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Unit

1

Ge

ne

Ed

it

ingPre

-Cla

s

sActivitie

sVie

w

ing

,Lis

te

ninga

ndS

pe

a

kingProje

ctCo

n

t

e

nt

sS

e

ct

io

n

On

eS

e

ct

io

n

Tw

oS

e

ct

io

n

Th

re

ePre

-Cla

s

s

Activitie

sS

e

ct

io

nOn

eVid

e

o

Clip

1Wha

t

do

you

know

a

b

out

the

tw

o

fe

m

a

le

s

cie

ntis

t

s

a

nd

the

ir

re

s

e

a

rch?Ta

s

k

1Vid

e

o

Clip

21

.Wha

t

q

ua

lit

ie

s

m

a

ke

a

p

rom

ine

nt

re

s

e

a

rche

r?2

.

Wha

t

ha

ve

you

le

a

rne

d

from

this

inte

rvie

w

?Ta

s

k

1Ta

s

k

2Aca

d

e

m

ic

a

ct

iv

it

ie

s

o

n

g

e

n

e

e

d

it

in

g

yo

u

w

ill

p

a

r

t

ic

ip

a

t

e

inWha

t

q

ue

s

t

ions

w

ould

you

a

s

k

if

you

ha

d

a

cha

nce

to

inte

rvie

w

a

p

rofe

s

s

or

ong

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

?Wha

t

w

ould

you

t

a

lk

a

b

o

ut

if

you

ha

d

a

cha

nce to

pa

rt

icipa

te

in

a

g

roupd

is

cus

s

ion

a

b

out

g

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

?If

you

w

e

re

invite

d

to

m

a

ke

a

p

re

s

e

nta

t

ion

in

a

s

e

m

ina

r

on

g

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

,

w

ha

tw

ould

b

e

your

the

s

is

a

nd

m

a

in

p

o

ints

?S

e

ct

io

nTw

oVie

w

ing

,

Lis

te

ning

a

nd

Spe

a

kingHis

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

Ig

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

/

g

e

nom

e

e

d

it

ing

;

GMO/

g

e

ne

t

ica

lly

m

odifie

d

org

a

nis

m

;

g

e

ne

;

DNA/

de

oxyrib

onucle

ica

cid

;RNA;

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9___1

______2

______3

___Te

rmsDe

scriptionsg

e

ne

In

b

io

log

y,

it

is

a

s

e

g

m

e

nt

of

DNA

loca

te

d

o

n

chrom

os

om

e

s

tha

t

p

roduce

p

ro

te

in.

The

y

a

ls

o

e

xis

t

a

s

a

lle

le

s

of

w

hich

you

ne

e

d

tw

o

to

p

roduce

a

ce

rta

in

t

ra

it

inoffs

p

ring

.g

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

It

is

a

g

roup

of

te

chno

log

ie

s

tha

t

g

ive

s

cie

ntis

t

s

the

a

b

ilit

y

to cha

ng

e

a

norg

a

nis

m

’s

DNA.

The

s

e

te

chno

log

ie

s

a

llow

g

e

ne

t

ic

m

a

te

ria

l

to

b

e

a

dde

d

,

re

m

o

ve

d

,

o

r

a

lt

e

re

d

a

tpa

rt

icula

r

loca

t

ions

in

the

g

e

nom

e

.

It

m

e

a

ns

p

re

cis

e

ly

a

lt

e

ring

g

e

ne

t

ic

s

e

q

ue

nce

s

in

living

ce

lls

,

including tho

s

e

ofhum

a

ns

.CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9

It

is

a

ne

w

g

e

nom

e

e

d

it

ing

tool.

It

is

a

s

cis

s

ors

-like

che

m

ica

l

to

o

l

tha

t

ca

n

p

re

cis

e

ly

cut

a

nd

cus

tom

ize

s

t

re

tche

s

ofg

e

ne

t

ic

m

a

te

ria

l,

s

uch

a

s

hum

a

n

DNA.His

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

Ig

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

/

g

e

nom

e

e

d

it

ing

;

GMO/

g

e

ne

t

ica

lly

m

odifie

d

org

a

nis

m

;

g

e

ne

;

DNA/

de

oxyrib

onucle

ic

a

cid

;RNA;

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9__4

____5

____6

__Te

rm

sDe

s

crip

t

io

n

sRNA

It

is

a

p

o

lym

e

ric

m

o

le

cule

m

a

de

up

of

one

o

r

m

ore

nucle

o

t

ide

s

.

Ea

ch

nucle

o

t

ide

is

m

a

de

up

of

a

b

a

s

e

(a

de

nine

,

cytos

ine

,

g

ua

nine

,

a

nd

ura

cil,

typ

ica

llya

b

b

re

via

te

d

a

s

A,

C,

G

a

nd

U),

a

rib

os

e

s

ug

a

r,

a

nd

a

p

hos

p

ha

te

.GMO

It

is

a

p

la

nt,

a

nim

a

l,

m

icroo

rg

a

nis

m

or

o

the

r

org

a

nis

m

s

w

ho

s

e

g

e

ne

t

ic

m

a

ke

up

ha

sb

e

e

n

m

odifie

d

in

a

la

b

ora

tory

us

ing

g

e

ne

t

ic

e

ng

ine

e

ring

or

t

ra

ns

g

e

nic

te

chnolog

y.

This

cre

a

te

s

com

b

ina

t

ions

of

p

la

nt,

a

nim

a

l,

b

a

cte

ria

l

a

nd

virus

g

e

ne

s

tha

t

do

notoccur

in

na

ture

or

throug

h

t

ra

d

it

iona

l

cros

s

b

re

e

d

ing

m

e

thods

.DNA

It

is

the

che

m

ica

l

a

t

the

ce

nte

r

of

the

ce

lls

of

living

thing

s

tha

t

co

ntrols

the

s

t

ructurea

nd

p

urp

os

e

of

e

a

ch

ce

ll

a

nd

ca

rrie

s

g

e

ne

t

ic

inform

a

t

ion

during

re

p

roduction.His

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

I1

.

Wha

t

im

p

orta

nt

e

ve

nts

in

g

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

his

tory

com

e

to

your

m

ind

w

he

n

you

s

e

ethe

a

b

ove

p

icture

s

?CRIS

PRd

is

co

v

e

r

y

o

f

t

h

e

Do

u

b

le

He

lix

t

h

e

Clo

n

in

g

o

f

Do

lly

t

h

e

S

h

e

e

p2

.

Ca

n

you

a

rra

ng

e

the

m

in

chronolog

ica

l

orde

r?B

-C-AHis

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

ITime

lineMe

thod

and

Te

chniqueDe

ta

ile

d

Informationse

le

ctive

breedingIt

canstreng

then

u_s_e

f1u_l_t_r_a_i_t_s

in

plantsandanimals,butnever

truly

understand

h_o2w

i_t

.

w

o

rke

ddiscovery

of

DNAInformation

is

encoded

in

the

s_t_r_u_3c_t_u_r_e_

of

the

molecule.Chang

e

the

_i_n_s

t

r_u4_c_t_io

n_s,

and

you

chang

e

the

being

carrying

it.in

the

1960

sbombarding

plants

withr_a_d_5ia

t

i_o

n_It

can

cause

random

mutations

in

the

g

enetic

codeSometimes

it

actually

works

too.in

the

1970

sinserting

DNA

snippets

to b

a6c_t_e_r_i_a,

plants

and

animalsScientists

do

this

for

search,

m

e

d

7ic

ine

,

ag

riculture

and

for

fun.in

1974birth

of

the

earlie

st

g

eneticallymodified

animal

M8ic

e

was

reg

arded

as

a

standard

tool

for

re

search,

savingmillions

of

live

s.His

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

ITime

lineMe

thod

and

Te

chniqueDe

ta

ile

d

Informationin

the

1980sthe

first

p

a9t

e

ntToda

y,

we

produce

many

c_h

e_m10ic

a_l_s

by

means

of

eng

ineered

life

,like

life

-

saving

clotting

factors,

g

rowth

hormones

and

insulin.in

1994the

first

food

modifiedin

the

labwent

on

sale

:

the

Flavr

Savr

tomatoIt

re

fe

rs

to

a

tomatog

iven

a

much

long

er

shelf-

life

via

anextra

g

enethat

suppresses

thebuild-

up

of

arotting

e

n

z1y1m

e

.in

the

1990shuman

eng

ineeringTo

tre

at

maternal

infe

rtility,

babies

were

made

that

carry

g

eneticinformation

from

t

h_1r2e

_e

humans,

making

them

the

firsthumans

ever

to

have

three

g_e_1n3e_t_i_c

parents.until

recentlyrevolutionary

new

technolog

yC_1R4I_S_PROvernig

ht,

thecostsof

eng

ineeringhave

s_h_r1u5n

k

by

99%.Instead

of

a

year,

it

takes

a

few

weeks

to

conduct

experiments.It

lite

rally

has

thepotential

to

chang

e

humanity

forever.His

t

o

r

y

o

f

Ge

n

e

Ed

it

in

gPa

r

t

IMa

ke

a

b

rie

f

re

vie

w

of

the

w

hole

proce

s

s

or

focus

on

one

or

s

e

ve

ra

l

s

ta

g

e

sof

the

his

tory

of

g

e

ne

e

d

it

ing

.

Ple

a

s

e

a

dd

s

om

e

e

xtra

inform

a

t

io

n

re

le

va

ntto

your

top

ic

if

p

os

s

ib

le

.Th

e

Wo

rkin

g

Prin

cip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9Pa

r

t

IICa

n

you

re

te

ll

the

w

orking

p

rincip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR

a

f

te

r

w

a

tching

thevide

o

clip

?Th

e

Wo

rkin

g

Prin

cip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9Pa

r

t

II1

.

The

CRIS

PR

m

e

thod

is

b

a

s

e

d

on

a

na

tura

l

s

ys

te

m

us

e

d

b

y

virus

to

p

ro

te

ct

the

m

from

infe

ctio

nb

y

b

a

cte

ria

.Re

vis

io

n:

The

CRIS

PR

m

e

thod

is

b

a

s

e

d

o

n

a

na

tura

l

s

ys

t

e

m

us

e

d

b

y

b

a

cte

ria

to

p

ro

t

e

ct

the

mfrom

infe

ct

ion

b

y

virus

.2

.

Whe

n

the

b

a

cte

rium

de

te

cts

the

p

re

s

e

nce

of

virus

DNA,

it

p

roduce

s

o

nly

one

typ

e

of

s

hortRNA

w

hich

conta

ins

a

s

e

q

ue

nce

tha

t

m

a

tche

s

tha

t

of

the

inva

d

ing

virus

.Re

vis

io

n:

Whe

n

the

b

a

cte

rium

de

te

cts

the

p

re

s

e

nce

o

f

virus

DNA,

it

p

ro

duce

s

tw

otyp

e

s

o

f

s

hortRNA,

one

o

f

w

hich

conta

ins

a

s

e

q

ue

nce

tha

t

m

a

tche

s

tha

t

o

f

the

inva

d

ing

virus

.FFTh

e

Wo

rkin

g

Prin

cip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9Pa

r

t

II3

.

Ca

s

9

is

a

nucle

a

s

e

,

a

typ

e

of

e

nzym

e

tha

t

ca

n

cut

DNA.

Whe

n

a

m

a

tching

s

e

q

ue

nce

,know

n

a

s

a

g

uide

RNA,

f

inds

it

s

t

a

rg

e

t

w

ith

in

the

vira

l

g

e

nom

e

,

the

g

uide

RNA

cuts

the

ta

rg

e

t

DNA

d

ire

ct

ly,

d

is

a

b

ling

the

virus

.Re

vis

ion:Ca

s

9

is

a

nucle

a

s

e

,

a

typ

e

o

f

e

nzym

e

tha

t

ca

n

cut

DNA.

Whe

n

a

m

a

tching

s

e

q

ue

nce

,

know

n

a

s

a

g

uide

RNA,

f

inds

it

s

ta

rg

e

t

w

ithin

the

vira

l

g

e

nom

e

,

the

Ca

s

9cuts

the

ta

rg

e

t

DNA,

d

is

a

b

ling

the

virus

.4

.

The

Ca

s

9

w

ill

unzip

the

DNA,

a

nd

m

a

tch

it

to

it

s

ta

rg

e

t

RNA.

If

the

m

a

tch

iscom

p

le

te

,

the

Ca

s

9

w

ill

us

e

tw

o

t

iny

m

o

le

cula

r

s

cis

s

ors

to

cut

the

DNA.TFTh

e

Wo

rkin

g

Prin

cip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9Pa

r

t

II5

.

Whe

n

the

cutting

ha

p

p

e

ns

,

the

ce

ll

t

rie

s

to

re

pa

ir

the

cut.

But

the

re

pa

ir

p

roce

s

s

is

e

rror-p

rone

,

le

a

d

ing

to

m

uta

t

io

ns

tha

t

ca

n

d

is

a

b

le

the

g

e

ne

,

a

llo

w

ing

re

s

e

a

rche

rs

to

unde

rs

ta

nd

it

s

function.6

.

Ge

ne

e

d

it

ing

ca

n

b

e

do

ne

in

culture

d

ce

lls

,

including

s

te

m

ce

lls

tha

t

ca

n

g

ive

ris

e

tom

a

ny

d

if

fe

re

nt

typ

e

s

,

how

e

ve

r,

it

ca

nnot

b

e

done

in

a

fe

rt

ilize

d

e

g

g

.TFRe

vis

io

n:Ge

ne

e

d

it

ing

ca

n

b

e

done

in

culture

d

ce

lls

,

including

s

t

e

m

ce

lls

tha

t

ca

n

g

ive

ris

eto

m

a

ny

d

if

fe

re

nt

typ

e

s

.

It

ca

n

a

ls

o

b

e

do

ne

in

a

fe

rt

ilize

d

e

g

g

,

a

llow

ing

the

cre

a

t

ion

o

ft

ra

ns

g

e

nic

a

nim

a

ls

w

ith

ta

rg

e

te

d

m

uta

t

ions

.Th

e

Wo

rkin

g

Prin

cip

le

s

of

CRIS

PR-Ca

s

9Pa

r

t

II7

.

Unlike

p

re

vious

m

e

thods

,

CRIS

PR

ca

n

b

e

us

e

d

to

ta

rg

e

t

m

a

ny

g

e

ne

s

a

t

once

.This

is

a

b

ig

a

dva

nta

g

e

for

s

tudying

com

p

le

x

hum

a

n

d

is

e

a

s

e

s

tha

t

a

re

ca

us

e

d

notb

y

a

s

ing

le

m

uta

t

ion

b

ut

b

y

m

a

ny

g

e

ne

s

a

cting

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