雅思英语1智慧树知到期末考试答案2024年

雅思英语1智慧树知到期末考试答案2024年雅思英语1Inordertobeclearandeasilyunderstood,youshouldwriteasimplesentencefortheoverview.（）

A:正确B:错误答案:错误Photoesisthecorrectpluralformof“photo”.（）

A:正确B:错误答案:错误MostitemsinIELTSlisteningtestistoteststudents’abilitytounderstanddetailedinformation.（（））

A:错误B:正确答案:正确InIELTSacademicwriting,introductionisnotimportant,soitisnotnecessarytoparaphrasethequestion.（）

A:错B:对答案:错Tosayawordinanoverlydramaticwayisthebestwaytotellwhichsyllableisstressedintheword.（）

A:错误B:正确答案:正确InEnglishgrammar,aprepositionalphrasemodifiesanadjectiveinasentence。（）

A:正确B:错误答案:错误Mapisusuallyusedtoemphasizethecomparisonbetweenobjects.（）

A:正确B:错误答案:错误“Y”inthewordcryisavowel.（）

A:错误B:正确答案:正确InIELTSlisteningtest,youcanuseyourownwordstocompletetheanswer.（）

A:正确B:错误答案:错误Speakerssometimespauseinthemiddleofsensegroups.（）

A:错误B:正确答案:错误RecognizingIntonationcanhelpunderstandthespeaker’sfeelingsandopinions.（）

A:错误B:正确答案:正确Intoday’smaterialworld,weare_______withvariousformsofadvertising.（）。

A:instigatedB:dilutedC:inundatedD:penetrated答案:inundatedThearchitectshadbeendrivenbythedesireforultimateflexibility,forabuilding

a.thatwouldnotlimitthemovementofitsusers.Allthedifferentpartswereapproached

b.throughthesameenormousentrancehall

andservedbythesameescalator,

c.whichwasfreetoanyonetoride,

d.whethertheywantedtovisitanexhibitionorjustadmiretheview.Withalltheservicesatoneendofthebuilding,escalatorsandliftsattheother,andthefloorshungongiantsteelbeams

e.providinguninterruptedspacethesizeoftwofootballpitches,theirdreamhadbecomeareality.Whichofthehighlightedpartsisattributiveclause（定语从句）?（

）

A:throughthesameenormousentrancehallB:whethertheywantedtovisitanexhibitionorjustadmiretheviewC:whichwasfreetoanyonetorideD:providinguninterruptedspacethesizeoftwofootballpitchesE:thatwouldnotlimitthemovementofitsusers答案:thatwouldnotlimitthemovementofitsusersWhatdoestheprefix“bene-”mean?()

A:goodB:miniC:downwardD:beforeE:againstF:forward答案:goodSectionAHowever,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealisationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:

thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.

Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionBAlthoughthelanguageof‘rights’sometimesleadstoconfusion,

bythelate1970sitwasrecognisedinmostsocieties

thatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.

Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.

Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognisedasa‘publicgood’,ratherthana‘privategood’thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganisationputit:‘Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.’Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionCJustatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.The

secondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECD（OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）

countries,

accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.

ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDP（GrossDomesticProduct）

in1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrators,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

Questions1-5DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage?YES

ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriterNO

ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriterNOTGIVEN

ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

答案:"AI参考:1.Thewriterbelievesthatpeoplehavearighttohealthcare,whichisanecessaryconditionforaproperhumanlife.答案：是的。解释：根据阅读文章中的第一段，作者认为人们有权获得健康护理，这是人类正常生活的必要条件。因此，作者的观点是支持人们有权获得健康护理的。2.Basichealthcareisseenasapublicgoodinthesensethatitshouldbeprovidedbythestate.答案：是的。解释：根据阅读文章中的最后一段，基本健康护理被视为一种“公共利益”，这意味着国家应该提供这种服务。因此，作者认为基本健康护理应该由国家提供。3.Thelanguageofrightscansometimesleadtoconfusion,butitisgenerallyrecognisedthatpeoplehavearighttohealthcare.答案：是的。解释：根据阅读文章中的第二段，虽然“权利”的语言有时会引起混淆，但是在大多数社会中，人们已经认识到他们有权获得健康护理（尽管在美国对有正式的健康护理权利的想法存在相当大的抵制）。因此，作者认为人们有权获得健康护理。4.TheauthoragreeswiththestatementthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.答案：是的。解释：根据阅读文章中的最后一段，作者同意健康成本占国内生产总值（GDP）的比例将继续增加的说法。5.Thepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesisduetotheriseinhealthcostsanddemographicandsocialchanges.答案：是的。解释：根据阅读文章中的第三段，当前对医疗资源分配的关注源于医疗成本的大幅上涨以及人口和社会结构的变化，如老年人成为医疗资源的主要消费者且相对昂贵。因此，当前对医疗资源分配的关注是由于医疗成本的上升和人口和社会结构的变化引起的。"以下选项中表示“变化程度很大”含义的副词是（）。

A:slightlyB:drasticallyC:subtlyD:substantially答案:AI参考:正确答案是B:drastically。\n选项B表示“变化程度很大”的含义，其他选项的含义与题意不符。选项A表示“轻微地”，选项C表示“微妙地”，选项D表示“实质上地”。因此，正确答案是B。'以下选项中表示“上升”含义的词是（）。

A:ascendB:declineC:surgeD:soar答案:AI参考:正确答案是A:ascend。\n\n表示“上升”含义的词语有ascend（上升，攀登）、surge（激增，涌现）、soar（高飞，猛增）等。decline和B选项在某些语境下有下降的含义，但在这个语境下不是正确的选项。因此，答案为A、C、D中的ascend。'HowmanyquestiontypesarethereinIELTSacademicwritingtask1?（）

A:fiveB:sixC:eightD:seven答案:AI参考:正确答案是D：seven。\n\n雅思学术写作Task1有七种题型，包括数据总结、讨论类图表、流程图、比较对比、讨论类问题、开放性问题和产品/计划描述。所以选项D“seven”是正确答案。'Accordingtovideolecture1.2.1,thefollowingstatementsarealltrueEXCEPT()

A:BoostYourVocabularywithWordFamiliesB:KeepaJournalforVocabularyC:ReadrelatedarticlesdailyD:UseanEnglishtoChinesedictionary答案:AI参考:正确答案是D：UseanEnglishtoChinesedictionary。\n根据视频课程1.2.1，以下所有陈述都是正确的，除了使用英汉词典（D选项）。其他选项包括与单词家族一起提升词汇量（A选项）、为词汇保持日记（B选项）和每天阅读相关文章（C选项）。这些方法都是有效的词汇学习策略。'Peonyisournationalflowerwhich（）prosperity.

A:matchesB:symbolizesC:revealsD:proves答案:AI参考:正确答案是B:symbolizes。\n这道题考查的是固定短语的意思。symbolize象征，表示的意思，而A、C、D选项的意思与题意不符。所以正确答案是B。这句话的意思是：牡丹象征着我们的繁荣。'Carshavebecomemore_______fortheaverageconsumersandtheyarenolongeraluxuryitem,butsomethingthatmostfamiliesexpecttoown.（）。

A:compellingB:affordableC:irreparableD:immortal答案:AI参考:答案为B:affordable\n题干的意思是“汽车对于一般消费者来说变得更易承受，不再是奢侈品，而成了大多数家庭所期望拥有的东西”。Compelling吸引人的；affordable易承受的；irreparable不可修复的；immortal不朽的。根据题意，汽车对于消费者来说更易承受，所以选项B“affordable”符合题意。故选B。'下列哪项不是实现区间闭塞所依靠的凭证（）。

A:机车信号的开放B:出站信号机的开放C:进站信号机的开放D:通过信号机的开放答案:AI参考:实现区间闭塞所依靠的凭证主要是机车信号的开放和通过信号机的开放。而出站信号机和进站信号机的开放则是列车进出站所需要凭证，与区间闭塞的原理和实现方式无关。因此，正确答案是B：出站信号机的开放。'IntheMiddleAges,Europeanswhocouldaffordthespiceusedittoflavourfood,particularlymeat,andtoimpressthosearoundthemwiththeirabilitytopurchaseanexpensivecondimentfromthe'exotic'East.whichistherightparaphraseofthehighlightedwordsinthesentence?（

）

A:asweetsmellB:asignofC:whichoriginatesfromD:wasbelievedtohealdifferentillnessesE:leaveamarkon答案:AI参考:正确答案是：E:leaveamarkon\n句子中强调了“用香料给食物增添风味，尤其是给肉增添风味，并给周围的人留下一个购买来自‘异域’的昂贵调味品的能力的印象”，所以“impress”的意思是“给……留下印象”。因此，选项E“leaveamarkon”最符合语境。其他选项的意思与句子不符。因此，答案为E。'Howmanypassagesdoesreadingsectionconsistofandhowmanyquestionsarethetesttakersrequiredtocomplete?()

A:4passageswith40questionsB:4passageswith30questionsC:3passageswith30questionsD:3passageswith40questions答案:AI参考:正确答案是D:3passageswith40questions。\n阅读部分包括三篇文章，每篇文章后面有40道题目，所以正确答案是D。'By_______fastfoodadvertising,governmentshelptosafeguardthephysicalwell-beingofthenextgeneration.（）。

A:purchasingB:escapingC:regulatingD:consuming答案:AI参考:正确答案是：C:regulating。\n分析句子结构可知，空格处应填入一个表示“管理”的动词，A项“purchasing购买”不符合语境，B项“escaping逃避”不符合句意，D项“consuming消费”也不符合语境，只有C项“regulating管理”符合句意，故选C。'Twoofmycousins（）totheUnitedStatesin2010butnowarebackanddoingbusinessinChina.

A:emigrateB:immigrateC:immigratedD:emigrated答案:AI参考:正确选项是【D】。\n\n句子中使用了过去时态，表示过去发生的事情，而“移民”这个动作通常用“emigrate”表示，但是根据句意，“我的两个表兄弟在2010年移民到美国，但现在回到中国做生意”，应该使用过去分词形式的“emigrated”表示已经完成的行为。因此，选项D是正确答案。其他选项“immigrate”和“immigrated”不符合句意和时态要求。'WhichofthefollowstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothevideolecture?（）

A:SometimesyouhavetochangetheanswergrammaticallyinthecaseofcompletionquestionsB:Forcompletionquestions,wordsinstruction,suchasONEWORDONLY,isasimportantasfindingtheanswer.C:Likelisteningmodule,inreadingmodule,thereisalsotimefortransferringanswersfromtestpapertoanswersheet.D:AverybasicthinginIELTSreadingisthatyouranswersalwaysfollowthesameorderinthepassageastheorderofyourquestionsexceptthematchingquestions.答案:AI参考:根据视频课程，以下哪个陈述是不正确的？**A:Sometimesyouhavetochangetheanswergrammaticallyinthecaseofcompletionquestions**。\n\n根据视频内容，完成句子题中，找到正确答案与单词指示（如“仅一个词”）同样重要。在听力模块中，有答题时间从试卷转移到答题纸。雅思阅读中，除了匹配题外，答案在文章中的顺序与问题的顺序相同。而A选项提到在某些情况下，需要改变答案的语法，这与视频内容不符。因此，A选项是错误的。'Yourchancesoffindingajobwillimprove_____ifyoucanimproveyourcomputerskills.()

A:programB:fundamentalC:disproportionateD:considerably答案:AI参考:你的求职机会将会大大提高，如果你能提高你的电脑技能的话。因此，正确答案是D:considerably（大幅度地，显著地）。选项A是程序的意思，不符合题意；选项B是基础的意思，与句子意思相反；选项C是不均衡的意思，与句子意思不符。'Ifsomethingisnotexactlyred,（）isbetterfordescription.

A:pinkishB:abitredC:pinkD:reddish答案:AI参考:正确选项是D：reddish。\n\nreddish是一个形容词，表示“微红的”，可以用来描述那些不是非常红的物体或颜色。根据题目中的描述，如果某物不是完全红色，那么reddish这个词更适合用来描述它。因此，选项D是正确答案。其他选项中，pinkish和pink通常用来描述粉红色，abitred则不够准确，因为“有点红”并不能准确地描述物体的颜色。'Whichofthefollowingsentencemeans“Theteacherishard-working”?（）

A:Theteachersaid,/"thatstudentishard-working."/B:"Theteacher",/saidthatstudent,/"ishard-working."/答案:AI参考:正确选项是B:"Theteacher"/saidthatstudent/"ishard-working."/。\n\n在这个句子中，“Theteacher”是一个主语，后面跟了一个谓语动词“said”，接着是一个宾语从句，其中包含了一个主语“thatstudent”和谓语动词“ishard-working”，表示老师称赞学生很努力。因此，这个句子的意思是“这个老师很努力”。选项A中的“thatstudentishard-working”是一个完整的句子，而不是一个从句，因此不符合题意。选项C中的“Theteacher”后面没有谓语动词，也不符合题意。'Iwaspassionate（）EnglishandIhadneverdozedoffonEnglishclasses.

A:withB:inC:aboutD:on答案:AI参考:正确选项是C:about。\n\n句子中使用了bepassionateabout这个固定搭配，表示对某事物充满热情。因此，选项C“about”符合语境。选项A“with”表示带有某种情感或状态，选项B“in”表示在某个领域或方面，选项D“on”表示在某个时刻或表面上。这些选项都不符合句子的语境和语法规则。'Daylengthisausefulcueforbreedinginareaswhere__________areunpredictable.

答案:temperaturesLightisimportanttoorganismsfortwodifferentreasons.FirstlyitIsusedasacueforthetimingofdailyandseasonalrhythmsinbothplantsandanimals,andsecondlyitisusedtoassistgrowthinplants.Breedinginmostorganismsoccursduringapartoftheyearonly,andsoareliablecueisneededtotriggerbreedingbehaviour.Daylengthisanexcellentcue,becauseitprovidesaperfectlypredictablepatternofchangewithintheyear.Inthetemperatezoneinspring,temperaturesfluctuategreatlyfromdaytoday.butdaylengthincreasessteadilybyapredictableamount.Theseasonalimpactofdaylengthonphysiologicalresponsesiscalledphotoperiodism,andtheamountofexperimentalevidenceforthisphenomenonisconsiderable.Forexample,somespeciesofbirds’breedingcanbeinducedeveninmidwintersimplybyincreasingdaylengthartificially(Wolfson1964).Otherexamplesofphotoperiodismoccurinplants.Ashort-dayplantflowerswhenthedayislessthanacertaincriticallength.Along-dayplantflowersafteracertaincriticaldaylengthisexceeded.Inbothcasesthecriticaldaylengthdiffersfromspeciestospecies.Plantswhichflowerafteraperiodofvegetativegrowth,regardlessofphotoperiod,areknownasday-neutralplants.Breedingseasonsinanimalssuchasbirdshaveevolvedtooccupythepartoftheyearinwhichoffspringhavethegreatestchancesofsurvival.Beforethebreedingseasonbegins,foodreservesmustbebuiltuptosupporttheenergycostofreproduction,andtoprovideforyoungbirdsbothwhentheyareinthenestandafterfledging.Thusmanytemperate-zonebirdsusetheincreasingdaylengthsinspringasacuetobeginthenestingcycle,becausethisisapointwhenadequatefoodresourceswillbeassured.Theadaptivesignificanceofphotoperiodisminplantsisalsoclear.Short-dayplantsthatflowerinspringinthetemperatezoneareadaptedtomaximisingseedlinggrowthduringthegrowingseason.Long-dayplantsareadaptedforsituationsthatrequirefertilizationbyinsects,oralongperiodofseedripening.Short-dayplantsthatflowerintheautumninthetemperatezoneareabletobuildupfoodreservesoverthegrowingseasonandoverwinterasseeds.Day-neutralplantshaveanevolutionaryadvantagewhentheconnectionbetweenthefavourableperiodforreproductionanddaylengthismuchlesscertain.Forexample,desertannualsgerminate,flowerandseedwheneversuitablerainfalloccurs,regardlessofthedaylength.Thebreedingseasonofsomeplantscanbedelayedtoextraordinarylengths.Bamboosareperennialgrassesthatremaininavegetativestateformanyyearsandthensuddenlyflower,fruitanddie(Evans1976).EverybambooofthespeciesChusqueaabietifolioontheislandofJamaicaflowered,setseedanddiedduring1884.Thenextgenerationofbamboofloweredanddiedbetween1916and1918,whichsuggestsavegetativecycleofabout31years.Theclimatictriggerforthisfloweringcycleisnotyetknown,buttheadaptivesignificanceisclear.Thesimultaneousproductionofmassesofbambooseeds(insomecaseslying12to15centimetresdeepontheground)ismorethanalltheseed-eatinganimalscancopewithatthetime,sothatsomeseedsescapebeingeatenandgrowuptoformthenextgeneration(Evans1976).Questions1-5DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes1-5,chooseTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

答案:TheProblemofScarceResourcesTheproblemofhowhealth-careresourcesshouldbedistributed,sothattheyaredistributedinboththemostjustandmostefficientway,isnotanewone.Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned(分配);whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthelimitofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclientele(委托人)ofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite(有限的).Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere"limitstogrowth".Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelation(揭露)oftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-1945WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the"invisiblehand"ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasindependenthumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealthcareisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy(自治).Althoughthelanguageof"rights"sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa"publicgood",ratherthana"privategood"thatoneisexpectedtoguyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:"Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinction(区别)ofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition."Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedform3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(假想)(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolations(推断的)aboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrators,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.Personallibertyandindependencehaveneverbeenregardedasdirectlylinkedtohealth-care.

答案:NTheProblemofScarceResourcesTheproblemofhowhealth-careresourcesshouldbedistributed,sothattheyaredistributedinboththemostjustandmostefficientway,isnotanewone.Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned(分配);whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthelimitofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclientele(委托人)ofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite(有限的).Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere"limitstogrowth".Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelation(揭露)oftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-1945WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the"invisiblehand"ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasindependenthumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation