大学思辨英语教程 精读3教学课件Unit 15

Unit

1

5AgingTe

x

t

AA

W

or

l

d

Gr

ow

in

g

OldJ

e

r

e

m

y

S

e

a

b

r

o

o

kLe

a

r

n

i

n

g

Ob

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

sR

e

a

d

in

g

S

k

i

l

l

sCr

i

t

i

ca

l

Th

i

n

k

in

g煉Com

m

u

n

i

ca

t

i

v

eCom

m

u

n

i

ca

t

i

v

eCom

p

e

t

e

n

ceI

n

t

e

r

cu

l

t

u

r

a

lCom

p

e

t

e

n

ce煉Apply

background

knowledge

to

the

understanding

of

the

text煉De

duce

a

meaning

beyond

what

the

author

has

stated

directly煉Re

order

or

reclassify

important

information

found

in

the

textLe

a

r

n

i

n

g

Ob

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

s煉Unde

rstand

words

in

context煉Le

arn

to

use

idiomatic

expressions

appropriately煉Organize

ideas

in

a

logical,structural

manner煉Communicative

Compe

tence煉Re

ading

Skills煉Critical

ThinkingLe

a

r

n

i

n

g

Ob

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

s煉Make

inferences

about

some

of

the

author’s

claims煉Ge

nerate

solutions

to

the

problem

of

old

age煉Make

interdisciplinary

analysis

of

the

aging

issue煉Inte

rcultural

Compe

tence煉Be

aware

of

cross-age

or

inter-ge

nerational

differences

aspart

of

inter-cultural

differences煉Unde

rstand

the

aging

issue

across

cultures煉Evaluate

the

impact

of

globalization

on

agingLe

a

d

i

nIn

the

past

the

elderly

have

been

held

in

high

regard

by

manysocieties

around

the

world.

Today

the

number

of

societies

inwhich

this

is

truehas

dwindled,

leaving

the

elderly

feelingincreasingly

left

behind,

ignored

and

marginalized.

What

arethe

reasons

for

this

change?

Text

A

provides

some

answersto

this

question,

and

further

analyzes

the

current

status

ofthe

elderly,

and

the

impact

of

globalization

on

them.Le

a

d

i

nIt

may

be

that

the

current

status

of

the

elderly

is,

for

the

most

part,

the

result

of

common

views

which

are

fraught

with

myths

and

prejudices.

In

which

ways

are

many

of

the

current

views

about

old

age

stereotypical

and

unfounded?

Text

B

invites

you

on

a

journey

of

exploration.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e1.

About

the

authorjournalist

specializing

in

social,

environmentalJeremy

Seabrook

(born

1939)

is

an

English

author

andanddevelopment

issues.

His

book

The

Refuge

and

the

Fortress:Britain

and

the

Flight

from

Tyra

nny

was

longlisted

for

theOrwe

ll

Prize.Seabrook

was

born

in

Northampton.

He

was

educated

atNorthampton

Grammar

School

and

the

Unive

rsity

ofCambridge

.

He

has

worke

d

as

a

teacher

and

a

social

worke

r.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

eRe

search

area:

social,

environmental

and

development

issues.Major

publications:

The

Unprivileged

(1973),

Unemploymentin

the

Eighties

(1983),

Notes

From

Another

India

(1995),

AWorld

Growing

Old

(2003),

The

Refuge

and

the

Fortress:Britain

and

the

Flight

From

Tyra

nny

(2008).Main

argument

in

his

book

A

World

Grow

ing

Old:

In

thisbook,

Jeremy

Seabrook

examine

s

the

real

implications

of

the

global

aging

phenomenon

and

challenges

our

preconceptions

about

how

aging

should

be

tackled.

Seabrook

argues

that

the

accumulated

skills

and

experience

of

the

elderly

should

becontinuedB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

ebe

employed

to

enrich

society,

rather

than

perceived

as

a“burde

n.”He

make

s

a

passionate

case

for

a

radical

rethinking

of

our

attitude

to

population

issues,

migration,

social

structures,

and

employment

policy.

This

lively

and

readable

book

illustrates

that

the

reintegration

of

the

elderly

into

societies

worldwide

is

vital

for

our

survival.continuedB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e2.

Age

ing

and

ageismAge

ing

(also

spelled

“aging”)

is

the

process

of

becoming

olde

r.The

term

refers

especially

to

human

beings,

many

animals,

andfungi,

whereas

for

example

bacteria,

perennial

plants

andsome

simple

animals

are

potentially

immortal.

In

the

broadersense,

ageing

can

refer

to

single

cells

within

an

organism

whichhave

ceased

dividing

(ce

llular

senescence)

or

to

the

populationof

a

species

(population

ageing).In

humans,

ageing

represents

the

accumulation

of

changes

in

ahuman

being

over

time,

encompassing

physical,

psychological,and

social

changes.

Re

action

time,

for

example

,

may

slow

withage,

while

knowledge

of

world

events

and

wisdom

may

expand.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

eAge

ing

is

among

the

greatest

known

risk

factors

for

most

human

diseases:

of

the

roughly

150,000

people

who

die

each

day

across

the

globe,

about

two

thirds

die

from

age

-re

lated

causes.Age

ism

(a

lso

spe

lle

d

“a

gism”)

is

s

t

e

re

otyping

of

a

nd

discrimination

against

individuals

or

groups

on

the

basis

of

their

age.

This

may

be

casual

or

systematic.

The

term

was

coined

in

1969

by

Robe

rt

Ne

il

Butler

to

describe

discrimination

against

se

niors,

and

patte

rne

d

on

sexism

and

racism.continuedB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

econtinuedButler

defined

“age

ism”as

a

combination

of

three

connectedelements.

Among

them

were

prejudicial

attitudes

towards

olderpeople,

old

age,

and

the

aging

process;

discriminatory

practicesagainst

older

people;

and

institutional

practices

and

policies

thatperpetuate

stereotypes

about

elderly

people.Example

s

of

policies

against

ageism

in

different

countries:

In

Australia,

age

discrimination

laws

at

the

national

level

were

strengthened

by

the

Age

Discrimination

Act

2004,

which

helps

to

ensure

that

people

are

not

subjected

to

age

discrimination

in

various

areas

of

public

life

,

including

employment,

the

provision

of

goods

and

services,

education,

and

the

administration

of

Australian

government

laws

and

programs.

In

the

U.S.,

eachB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

econtinuedstate

has

its

own

laws

regarding

age

discrimination,

and

there

are

also

federal

laws.

In

California,

the

Fair

Employme

nt

and

Housing

Act

forbids

unlawful

discrimination

against

persons

age

40

and

olde

r.

At

least

two

bills

have

been

filed

before

the

16th

Congre

ss

of

the

Philippines

seeking

to

address

age

discrimination

in

employment

in

the

country.

The

Blas

Ople

Policy

Ce

nte

r,

a

non-gove

rnment

organization,

asserts

that

responsibilities

of

making

livelihood

in

ahousehold

has

shifted

to

younger

members

of

the

family

due

to

bias

against

hiring

people

older

than

30

years

of

age.

The

organization

also

added

that

age

discrimination

contributes

to

the

unemployment

rate

and

acts

as

a

hurdle

to

inclusive

growth

in

the

country.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e3.

Social

transferSocial

transfer

(also

transfer

payment

or

government

transfer)is

a

redistribution

of

income

and

wealth

(payme

nt)

madewithout

goods

or

services

being

received

in

return.

The

sepayments

are

considered

to

be

non-exhaustive

becausetheydo

not

directly

absorb

resources

or

create

output.

Example

s

oftransfer

payments

include

welfaresecurity,

and

government

making(financial

aid),

socialsubsidies

for

certainbusinesses

(firms).B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e4.

Ne

o-libe

ral

ideologyNe

o-libe

ralism

refers

primarily

to

the

20th-ce

ntury

resurgence

of

19th-ce

ntury

ideas

associated

with

laissez-faire

economic

liberalism.

The

se

include

economic

liberalization

policies

such

as

privatization,

fiscal

austerity,

deregulation,

free

trade,

and

reductions

in

government

spending

in

order

to

increase

the

role

of

the

private

sector

in

the

economy

andsociety.

The

se

marke

t-base

d

ideas

and

the

policies

they

inspired

constitute

aparadigm

shift

away

from

the

post-war

Keyne

sian

consensus

which

lasted

from

1945

to

1980.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e5.

Informal

economyThe

informal

sector,

informal

economy,

or

grey

economy

is

the

part

of

an

economy

that

is

neither

taxe

d,

nor

monitored

by

any

form

of

government.

Unlike

the

formal

economy,

activities

of

the

informal

economy

are

not

included

in

the

gross

national

product

(GNP)

and

gross

domestic

product

(GDP)

of

a

country.

The

informal

sector

can

be

described

as

a

grey

market

in

labor.

Although

the

informal

sector

make

s

up

a

significant

portion

of

the

economies

in

developing

countries

it

is

often

stigmatized

as

troublesome

and

unmanageable.

Howe

ver

the

informalB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

esector

provides

critical

economic

opportunities

for

the

poorand

has

been

expanding

rapidly

since

the

1960s.

As

such,integrating

the

informal

economy

into

the

formal

sector

is

animportant

policy

challenge.continuedB

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e6.

Fe

rtility

rateFe

rtility

rate

is

the

average

number

of

children

that

would

be

born

to

a

woman

over

her

lifetime.It

is

a

synthetic

rate,

not

based

on

the

fertility

of

any

real

group

of

women

since

this

would

involve

waiting

until

they

had

completed

childbearing.

Nor

is

it

based

on

counting

up

the

total

number

of

children

actually

born

over

their

lifetime.

Inste

ad,

the

fertility

rate

is

based

on

the

age

-spe

cific

fertility

rates

of

women

in

their

“child-be

aring

years”,

which

in

conventional

international

statistical

usage

is

ages

15–44

or

15–49.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e7.

Re

placement

level

(sub-re

placement

fertility

rate)sub-re

placement

fertility

is

a

total

fertility

rate

(TFR)

that

(if

sustained)

leads

to

each

new

generation

being

less

populous

than

the

olde

r,

previous

one

in

a

given

area.

In

developed

countries

sub-re

placement

fertility

is

any

rate

below

approximately

2.1

children

born

per

woman,

but

the

threshold

can

be

as

high

as

3.4

in

some

developing

countries

because

of

higher

mortality

rates.

Take

n

globally,

the

total

fertility

rate

at

replacement

was

2.33

children

per

woman

in

2003.

This

can

be

“translate

d”as

2

children

per

woman

to

replace

the

parents,

plus

a

“third

of

a

child”to

make

up

for

the

higher

probability

of

boys

born

and

mortality

prior

to

the

end

of

their

fertile

life

.B

a

ck

g

r

ou

n

d

K

n

ow

l

e

d

g

e8.

Undocume

nted

migrationUndocume

nted

migration

is

used

to

be

called

illegal

immigration,

is

the

illegal

entry

of

a

person

or

a

group

of

persons

across

a

country's

borde

r,

in

a

way

that

violates

the

immigration

laws

of

the

destination

country,

with

the

intention

to

remain

in

the

country.

The

re

have

been

campaigns

in

many

countries

since

2007

discouraging

the

use

of

the

term

“ille

gal

immigrant

”.

They

are

generally

based

on

the

argument

that

the

act

of

immigrating

illegally

does

not

make

the

people

themselves

illegal.Text

StructureTe

x

t

A

n

a

l

y

s

i

sDe

tailed

AnalysisEva

luation

and

explorationText

StructurePartParas.Main

ideaI

Re

sponses

toageing1-14People

’s

responses

towards

old

age

vary.

The

elderly

observed

a

growing

indifference

towards

them

while

the

authority

and

prestige

of

elders

were

often

unlimited

in

many

societies.II

Status

of

theelderly15-18Ge

rontocracy

is

dying

under

theinfluence

of

such

factors

as

colonialism,education

and

technological

innovation.continuedDe

tailed

AnalysisEva

luation

and

explorationText

StructurePartParas.Main

ideaIII

Lifeexpectancy

andglobalization19-22The

consequences

of

rising

proportionof

elderly

people

and

falling

birth

rateare

far

reaching,

though

there

is

nounanimity

yet.IV

Re

placing

thegenerations23-32In

the

era

of

globalization,

the

lowfertility

rate

and

replacement

levelbring

about

many

problemsworldwide

and

it

is

the

countries

inthe

south

that

suffer

more

fromageism.Te

x

t

A

n

a

l

y

s

i

s1.

Seabrook

points

out

in

Para.

3

that

today

the

elderly

suffer

a

different

kind

of

invisibility.

What

is

it?

How

is

it

different

from

the

invisibility

in

the

past?In

the

past

very

few

people

could

live

to

the

age

beyond

60,therefore

they

were

virtually

invisible

in

society.

Although,the

old

constitute

one

-fifth

of

the

population

now,

people“look

though”the

m

as

if

they

were

invisible

like

ghosts(age

ism).

The

difference

is

that

the

“invisible

”e

lders

in

thepastwere

believed

to

be

respected

by

the

society

while

the“invisible

”e

lders

today

do

not

feel

that

they

are

respectedand

suffer

from

ageism.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IVPart

I

Compre

hension

Che

ck2.

In

Para.

4,

Seabrook

says,

“The

present

moment

inflectsthe

ancient

puzzle

of

old

age

and

its

meaning

in

ways

thatare

historically

unprecedented.”What

does

he

mean

by

“the

ancient

puzzle

of

old

age

”?

In

what

way

does

the

presentmoment

inflect

this

ancient

puzzle

of

old

age?In

ancient

times,

old

people

and

their

experience

andwisdom

were

appreciated

though

few

people

could

live

to

beold.

Nowadays,

as

the

old

become

more

numerous,

theyobserve

a

growing

indifference

towards

them.

It

seems

tothem

that

the

rich

reservoir

of

their

accumulated

experienceis

a

wasting

–and

often

wasted

–re

source.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV3.

The

elderly

used

to

be

given

high

status

in

societies

aroundthe

world.

Please

summarize

the

reasons

Seabrook

gives.Traditional

Easte

rn

countries:

The

senior

male,

as

head

ofthe

family

and

all

property

owne

r,

had

absolute

authorityover

other

family

members.Fe

udal

Europe

:

The

hierarchical

system

(in

which

the

senior

male

dominated

the

family

and

society)

was

believed

to

reflect

on

earth

the

hierarchy

of

heaven

in

Christianity.Tribal

societies:

Since

ancestor

worship

was

practiced,

andDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IVcontinuedamong

theliving,

the

oldest

members

of

the

tribe

were

closeto

death

and

had

a

privileged

relationship

to

all

those

whohad

gone

before,

the

older

members

enjoyed

a

high

level

ofauthority.Industrial

societies:Factory

owners

controlled

worke

rs,

andworke

rs,

as

the head

of

the

family

and

bread-winne

r,controlled

their

wives

and

children.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV4.

Why

does

Seabrook

say

that

a

more

caring

past

is

a

myth?Why,

according

to

him,

does

the

myth

persist?Because

in

the

past,

it

was

rare

for

elderly

parents

to

live

with

their

families

(e

.g.

In

1929-30,

less

than

one

-fifth

of

over-60s

lived

in

extended

families,

and

only

7%

lived

in

three

-ge

neration

households).

The

myth

does

not

persist,

because

“e

verywhere

inthe

world,

gerontocracy

is

dying”.

And

actually

all

cultures

tell

of

a

new

generation,

eager

to

play

its

own

part

in

life

of

society,

exclude

d

and

often

humiliated

by

those

in

positions

of

power

and

influence

(the

elderly),

and

the

myth

of

youthful

energy

repressed

by

elders,

is

a

persistent

theme.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV5.

What,

in

Seabrook’s

view,

is

the

correlation

between

theidea

of

the

patriarch

and

the

almost

universal

severity

of

thelaws

against

parricide?To

make

sure

the

power

of

the

patriarch

would

not

becontested

or

challenged

by

the

next

(younge

r)

generationwho

must

have

been

often

tempted

to

put

an

end

to

thetyranny

of

those

patriarchs,

therewere

almost

universalsevere

laws

against

parricide.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV1.

ambiguity

(Para.

1,

line

2)noun

[counta

ble,

uncountable]the

state

of

being

unclear,confusing,or

not

certain,or

thingsthat

produce

this

effect模棱两可e.g.

The

re

was

an

element

of

ambiguity

in

the

president

’s

reply.De

rivation:ambiguous

adjectivePartI

Word

StudyDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV2.

mechanism

(Pa

ra.

2,

line

7)noun

[counta

ble]1)a

system

that

is

intended

to

achieve

something

or

deal

witha

problem体制，方式mechanism

for

(doing)

somethingmechanism

to

do

somethinge.g.

TheArmy

has

set

up

mechanisms

to

help

jobless

ex-soldiers

get

work.2)a

system

or

a

way

of

behaving

that

helps

a

living

thingto

avoid

or

protect

itself

from

something

difficult

or

dangerous处理棘手情况的）机制De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IVDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IVcontinueddefense/control/survival

mechanisme.g.

Whe

n

a

person

is

ill,

the

body’s

natural

defensemechanisms

come

into

operation.3)part

of

a

machine

or

a

set

of

parts

that

does

a

particularjob机械部件；机械装置e.g.

the

brake

mechanisma

clock

mechanism4)the

way

that

something

works运行方式

mechanism

ofe.g.

the

mechanism

of

the

brain3.

impediment

(Para.

3,

line

7)noun

[uncounta

ble]1)a

physical

problem

that

make

s

speaking,hearing,or

movingdifficult障碍e.g.

a

speech

impediment2)a

situation

or

event

that

make

s

it

difficult

or

impossible

forsomeone

or

something

to

succeed

or

make

progress阻碍impediment

toe.g.

War

is

one

of

the

greatest

impediments

to

human

progress.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV4.

discernment

(Para

.

6,

line

5)noun

[uncounta

ble]

formal1)the

ability

to

make

good

judgments

about

people

or

aboutart,music,style

etc眼光，洞察力e.g.

the

woman’s

taste

and

discernment2)when

you

notice

or

understand

something识别e.g.

the

discernment

of

opportunitiesDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV5.

hoary

(Para.

6,

line

5)adjectiveold-fa

shioned

grey

or

white

in

colour,especially

through

age头发灰白的[usua

lly

before

noun]a

hoary

joke,remark

etc

is

so

well

known

that

people

no

longer

find

it

amusing

or

interesting老掉牙的e.g.

Not

that

hoary

old

chestnut

again.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV6.

hierarchical

(Para.

10,

line

1)adjectiveif

a

system,organization

etc

is

hierarchical,people

or

thingsare

divided

into

levels

of

importance阶级的hierarchical

structure/organization/systemDe

rivation:hierarchy

nounhierarchically

adverbDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV7.

propitiate

(Para.

11,

line

3)verb

[tra

nsitive]

formalto

make

someone

who

has

been

unfriendly

or

angry

withyou

feel

more

friendly

by

doing

something

to

please

them使息怒；劝解；抚慰e.g.

To

propitiate

him,

the

people

offered

Lung

roastedswallows,

hearts

and

red

lotus

blossoms.De

rivation:propitiation

noun

[uncounta

ble]De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV8.

paterfamilias

(Para.

13,

line

1)noun

[counta

ble]formal

a

father

or

a

man

who

is

the

head

of

a

family(男性)家长,一家之主De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV9.

tenacious

(Para.

13,

line

2)adjective1)determined

to

do

something

and

unwilling

to

stop

tryingeven

when

the

situation

becomes

difficult顽固的；固执的e.g.

a

tenacious

negotiator2)tenacious

beliefs,ideas

etc

continue

to

have

a

lot

ofinfluence

for

a

long

time固有的e.g.

a

tenacious

religious

tradition

that

is

still

practised

inShinto

templesDe

rivation:tenaciously

adverbtenacity

noun

[uncounta

ble]De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV10.

caste

(Para.

13,

line

2)noun

[counta

ble,

uncountable]1)one

of

the

fixe

d

social

classes,which

cannot

be

changed,into

which

people

are

born

in

India种姓制度e.g.

the

caste

system2)a

group

of

people

who

have

the

same

position

in

society种姓De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV11.

draconian

(Para.

13,

line

7)adjectivevery

strict

and

cruel（法律、政府行为等）苛刻的，严厉的，严酷的draconian

measures/controls/

penalties

etce.g.

draconian

measures

to

control

population

growthDe

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IVPart

I

Sentence

Analysis1.

Today,

although

the

old

are

present

in

increasingnumbers,

they

nevertheless

suffer

a

different

kind

ofinvisibility.

(Para.

3)Paraphrase

the

sentenceToday,

although

old

people

can

be

seen

in

increasingly

largenumbers,

they

are

invisible

in

a

different

sense:

peopleignore

them.

Old

people

have

lost

their

influence

becausetheir

wisdom

is

no

longer

relevant

in

the

modern

world.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV2.

It

is,

perhaps,

easier

to

create

myths

of

wisdom

anddiscernment

in

hoary

heads

when

these

are

uncommon⋯(Para.

6)Paraphrase

the

sentenceIn

those

days

when

old

people

were

rare,

it

was

perhapseasier

to

create

a

false

belief

that

those

grey

heads

bearwisdom

and

good

judgment.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV3.

Speaking

ill

of

the

dead

remains

a

taboo,

even

if

muchweake

ned

by

a

market

avid

for

revelations

and

the

truestory

of

dead

celebrities.

(Para.

12)Paraphrase

the

sentenceSaying

bad

things

about

dead

people

is

still

considered

offensive

and

hence

forbidden,

even

if

this

custom

is

much

weake

ned

bythe

marke

t

demand

for

disclosing

the

real

story

of

dead

personalities.De

tailed

Analysis

Part

I

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV4.

The

ir

power

was

not

uncontested—the

resentment

itcreated

in

the

young

may

be

read

in

the

almost

universalseverity

of

the

laws

against

parricide.

(Para.

13)Paraphrase

the

sentenceThe

power

of

the

head

of

family

did

not

remain

unchallenged.

The

hatred

that

the

young

harbored

against

the

power

of

their

elders

can

be

seen

from

the

severe

laws

against