认知翻译学下英汉新闻翻译的研究 A Study of English Chinese News Translation under Cognitive Translation

ChapterFourAnalyzetheTranslationofEnglish-ChineseNewsfromthePerspectiveofCognitiveTranslation4.1PrinciplesofTranslation4.1.1PrincipleofRepetitionIntheprocessoftranslation,sometimestranslatorshavetorepeatcertainwordsinordertofaithfullyexpressacertainstrongthoughtandemotionoftheauthoratthesametime.Otherwise,wecannotpayattentiontoexpressingthemeaningthattheoriginaltextwantstoexpress,andthistranslationmethodofrepeatedlyusingcertainwordsistotranslatefromEnglishtoChinesefromtheperspectiveofcognitivetranslation,whichisoneoftheprinciplestoadheretointhenewstranslation.Inordertobeclear,itisoftennecessarytorepeatthewordsthatappearintheoriginaltextwhentranslating,sothatthesentencecanbeunderstoodandmoreimpressive.Theroleofrepeatedtranslationisintenselylarge,andmayevenaffectthestructureoftheentirenewsarticle,suchasstrengtheningorweakeningthetoneandinfluencethescopeofnewsdissemination,sothatthenewsismorevividinfrontoftheaudienceandreaders,sothatthemeaningofthenewsismoreclear.RepetitionisadistinctivefeatureoftheChineselanguage.TherepetitionofChineseisnotonlyphonetic,butalsogrammaticalandrhetoric.WhetherinEnglishnewsarticlesorChinesenewsarticles,repetitionisthemethodweoftenusetotranslate.Whentranslatingnews,stickingtotheprincipleofrepetitioncanmakethecontentofthestorymorepersuasive.Inthearticle,therepetitionmethodisusedtomakethearticlemoreaestheticallypleasing.Intheprocessoftranslation,correctlygrasptherepetitionmethod,notonlythemeaningisaccuratelyexpressed,butalsothecontentisrich,vividandgraphic.Thishasbeenourposition,butnottheirs.这一直是我们的立场，而不是他们的立场。ChairmanMaoisanactivist,aprimemover,anoriginator.毛主席是一位活动家，是原动力，也是创始者。(3)Wetalkedofourselves,ofourprospects,oftheweather,ofeachother—ofeverythingbutourpast.我们谈到自己，谈到未来，谈到天气，谈到彼此—谈到一切唯独不谈过去。4.1.2NegationPrincipleTherearegreatdifferencesinthewaysandmeansofexpressingnegationbetweenEnglishandChinese.Asanexample,thenegativerangeofnegativesentencesinEnglishhasdifferentsituations,andthenegativeworddoesnotnecessarilyexpressthenegativemeaning,butmayalsobeadoublenegativetableaffirmation.Therefore,manynegativesentencesinEnglishareambiguous,andEnglish-ChinesenewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofcognitivetranslationmayexpressamoreconciseandclearconceptofChinesewithnegativemeaning.Whenreading,onlythecorrectconclusioncanbedrawnthroughthecontext,eliminatingambiguity.Inaddition,thefocusofnegativesentencesinEnglishisalsoaproblemthatshouldbepaidattentiontoinreading.Generallyspeaking,fromagrammaticalpointofview,whennotisusedinconjunctionwithapredicateverb,itisanegationofapredicateverb;whennoisusedinconjunctionwithanoun,itisanegationofanoun.However,fromthepointofviewofthecenterofgravityofnegation,thisisnotthecase.ItshouldbenotedthataccordingtothemeaningandChinesehabitsofthesentence,thenegativecomponentsometimesoccurscorrespondingtransformation,thatis,thephenomenonofnegativetransfer.ThenegativelanguageofEnglishnewsisveryflexibleandvaried,whichisacommonandcomplexproblem,whichrequiresthetranslator’ssolidbasicskillsandflexibletranslation.4.1.3InversionPrincipleTranslatorsrealizethetransformationofmeaningandculturalinformationexchangebetweentheoriginaltextandthetranslationthroughtheirownpsychologicalprocessescharacterizedbypsychologicalperceptionandsubjectiveinitiative.Indynamicreporting,duetotimeandplaceconstraints,someadjectivesareusedtoexpressthestateoftheprocess.However,forstaticreports,theuseofadjectiveswhentranslatinggenerallydoesnotchangethemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.Thetranslatorcanturnthesentenceupsidedown,andatthesametimepayattentiontowhetherthesentenceislogicalandcompleteafterthetranslationiscompleted.Cognitivetranslationbelievesthatthecognitiveabilityoftranslatorsiscross-culturalandcross-textual.“Astranslators,weneedtobeawareofthedifferencesbetweenthesetwolanguageswhenswitchingbetweendifferentlanguages(WangYuechuan,2012).Inordertoovercomethecontradictionamongthecharacteristicsofnewsreportinglanguageandcognitivelaws,theauthorproposedtheprinciplesofnewstranslationundertheguidanceofcognitivetranslationtheory,includingtheprincipleofinversion,thetranslationshouldgrasptheessenceofthewholetextwithoutlosingtheoriginalmeaning,andthewordsandsentencesdonothavetoworryabouttheircorrespondenceandorder.”Whentranslating,emphasisshouldbeplacedonthekeycontent,eitherbackwardsorreversedorder.Butafterthereversal,youshouldnotforgettotranslatethefirstpartandconveyittothereaderintheappropriatelanguage.Translatorsshouldputtheaudienceatthecenterwhentranslatingnews,sothattheycanunderstandthecontentofthenewswhilealsohavingagoodreadingexperience.4.2TranslationMethods4.2.1AdditionalandSubtractedTranslationsNewsisdirectandeffectivemeansofculturalcommunication,somespecificwords,coinedwordsandacronymsaredirectlytransliterated,maynotunderstand,translatorsshouldaddmoreexplanationstoeffectivelyconveyinformationandspreadculture.Chinesenewsheadlinespreferverbs,Englishnewsheadlinesprefernouns.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,youcanaddordecreaseunimportantwordsbymakinguseofpartofspeechconversiontoensurethatthearticleortitle,whetherChineseorEnglish,retainstheoriginalnewsfactstobeconveyed,andyoucanalsouserhymingtechniquesinthetranslationprocesstomaketheaudiencecomfortableandimpressed.Intermsofrhetoric,Chineseheadlinespaymoreattentiontoliterarybrilliance,payattentiontoantithesisandrhyme,andfour-characteridiomscontinuetoappear,becomingthemainstructureinnewsheadlines.IntheheadlinesofEnglish-languagenews,moreemphasisisplacedonthelayingoutoffacts,andtherhetoricaldevicesusedaredifferentfromthoseusedbyChinese.ThisrequirestranslatorstoflexiblytranslatenewsfromEnglishtoChineseaccordingtotheoriginalmeaningofEnglisharticlestoachievethebesttranslationeffect.4.2.2DetailandOmissionThelanguageofnewsissimpleandcondensed,mainlybasedonwho,when,where,whatwasdone,andwhatimpacttheeventhad.Buttherearealsosomethingsthatneedtobedetailedindetail,suchasthetimeandthecharacters,andotherunimportantoneswillbeomittedorevennotmentionedforsomesimpletranslations.Atthesametime,whentranslatingtheheadlineofEnglishnewsandthebodyofthearticle,itisalsonecessarytodistinguishbetweendetailedandomittedtranslations,anddonotavoidtheimportantandthelight.Someuniqueandproprietarynewswordsarecommonlyusedinthenews.Asanexample,storyreferstothenewsitemorthenewsreport,andprobereferstonewsinvestigation.Otherssuchas:accord(give),bar(prevent),ban(prohibition),bid(attempt),boost(rise,increase).Therefore,weshouldpayattentiontothecondensationofthetranslatedlanguageinthetranslationprocess.NewsEnglishalsooftenusesotheracronyms,suchas:UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization),IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund),ASEAN(AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations).4.2.3ChangingSentenceStructureInEnglish-Chinesenewstranslations,extendedsimplesentencesareoftenused.Duetothelimitedlengthofnewspapersandperiodicals,animportantfeatureofthegrammarofnewsstyleisthehighdegreeofexpansionofsentencepatternsandrigorousstructure,whichcompressesalargeamountofrichinformationintoalimitedspace.Commonmethodsincludetheuseoflinguisticcomponentssuchasisotopes,prepositionalphrases,andparticiplestoprotectsimplesentences,andsometimesmoreuseofinsertsinsteadofsubordinateclauses,therebysimplifyingthesentencestructure.AccordingtothecharacteristicsofEnglishnewswhenitcomestothesentencestructureandmodification,combinedwiththetranslationmethodofcognitivetranslationscience,EnglishtoChinesetranslationcanbecarriedoutbycuttingoff,flashbackandreorganizingsentencestructure.4.3TranslationDifficulties4.3.1CulturalDifferencesTheoverallstyleofEnglishandChineselanguagesisdifferent.Intermsoflanguagestyle,differentnewspapersandpublicationshavedifferentlanguagestyles,anddifferenttypesofarticlesalsohavedifferentstylisticcharacteristics,buttheirwritingisaffectedbysomecommonfactors,sotheyalsoformacommonnewsEnglishcharacteristics.Atthesametime,withthespreadofChinesecultureintheworld,moreandmorenewChinesewordsarewidelyrecognizedbytheworldthroughnewschannels.TheEnglishnewslanguageandculturalstylehavethefollowingthreecharacteristics.First,newspublicationsaremassmediawithawidereadership,andtheirlanguagemustadapttothereadinglevelofthevastnumberofreaders,ofwhichthepublicityisamajorfeature.Second,theWesternpressattachesgreatimportancetothefunofreading.Inordertomakethereportinteresting,itisrequirednotonlytoreportthecontent,butalsotouselanguagethatisadaptedforthereader'spreferencesandreadinghabits.Third,thriftisanimportantmeansofrefininglanguage,anditisalsoduetotheactualneedfornewspapersandperiodicalstosavespace.InWesternsocieties,advertisingislucrative,andnewspaperscherishspace.Tocoverasmuchcontentaspossibleinalimitedspace,newswritershavetouseallmeanstocondenseandrefinethelanguage.Thisrequiresthetranslatortounderstandthesurfaceanddeepmeaningofthetranslationwhentranslating.ThelanguageofnewsEnglishisinterestingandeasytounderstand,concise,andexpressesrichcontentinintenselyeconomicallanguage.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslatingnewsfromEnglishtoChinese,weshoulddeletewordsthatcanbeusedornotbutdonotaffectthecompletenessandaccuracyoftheexpressionasmuchaspossible,soastoexpressthemeaningoftheoriginaltextconciselyandaccurately.Inaddition,newsstylelanguageisclear,cannotbeambiguous,letaloneobscure,butatthesametime,newsstylealsopaysattentiontostrongexpressionandvividnarrative,sowemusttempermorewordswhentranslatingtoshowtheoverallpictureofthenewsstyle.4.3.2PoliticalTerminologyDuetopoliticalfactorsorrelatedinterests,differentnationalities,differentcountries,anddifferentregionswillhavestrongpoliticalovertonesinnewsreports.Newsreportingservesvariousfieldssuchassociety,politics,andeconomyinordertotransmitinformationinatimelymannerandguidethedirectionofpublicopinion.Therefore,inthetranslationprinciplesofcognitivetranslation,thelanguageuseshouldbeasrigorous,accurate,straightforwardandpersuasiveaspossible,requiringtranslatorstoaccuratelyunderstandthemeaningofwords,notexpectingliterarymeaning,andtranslationneedstoupholdtheprincipleofneutrality,objectivelyanalyzeandtranslatenewsarticlesandreports.Translatorsmustconstantlyadapttootherfactorssuchasthepurposeoftranslation,thecognitiveenvironmentoftheWest,culturaldifferencesbetweentheoriginallanguagecountryandthetargetlanguagecountry,expressionhabits,etc.,andfinallyformulateareasonabletranslationstrategytoaccuratelyrestoretheinformationoftheoriginallanguageandplayabridgeroleforcommunication.4.3.3SyntaxConversionThegrammaticalfeaturesofjournalisticEnglisharealsoprominent.Intheprocessoftranslation,attentionneedstobepaidtotheuseoftenses.ThepresenttenseiswidelyusedinEnglishjournalism,andinordertocreatetheeffectthattheeventisinprogressandgivethepublicasenseofreality,thepresenttenseisoftenusedinsteadofthepasttenseinboththeheadlineandthemaintext.Inaddition,eveninthepasttenseofverbssuchassaid,told,reported,added,etc.,thepasttenseisoftendisplacedbythepresenttense.Undertheinfluenceoftheoryofcognitivetranslation,thetranslationofnewsfromEnglishtoChineseshouldpayattentiontothedifferenttenseexpressionsofChineseandEnglishinnews,thepresenttenseismoreusedinEnglish,andpasttenseisusedinChinese,andChineseoftenusetimewordsforintroduction,suchas“yesterday”,“thisyear”,“soon”,etc.tosetoffthetimerelationship.ChapterFiveConclusionThroughtheresearchconclusion,thedevelopmentofcognitivetranslationresearchshouldbepromotedfrommultipleperspectives.Inthepast20years,thankstotherapiddevelopmentofcognitivescience,cognitivetranslationresearchhasmadegreatprogress,andalargenumberofpromisingresearchteamsandexcellentachievementshaveemerged,showingavigorousdevelopmenttrend.However,ithastobeadmittedthatthecurrentresearchoncognitivetranslationisstillinitsinfancyandexploration,andboththeoreticalmodelsandresearchmethodsneedtobefurtherimproved.Firstofall,deepentheresearchoftheoreticalmodelsandbuildascientificandcompletedisciplinarytheoreticalsystem.Atpresent,oneoftheprimarytasksofcognitivetranslationresearchistostrengthentheresearchoftheoreticalmodelsandtheconstructionoftheoreticalsystems.Asaninterdisciplinaryresearch,cognitivetranslationstudiesshouldnotonlylearnfromotherdisciplines,absorbmoresupportandnutrition,soastoestablishaknowledgesystemunifiedwithcognitivescience,butalsodevelopandtranscend,strivetobuildauniversallyacceptedorfeasibletheoreticalmodelandtheoreticalsystem,andenhanceitsowndisciplinarystatusandsubjectivity.Secondly,expandtheresearchobjectsandresearchquestions,andpromotethecomplementaryintegrationofresearchparadigms.Atpresent,cognitivetranslationresearchismainlydividedintotworesearchschools:empirical-experimentalandsocial-contextual,theformerfocusingonthecognitivetranslationprocessitself,whilethelatterfocusingontheinfluenceofsocioculturalcontextoncognitivebehavior.Duetothedifferentresearchparadigms,theresearchobjectsandresearchquestionsarealsodifferent.Inthefuture,onlybycombiningtheabovetworesearchparadigms,givingfullplaytotheirrespectiveadvantagesandlearningfromeachother'sweaknessescanwemorecomprehensivelyunveilthemysteryofthecognitivetranslationprocess.Finally,theexperimentaldesignandresearchmethodsarestandardizedtoimprovethereliabilityoftheresearchconclusions.Asweallknow,thematuredevelopmentofthedisciplineisinseparablefromthecontinuousimprovementofresearchmethods.Althoughcognitivetranslationresearchadoptsvariousadvancedexperimentaltechniquesandresearchmeth