Unit7西方文化导论市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

U7_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesUnit7CultureDuringtheEnlightenment1/116GetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction

2.FocusIn2/116GetStarted_1.1GetStarted3/116GetStarted_1.2GetStartedTheEnlightenment,aperiodinEuropeanhistory,occurredduringthe18thcentury.ThisperiodisalsoknownastheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentwasatimeofawakeningofpolitical,social,andeconomicthought.TheideasoftheEnlightenmentoriginatedinFranceandeventuallyspreadthroughoutmuchofEuropeandintotheNorthAmericancoloniesofBritain.TheseideashelpedlaythephilosophicalfoundationsfortheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions.TheEnlightenmentdevelopedoutoftheworksof17th-centurythinkerssuchasIsaacNewton,RenéDescartes,andJohnLocke.Abeliefinthesupremacyofreasonwasthechief4/116GetStarted_1.3GetStartedcharacteristicoftheEnlightenment.ThinkersoftheEnlightenmentbelievedthatthroughtheuseofreason,peoplecouldlearnhumanity’struenatureandusethisknowledgetoestablishaperfectsociety.AnotherhallmarkoftheEnlightenmentwasanenduringbeliefinthescientificmethod,rationalism,andtheexistenceofunchangeablenaturallaws.ManyofthewritingsoftheEnlightenmentchallengedtheacceptedpoliticalideasandreligiousbeliefsofthetime,includingtheconceptthatmonarchsreceivetheirrighttoruledirectlyfromGod.5/116GetStarted_1.4GetStartedTheforemostfiguresintheEnlightenmentwereagroupofFrenchthinkersknownasphilosophers.Thepreeminentmemberofthisgroupwasthewriter,historian,andpoetVoltaire.HeemergedastheEnlightenment’schiefcriticofcontemporarycultureandreligion.AnotherimportantmemberofthisgroupwasJeanJacquesRousseau,whosewritingsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalthinkingofthetime.AlsoinfluentialwerethewritingsofCharles,BarondeMontesquieu,whochallengedtheideaofrulebyamonarchandchampionedindividualfreedom.ThephilosopherDenisDiderot,incollaborationwithJeanD’Alembert,plannedandeditedamultivolumeencyclopediadesignedtoincludeallrealmsofknowledge.Manyoftheentrieswerewrittenbyotherphilosophies.6/116GetStarted_1.5GetStartedItwasundersuchpolitical,economicandintellectualcircumstancesthattheEnlightenmentbegantobeseeninFranceasanunprecedentedlyintellectualandculturalmovement.ItsinfluencewastobeperceivedlaterintheFrenchRevolution,theAmericanWarofIndependence,andeveninChina’sMay4thMovementofNewCultureintheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.7/116GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthesocialandtheologicalbackgroundoftheEnlightenmentTogettoknowmajorrepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenmentandtheirideasTounderstandthefeaturesoftheEnlightenmentanditssignificance8/116TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.Background

II.EmpiricistInfluencesfromBritain

III.RepresentativeFiguresoftheEnlightenmentandTheirIdeas

IV.LiteratureduringtheEnlightenmentV.AReflectionontheEnlightenmentandItsSignificance9/116TheEnlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFrance.ItwasduetothefactthatFrancemetwithaperiodofdeclineafteritsnationalprosperityduringthereignofLouisXIV,whichwasdemonstratedbythesharpeningclassclashesandsocialcrisesresultingfromthedeterioratingpoliticalandeconomicconditions.Internationally,FrancealsosufferedaseriesofsetbacksinitscompetitionwithotherEuropeanpowers,suchasBritainwhenthelatterwasmarchingsteadilyonitswaytowardsadominatingpositionfollowingtheGloriousRevolutionin1688.ThesituationwasworsenedbyFrance’sfiscaldeficitsandeconomicdifficulties,causedbyheavyTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas10/116TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasheavytaxationandfrequentfamines,whichmadepeasantsandpoorcitizensriseupinrevoltagainsttheroyalgovernment.DuringLouisXV’sreign,FrancewitnessedviolentresistancebythepoortocruelexploitationandoppressionandsuccessivedefeatsinthewarswithAustria,RussiaandPrussiainthemiddleofthe18thcentury.ThesewarscostFrancethelossofmostofhercoloniesinAsiaandNorthAmerica.InadditiontherewasherfailureatsearesultingtotheBritishdominationandlossofhertraditionalnavaladvantage.11/116TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasInthiscriticalsituation,therewasnootherchoicebutapoliticalreform.Asthewholesituationworsened,themajorityoftheFrenchpopulation,peasantsandtheimpoverishedcitydwellersinparticular,sufferedbitterlyfromtheeconomicdeterioration,politicalinstability,socialchaosandculturalretrogressionandhencerespondedunhesitatinglytothebourgeoisiewhostronglydemandedthatthedeclinebecurbedandreformsbecarriedout.Undersuchcircumstances,someprogressiveintellectualsbegantothinkseriouslyandtriedtofindawayoutthroughsocialandpoliticalreformation.12/116Meanwhile,thedisseminationofscientificknowledgewasunderwaywiththedevelopmentofcapitalistproduction,whoseinfluencebegantomotivateandevokeabreathofenlightenmentandtheoreticalguidanceacrosstheEuropeancontinent,includingtheBritishempiricism,whichwaspickedupbyVoltaireandhiscontemporariesandhelpedtoeasetheFrenchintellectualtension.SincetheRenaissancetheintellectualclimateinFrancehadgreatlyimproved.Manyofthepeoplewerebettereducatedandmoreknowledgeableaboutscience.TheyhadhadTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas13/116TextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasbecomemoreawareofthepracticalsignificanceofscienceandtechnology,andthisalteredtheirtraditionalviewsofdailylifeaswellastheirculturalandsocialaffairs.TheresultsofthescientificresearchofCopernicus,GalileoandNewtonwerepassedonquicklythroughaccesstobooks,newspapersandjournalsresultingfromtheinventionofprinting.Thisgreatlyinformedandaffectedthepublicwhoseculturaltasteandpoliticalviewpointswerethusmodifiedtothenewintellectualclimate.Graduallytheygaveuptheirreligiousandmetaphysicalmodesofreasoningandadoptedanewoutlookwithamoreprogressiveandscientificbasis.14/116TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsPrussia普鲁士：AGermankingdomandhistoricstateoriginatingoutoftheDuchyofPrussiaandtheMargraviateofBrandenburg.PrussiashapedthehistoryofGermany,withitscapitalinBerlinafter1451.After1871,PrussiawasincreasinglymergedintoGermany,losingitsdistinctiveidentity.Itwaseffectivelyabolishedin1932,andofficiallyabolishedin1947.

Prussiaachieveditsgreatestimportanceinthe18thand19thcenturies.Duringthe18thcentury,itbecameagreatEuropeanpowerunderthereignofFredericktheGreat(1740–1786).Duringthe19thcentury,ChancellorOttovonBismarckunitedtheGermanprincipalitiesintoa“LesserGermany”whichwouldexcludetheAustrianEmpire.15/116TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTerms16/116TextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsThe

BritishGloriousRevolution光荣革命:

AlsocalledtheRevolutionof1688ortheBloodlessRevolution,itwastheoverthrowofKingJamesIIofEnglandin1688byaunionofParliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbyWilliamofOrangefromHollandwhosubsequentlyascendedtheEnglishthronetogetherwithhiswifeMaryII,asthejointrulerofEngland.ItcanbearguedthatJames’soverthrowinitiatedmodernEnglishparliamentarydemocracy:neveragainwouldthemonarchholdabsolutepower,and

theBillofRightsbecameoneofthemostimportantdocumentsinthepoliticalhistoryofBritain.17/116TextStudy_I_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsBritain.ThedepositionoftheRomanCatholicJamesIIendedanychanceofCatholicismbecomingre-establishedinEngland,andalsoledtolimitedtolerationfornonconformistProtestants,thusensuringtheProtestantsuccession.18/116TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsEmpiricism经验主义:Theuseofexperienceorexperimentsasthebasisforyourideasorthebeliefinthesemethods.Inphilosophy,empiricismisatheoryofknowledgewhichassertsthatknowledgearisesfromexperience.Empiricismemphasizestheroleofexperienceandevidence,especiallysensoryperception,intheformationofideas,whilediscountingthenotionofinnateideas.Inthephilosophyofscience,empiricismemphasizesthoseaspectsofscientificknowledgethatarecloselyrelatedtoevidence,especiallyasdiscoveredinexperiments.19/116TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsexperiments.Itisafundamentalpartofthescientificmethodthatallhypothesesandtheoriesmustbetestedagainstobservationsofthenaturalworld,ratherthanrestingsolelyonapriorireasoning,intuition,orrevelation.Hence,scienceisconsideredtobemethodologicallyempiricalinnature.20/116TheEnlightenmentfirststartedin.Inthe17thcentury,Francebecamemorepowerfulineconomicandmilitaryachievementsduetothemeasuresandreformstakenby.Incentury,FrancelostitsinitialdominationattheseatoEngland.TheEnlightenmentwasinfluencedbyBritishanddisseminationof.WiththeworseningsituationofFrancein18thcentury,moreandmorepeople,ledbynewlyemergingstronglydemandedforpoliticalreforms.TextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)ComprehensionExercisesFrance______LouisXIV_________18th____empiricism__________scientificknowledge_________________Bourgeoisie__________,21/116TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleasegiveanaccountofthesettingoftheEnlightenment.ThefactthattheEnlightenmentfirstoccurredinFrancewasascribedtothedeteriorationineconomic,political,socialandculturalconditionsinthe18th-centuryFrance.TheFrenchpeoplestronglydemandedthatthedecliningsituationbearrestedandreformsbecarriedout.Undersuchcircumstances,progressiveintellectualsbegantothinkmoreseriouslyaboutthesolutionstothecrisesandtriedtoresorttointellectualandThinkandDiscuss22/116TextStudy_I_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscussandsocialmeans.Thismovementalsoaskedformorepoliticalpowertothepeopleasthebourgeoisiejoinedinwithitseconomicsupportandthustheculturalmovementtinnedwithpoliticalcolourasabourgeoismark.Ontheotherhand,thedisseminationofscientificknowledgeandtheinfluencesofBritishempiricismalsoimmenselyheightenedintellectualandpoliticalawarenessofthepeopleingeneral.Thispreparedthepoliticalbasisofthebourgeoisrevolutiontofollow.23/116TextStudy_I_1.1_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas24/116TextStudy_I_1.2_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas25/116TextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasNameofEmpiricistsIdeasWorksJohnLocke(1632–1704)a.Herejectstheideaofinnateknowledge.Insteadheinsiststhatknowledgewasderivedfromtheexperienceofthesensesandmentalreflection.b.Politically,hewasthefirsttotalkaboutthedivisionofpower,andherealizedtheimportanceinsettingupasystemofmutuallylimitingandbalancingpowersandauthorities.AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690);ALetterConcerningToleration(1689);TwoTreatisesofGovernment(1689);SomeThoughtsConcerningEducation(1693)26/116TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasGeorgeBerkeley(1685–1753)a.Allrealityreducesitselftohumanthought,andtheexistenceofhumanmindsupposestheexistenceofauniversalmind,aGod.b.Natureiswhatmenperceivebytheirsenses,andthesense-datacanbeconsideredasobjectsforthemindratherthanassubstancequalities.c.HewasthefatherofalaterphilosophicalschoolcalledPhenomenalism.ATreatiseConcerningthePrinciplesofHumanKnowledge(1710);AnEssaytowardsaNewTheoryofVision(1709);ThreeDialoguesbetweenHylasandPhilonous(1713)27/116TextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasDavidHume(1711–1776)a.Allideascomefromimpression.b.Hisphilosophicalintentionwastoapplythemethodofnaturalsciencetohumannature,andtocreateabasicscienceofman.c.Heviewsknowledgefromapsychologicalperspective.AKindofHistoryofMyLife(1734);AnEnquiryconcerningHumanUnderstanding(1748);AnEnquiryConcerningthePrinciplesofMorals(1751)28/116TextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasd.Heregardedphilosophyastheinductivescienceofhumannature,andconcludedthatmanismoreacreatureofsensitiveandpracticalsentimentthanofreason.e.Firstphilosopherofthepost-medievalworldtoreformulatethedoubtsofthepastrelatingtocauseandeffect.29/116TextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsThomasHobbes托马斯·霍布斯(1588–1679):BritishphilosopherwhosefamousbookLeviathan(《利维坦》)in1651establishedthefoundationformostoftheWesternpoliticalphilosophyfromtheperspectiveofsocialcontracttheory.InterpretationofCulturalTerms30/116TextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsGottfriedWilhelmVonLeibniz莱布尼兹(1646–1716):Germanmathematicianandphilosopher.Inphilosophy,heismostlyrememberedforoptimism,i.e.hisconclusionthatouruniverseis,inarestrictedsense,thebestpossibleoneGodcouldhavemade.Hewas,alongwithRenéDescartesandBaruchSpinoza,oneofthethreegreatest17th-centuryrationalists,buthisphilosophyalsolooksbacktothescholastictraditionandanticipatesmodernlogicandanalysis.InterpretationofCulturalTerms31/116TextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsRenéDescartes笛卡尔(1596–1650):AhighlyinfluentialFrenchphilosopher,mathematician,scientist,andwriter.Descarteswasamajorfigurein17th-centurycontinentalrationalism,lateradvocatedbyBaruchSpinozaandGottfriedLeibniz,andopposedbytheempiricistschoolofthoughtconsistingofHobbes,Locke,Berkeley,andHume.Leibniz,SpinozaandDescarteswereallwellversedinmathematicsaswellasphilosophy,andDescartesandLeibnizcontributedgreatlytoscienceaswell.InterpretationofCulturalTerms32/116TextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsImmanuelKant康德(1724–1804):An18th-centuryGermanphilosopher.HeisregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialthinkersofmodernEuropeandofthelateEnlightenment.33/116TextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsPhenomenalism现象学:

Theviewthatphysicalobjectsdonotexistasthingsinthemselvesbutonlyasperceptualphenomenaorsensorystimuli(e.g.redness,hardness,softness,sweetness,etc.)situatedintimeandinspace.Inparticular,phenomenalismreducestalkaboutphysicalobjectsintheexternalworldtotalkaboutbundlesofsense-data.InterpretationofCulturalTerms34/116TextStudy_II_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsAugusteComte孔德(1798–1857):AFrenchthinker,widelyregardedasthefirstsociologist.Hedevelopeda(secularreligion)socialtheoryknownaspositivism,whichemphasizesreasonandlogic.Comtealsofoundedthesocialsciences.HeandotherearlysocialscientistsassumethathumanbehaviormustobeylawsjustasstrictlyasmaterialobjectsobeyNewton’sLawsofMotion,andthatifwecoulddiscoverthelawsofhumanbehaviours,wecouldeliminatemoralevils.InterpretationofCulturalTerms35/116TextStudy_II_2.7TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsPositivism实证主义:Thephilosophythattheonlyauthenticknowledgeisonebasedonactualsenseexperience.Suchknowledgecanonlycomefromtheaffirmationoftheoriesthroughstrictscientificmethodtosuggestthatmetaphysicalspeculationshouldbeavoided.ItwasdevelopedbyAugusteComteinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.InterpretationofCulturalTerms36/116TextStudy_II_2.8TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJeremyBentham杰里米·边沁(1748–1832):AnEnglishjurist,philosopher,andlegalandsocialreformer.HeheldsomeradicalpoliticalideasasaleadingtheoristinAnglo-Americanphilosophyoflaw.Hewasbestknownforhisadvocacyofutilitarianism,hisconceptofanimalrights,andhisoppositiontotheideaofnaturalrights.InterpretationofCulturalTerms37/116TextStudy_II_2.9TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJohnStuartMill约翰·穆勒(1806–1875):Britishphilosopher,politicaleconomist,civilservantandMemberofParliament,aninfluentialliberalthinkerofthe19thcentury.Hewasanexponentofutilitarianism,anethicaltheoryinitiatedbyJeremyBentham,althoughhisconceptionofthetheorywasverydifferentfromthelatter.InterpretationofCulturalTerms38/116TextStudy_II_2.10TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsUtilitarianism功利主义:

Theideathatthemoralworthofanactionissolelydeterminedbyitscontributiontooverallutility,thatis,itscontributiontohappinessorpleasureasissummedupamongallpersons.Itisthusaformofconsequentialism,meaningthatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedbyitsoutcome—theendsjustifythemeans.InterpretationofCulturalTerms39/116TextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestions.ComprehensionExercises(1)Lockerejectstheideaofinnateknowledgeandarguesfortheacquisitionofknowledgefromthesenses.(2)ThelateRenaissancefocusedonthemetaphysicalandrationalistphilosophy,whiletheEnlightenmentwasbasedonepistemologyandempiricism.(3)Lockerejectedthedivisionoflegislativepowerandadministrativepower.(4)Berkeleywasthefatherofaphilosophicalschoolcalledphenomenalism.(5)Hume’sempiricistphilosophygreatlyinfluencedImmanuelKant’scriticalphilosophy.T__T__T__F__T__40/116TextStudy_II_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussGiveabriefintroductiontoLocke’slife,ideasandgreatworks.JohnLocke(1632–1704)wasaBritishphilosopher,Oxfordacademicandmedicalresearcher,whoseassociationwithAnthonyAshleyCooper(latertheFirstEarlofShaftesbury)ledhimtobecomesuccessivelyagovernmentofficialcollectinginformationabouttradeandcolonies.Hewasalsoaneconomicwriter,oppositionalpoliticalactivist,andfinallyarevolutionarywhosecauseultimatelytriumphedintheGloriousRevolutionof1688.MuchofLocke’sworkischaracterizedbyoppositiontoauthoritarianism.ThisoppositionisonthelevelofboththeindividualThinkandDiscuss41/116individualandtheinstitutionssuchasgovernmentandchurch.Fortheindividual,Lockewantseachofustoseektruthbyreasoningratherthansimplyaccepttheopinionofauthorities.Onthelevelofinstitutionsitbecomesimportanttodistinguishthelegitimatefromtheillegitimatefunctionsofinstitutionsandtomakethecorrespondingdistinctionfortheusesofforcebytheseinstitutions.ThepositivesideofLocke’santi-authoritarianismisthatusingreasontograspthetruthanddeterminingthelegitimatefunctionsofinstitutionswilloptimizetheindividualandsocietyinrespecttoitsmaterialandspiritualwelfare.This,inturn,amountstofollowingnaturallawandthefulfillmentofthedivinepurposeforhumanity.Locke’ssignificantAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstandingTextStudy_II_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscuss42/116TextStudy_II_4.3TextStudyThinkandDiscussUnderstandingdealswiththelimitsofhumanunderstandingofGod,theself,naturalbeingsandartifacts,aswellasdifferentkindsofideas.Ittellsusindetailwhatonecanlegitimatelyclaimtoknowandwhatonecannot.Lockealsowroteavarietyofimportantpolitical,religiousandeducationalworksincludingTwoTreatisesofGovernment,LettersConcerningToleration,TheReasonablenessofChristianityandSomeThoughtsConcerningEducation.ThinkandDiscuss43/116TextStudy_II_1.1_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas44/116TextStudy_II_1.2_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas45/116TextStudy_II_1.3_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas46/116TextStudy_III_1.1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasNameofPhilosophersIdeasWorksVoltaire(1694–1778)opposedChristianityandbelievedinagodofnaturethetheoryofhumannaturetheviewofsocialfreedomandequalitythetheoryoftheenlightenedautocracyPhilosophicalLetters;

EssaysonCustomsandSpiritofNations;

TheCenturyofLouisXIV47/116TextStudy_III_1.1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasMontesquieu(1689–1755)thetheoryofnaturaloriginsofsocietygeographicalandenvironmentaltheory

classificationofgovernmentanddivisionofpowerTheSpiritoftheLaws(1748);DefenceoftheSpiritofLaws(1750)48/116TextStudy_III_1.1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasRousseau(1712-1778)humansocietyandtheoriginofthestateMenwouldreceivelibertyandtruepoliticsifacivilsocietycouldbebasedonagenuinesocialcontract.thetheoryofpeople’ssovereigntythetheoryofsocialequalitythetheoryofsocialeducationDiscourseontheArtsandScience;TheSocialContract;DiscourseontheoriginofInequality49/116TextStudy_III_1.1.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasDiderot(1713–1784)The

Encyclopaedia

directedbyDiderotplayedanimportantroleinpopularizingscientificandculturalknowledge,repudiatingidealisticideasandattackingroyalabsolutism,churchauthoritiesandChristiantheology.TheFrenchEncyclopaedia(1751–1772);TheNun(1796);JacquestheFatalist(1796);Rameau’sNephew(1805);SupplementtoBougainville’sVoyage(1796);50/116TextStudy_III_1.1.5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasDiderotspeculatedonfreewillandheldacompletelymaterialisticviewoftheuniverse.Hefoundedhisphilosophyonexperimentandthestudyofprobabilities.DiscussionontheIllegitimateSonDiscourseonDramaticPoetry51/116TextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudytheIndexLibrorumProhibitorum禁书目录：“ListofProhibitedBooks”－alistofpublicationsprohibitedbytheRomanCatholicChurch.Theavowedaimofthelistwastoprotectthefaithandmoralsofthefaithfulbypreventingthereadingofimmoralbooksorworkscontainingtheologicalfallacies.InterpretationofCulturalTerms52/116TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyJeanleRondd’Alembert达兰贝尔(1717–1783):AFrenchmathematician,mechanician,physicistandphilosopher.Hewasalsotheco-editorwithDenisDiderotoftheEncyclopaedia.D’Alembert’smethodforsolvingthewaveequationisnamedafterhim.InterpretationofCulturalTerms53/116TextStudy_III_2.3InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyPaul-HenriHolbach霍尔巴哈(1723–1789):AFrenchauthor,philosopherandencyclopedist.HewasbornPaulHeinrichDietrichinGermanybutlivedandworkedmainlyinParis.Heismostfamousforbeingoneofthefirstself-describedatheistsinEurope.InterpretationofCulturalTerms54/116TextStudy_III_2.4InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsClaudeAdrienHelvetius爱尔维修(1715–1771):AFrenchphilosopherwhopublishedhisphilosophicalmagnumopusDel’esprit(OnMind)in1758.Itsatheistic,utilitarianandegalitariandoctrinesraisedapublicoutcryandHelvétiuswasforcedtoissueseveralretractions.55/116TextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesWhichofthefollowingphilosophersfirstputforwardtheideaofthedivisionofpower?DavidHume.B.JohnLocke.C.GeorgeBerkeley.D.Voltaire.Multiplechoice.56/116TextStudy_III_3.2ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(2)TheFrenchDeclarationofHumanRightsandtheAmericanDeclarationofIndependenceowedmuchoftheirsourcesandinspirationto_________SpiritofLaws(1748).A.Montesquieu’sB.Voltaire’sC.Rousseau’sD.Diderot’sMultiplechoice.57/116TextStudy_III_3.3ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(3)

Montesquieu’stheoryofthedivisionofpowerdividesthepoliticalauthorityinto_________.legislative,administrativeandjudicialpowersB.legislative,executiveandjudicialpowersC.legislative,executiveandelectoralpowersD.legislative,executiveandlawenforcementpowersMultiplechoice.58/116TextStudy_III_3.4ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(4)Rousseauisfamousforhisideaof_________.thedivinerightofthekingB.thesocialcontractC.thedivinerightofthehumanbeingsD.empiricismMultiplechoice.59/116TextStudy_III_3.5ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(5)TheEnlightenmentisnotopposedto____________.A.superstitionB.feudalismC.rationalismD.absolutismMultiplechoice.60/116TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)BrieflyintroduceoneortworepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenmentandtheircentralideas.VoltaireandMontesquieuaretwooftherepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenment.VoltaireexposedthedarksideofFrancesuchasthecorruptionandinjusticeofChristianitybylaunchinghistheoryonhumannature.Also,hearguedforthefreedomandequalityofordinarypeople.What’smore,hestronglycondemnedfeudalautocracyandputforwardthetheoryoftheenlightenedmonarchy.ThinkandDiscuss61/116TextStudy_III_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudy

Montesquieu’spoliticaltheorydevelopedtheprincipleofdividingpoliticalpoweralthoughtheprincipleitselfwasnot