils.Inthisway,MarkTwainsharplysatirizedandcriticizedthehypocriticalreligioussystemintheUnitedStatesatthattimeandexpressedhisdissatisfaction.[10]Theclimaxofthesatirewastheso-calledanatomybookinthedraweroftheheadmaster’soffice.Theheadmasterkepttheanatomybooksecurelylockedinhisdeskdrawer,“asifitweresomethingimportant,”whicharousedthechildren’scuriosity.FinallyonedayBeckyfoundtheanatomybookfromtheprincipal’sunlockeddrawer.Whensheturnedtoapageofcolorpictures,thenakedbodyfinallyrevealedthetruenatureoftheprincipalandhishypocrisyasareligiousman.WhenthenovelmentionsthatBeckyfinallytoreupthecolorpictures,itimpliesthatthestudentstoreupthefalseideasandoldideasoftheprincipal.3.2.3CriticismoftheRottenEducationalSystemInTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,MarkTwainusedthedetaileddescriptionofpsychologicalactivitiestoshowtheuniquecharacteristicsofjoy,fearandthepursuitofexcitementinchildren’schildhood,anddescribedthenaive,freeandlivelycharactersofchildreningreatdetail,whichnotonlymadetheplotofthenovelmorefascinating,butalsolaidthefoundationforthelatercriticismofthecorrupteducationsystemofschools.[11]182Tom,theheroofthenovel,isnotagoodboy.Hewasverynaughtyandhatedschool.Heplaystruantwheneverhegetsthechance.Caughtbyhisaunt,hewasmadetopaintthewall.Tomtellsthechildrenpassingbyafterschoolthatthisisanartshowthatcanbeperformedfreely,whichmakesthechildrenfalloverthemselvestocurryfavorwithTomforthechancetoplay“art”;Inordertoskipclass,Tomliedabouthavingatoothache,buthisauntpulledouthisdecayedtoothandpreventedhimfromusingtheexcusetoskipclass;Similarly,inordertoescapetheheavyhomeworkanddrearyclassroomatmosphere,Tomrealizeshisyearningforfreedombytakingriskstoescapetheoppressiveenvironmentaroundhim.Intheprocessofexploration,MarkTwainreflectedthechildren’suniqueintelligence,wit,courageandoptimismthroughthedescriptionofdetails,andalsoreflectedtheoppressionanddestructionofthedecayededucationsystemonthechildrenfromtheside.Hismasteryofthedetailsoflifeatthattimewasbreathtaking,andhereproducedtothegreatestextentthecharacteristicsofAmericansociety.3.3PayingAttentiontotheCharacterizationofSmallPeopleThissectionmainlydescribesseveralimportantminorcharactersinthebook,whoseimagesaredistinct,whichalsocorrespondstotheAmericanRealism’semphasisonthedescriptionofminorcharacters.3.3.1RigidAuntPollyFromthebeginningofthenovel,AuntPollyisfullofirony.[12]61Itisinthesemattersthattheauthorcriticizesthehypocrisyanddarkness,selfishnessandboredomoftheadultworld;Atthesametime,theauthorcanalsoreflectthechildren’swhimsyandstupiditythroughAuntPolly’sglasses.[13]154MarkTwainwroteinthebook:“Shesaidlittleorsimplythatsheneverputonherglassestolookforsuchathingasalittleboy.Theglasseswereexquisiteandshewasproudofthem.Sheworethemnotforpracticalpurposesbutfor“decoration”and“beauty”.Whenshesees,shecanseeclearly,evenwithtwoburnerson.”That’sthedescription,togivethereaderabetterunderstandingofAuntPolly.TheyallreflectedthehypocrisyandabsurdityofAuntPolly’sactionsthroughthesmallobjectoftheglasses.Infiction,peopleoftentalkaboutmoralityandetiquette,butsometimestheirownbehaviorisasinconsistentasthatofchildren.Theyactpoliteandmodestonthesurface,butintheirheart,theyalwayschasefameandwealthandpursuetheirowninterests.Itisinthisstateoflifethattheygraduallylosethemselves,alwayspursuesomeunrealisticthings,lackofhappinessinlife,unabletotrulyfeelthehappinessoflife.InthenovelTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,characterslikeAuntPollyareeverywhere.Theyliveeverydayaccordingtotheinherentwayoflife,inanumb,mechanicalstateoflife,doingthesamethingeveryday,abidingbythebeliefsandnormsthattheydonotbelievein.Theyhavenorationalunderstandingoflove,beautyandhappiness.Forexample,duringanexam,ayoungboygaveaspeechfollowingasetpattern,strugglingtomakegesturesRealismduringthespeech.Themechanicalmotionshowsarigidity.MarkTwainusedthiskindtoexpresshisdissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityoftheUnitedStatesatthattimeandtosatirizepeople’slivingconditions.Thesocietydescribedinthebookisalsoatruereflectionoftheauthor’srealsociety.Peopleandmachinesarelinkedtogether,likemachinesrepeatthesameworkeveryday,livingacoldandrigidlife,graduallylosingthetruemeaningoflife,cannotfindthehappinessoflife.3.3.2HypocriticalPreacherThepriestinthenovelisaveryrigidman,andthebooksays,“ThepriesttakesoutthelyricsinpraiseofGodandreadsthemwithrelish.Hisdistinctivetoneofvoiceisverypopularinthatarea.Hisvolumestartsinthemiddleandgraduallyincreasesuntilitrisestothetopoftheword,thenisstressedforamoment,thendropsabruptly,asifjumpingoffadivingboard...”Thepastorrotethesamethinginchurcheveryday.Whathedidseemsuseful,butitisessentiallymeaningless.Hetoldthesetruthstohisaudienceblindly,regardlessofpeople’sfeelings.Thenovelrevealedthedecadenceofreligionatthattimeandhadacertainimpactonpeople’sthoughtsPriestsarealsostereotypical.Theministerisdoingsomethingworthlessaccordingtotherulesofthechurchandrepeatingitfornothing.Theclergy,representedbypriests,exposedfalsereligionandliesbyimposingsermonsonothers.MarkTwain’sdescriptionofthePreacher’ssermonrevealsthehypocrisy,darkness,selfishnessandignoranceofhumanlife,whichembodiesthecharacteristicsofironicRealism.3.3.3FeignedPrincipalMarkTwainusedatypicalrealisticstylewhendescribingtheprincipalofSundayschool.Suchaheadmasterseemstobeverycultured,butheisreallyahypocrite.Thenovelwrites:“WhentheheadmasterofSundaySchoolbeginshisbriefopeningspeech,healwayshastoholdahymninhishand,justlikewhenasingerattendsaconcert.”Whenyougetuponstageandstartyoursolo,youcan’thelpbutholdthescoreinyourhand-thoughnooneknowswhy.Becausethesufferingpeopleonthestagewouldneverusethem,whetherinhymnsormusic.Look,thepsalmintheheadmaster’shandisexactlylikeAuntPolly’sglasses.Theythinktheyhavegainedself-respectanddignity,butthesearetheembodimentoftheirhypocrisyandignorance.MarkTwainpoignantlysatirizestherigidityandhypocrisyof19thcenturyAmericansocietythroughthissmallobject.TheSundayschoolprincipalisthemosttypicalexampleofironicRealisminthisarticle.Sunday’sheadmasterisaculturedmanwhooftenholdsasacredpoeminhishand,whichisalsoasironicasAuntPolly’sglasses.TheSundayheadmastershowedoffthesacredpoem.Whenachildopenshishymn,hefindsanakedhumanbody,revealingtheheadmaster’shypocrisy,hypocrisy,corruptionandignorance.Thepositiveauthorrevealstheobstinacyandself-righteousnessoftheadultsofthaterabysatirizingtheSundayprincipal.ChatperFourEnlightenmenttoRealityThischapterfocusesonthemeaningofthisbook,whichisofgreatsignificancetothelatergenerations.Thispaperisnotonlytostudythistopic,butalsotodeepentheunderstandingandunderstandingofAmericanRealismthroughthispaper,aswellastounderstandthesignificanceandenlightenmentbroughttousbythisbook.4.1EnlightenmenttopeopleThissectionmainlydescribestheenlightenmentandsignificanceofthisbooktopeople,whichisalsoworthourreflection.4.1.1HavingaSenseofResistanceTheexpressionandreflectionofAmericanRealisminthenovelisnotablindcriticism,butappreciationandsupportforTom’srebelliousspirit.Fromthebeginningofthenovel,wecanseethatTomisnotaquietperson.Mygoodboytriestogetawaywithcheatingandlyingwhenhisneighborsandauntaren’tlookingtostealcandy;Whenhewaspunishedbyhisauntforpaintingthewalls,hewentoutsidetoplay,madeblackslavesworkforhim,liedtohisauntthathehadfinishedthework,andsoon.Inthenovel,Tom’snaughtybehaviorisnumerous,heseemstobeabadboythroughandthrough,butinhisaunt’seyes,Tomisnotlikethis:“Heisnotbad,justnaughty.Heisalittleimpulsiveandreckless.He’salittleboy.Hedoesn’thaveabadheart.”Infact,theTominthearticleisrepresentativeoftheyoungpeopleofthaterawhoareboundbysocialrules.Theydonotwanttobetieddownandmanipulated,andresisttheoldsocialreality,butdonotinfluenceorhinderothers.Theyjusthopetochangetheirrepressedlivingcircumstances,buttheydonotreceiveunderstandingandsupport.Theauthorpraisesanddescribestheyoungpeople’sresistancetoreality.4.1.2HavingtheCouragetoBreakOldBusinessAlthoughtheschooldiditsbesttomakeTom