Unit4LanguageandCulture市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

Unit4LanguageandCultureLudwigWittgensteinfamousAustrian-Britishphilosopher,onceputforwardthe"LanguageGameTheory",i.e.Themeaningofawordorphraseorpropositionisnothingotherthanthesetof(informal)rulesgoverningtheuseoftheexpressioninactuallife.EzraPoundfamousAmericanimagistpoetBenJohnsonRenaissanceplaywright,poet,andcompetitortoShakespeare1/32WarmUp

HereitseemstobealmostimpossibleforustotranslatethedialoguesintoChineseandrenderthemashumorousastheoriginal.Thingslikepuns(amusinguseofawordorphrasethathastwomeanings,orofawordwiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings)defytranslationacrosslanguages.2/32MoreExamples1.OnSundaystheyprayforyouandonMondaystheypreyonyou.2.Whytimeflies?Becausesomebodywantstokillit.3.两个人吵架。一个人气急骂起来：“你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”“不能，我是回民！”4.恋爱“三草”标准女：你说你很寂寞，为何不去找你以前女朋友而来追我呢？男：好马不吃回头草！女：你们班上也有女孩呀！我们俩相隔这么远，你为何却来追我呢？男：兔子不吃窝边草！女：那你现在为何又要抛弃我呢？你这个混蛋！男：天涯何处无芳草！5.某人刻苦学习英语，终有小成。一日上街不慎与一老外相撞，忙说：Iamsorry.老外应道：Iamsorry，too.某人听后又道：Iamsorry,three.老外不解：Whatareyousorryfor(four)?某人无奈，道：Iamsorryfive.3/32Continued6.Patient:Well,doctor,mynoserunsandmyfeetsmell.Doctor:Hummm,that'sawkward.You'vebuiltupside-down.7.Policeman:Yourdogkeepschasingamanonabicycle.Man:Nonsense,officer.Mydogcan'trideabicycle.8.7days,without7-Up,makesoneweak(week).9.Whatsentenceisthelongestintheworld?10.Whichpartoftheclockisalwaysold?4/32ReadingI

RelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture●Languageisapartofculture.Itisoneofthefeaturesthatdistinguishmanfromanimals.Itisthekeystoneofculture.●Sincetheknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople'sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinlanguage,itisextremelydifficulttoseparatethetwo.Theyinfluenceandshapeeachother.●Humanslearntheirculturethroughlanguage.Cultureistransmittedthroughlanguage.●Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation.Withoutlanguage,culturewouldbeimpossible.●Language,asanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeateshisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld.Languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.●Language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.5/32Continued

socialquestioneventhoughitcomesinquestionform,doesnotaskforinformation.itissimplyalubricanttomovetheconversationforward.

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说linguisticdeterminismlanguagemaydeterminepeople'sthinkingpatternslinguisticrelativitydifferentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldarounde.g.“天生有福”English:“生来嘴里就含着一把银勺”(bornwithasilverspooninone'smouth)Russian:“穿着衬衣生下来”German:“梳好了头才出世”“一箭双雕”或“一举两得”English:“一石打死二鸟”(tokilltwobirdswithonestone)French:“一块石头打两处”Russian:“一枪打死两只兔子”German:“一个拍子打两只苍蝇”6/32Continuedman(OldEnglish)husbandhusband(OldEnglish)farmeralternative(另类）HippiesHokkien福建话，闽南话Hakka客家话Cantonese粤语Teochew潮汕话7/32Continued日文：“怪我”，“油断”，“油断一秒，怪我一生”●“怪我”意即“让我受伤害，使我伤残”。古代日本人跑到中国来学汉语，看到两个人走路撞到了一起，纷纷道歉说，“怪我，怪我！”日本人认为是在说“我受伤了，你伤着我了”，所以“怪我”一词在日语中便成“伤我”之意。●中国人去日本企业考查，看到人家车间里有一口号，以为尤其好，写是“油断一秒，怪我一生”，回国后就给自己员工开大会，说我们要学习日本人严谨时间观念和责任心，“车间里油断一秒，就怪我一辈子”。其实人家这句话意思是提醒员工注意安全，“油断”在日语中是“疏忽大意”意思，“油断一秒，怪我一生”就是“一时疏忽，终生伤残”/“疏忽一時，受傷一世”。

●这句话在日本也惯用来提醒大家大家注意交通安全，听说有中国人在日本高速路上开车，看到这个奇怪口号，认为是在提醒前方路上加油站极少，于是赶快停车加油——油千万不能断，不然怪我一生啊。

8/32Fill-inTask1.green2.brownstudy沉思、幻想、呆想3.outofthebluesuddenly/unexpectedly4.whiteelephant昂贵无用之物5.blacksheep败家子/害群之马6.yellowtimid/cowardish7.greenenvyc.f.green-eyed8.seeredbecomeveryangry9.blacklooks愁眉苦脸；怒气冲冲样子；敌视脸色，恶狠狠样子10.bluesad/depressed/gloomy11.whitelie12.redtape繁文缛节，官样文章13.blue下流c.f.bluemovie14.lookgreen脸色苍白15.yellowjournalism黄色新闻，或黄色新闻学，是新闻报道和媒体编辑一个取向，指极度夸大及捏造情节手法来渲染新闻事件，尤其是关于色情、暴力、犯罪方面事件。到达耸人听闻，进而扩大销数之目标新闻报道。9/32Example

Mr.Brownisaverywhite

man.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrown

study.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.

布朗先生是一位忠实可靠人。那天他脸色不好，最近感到闷闷不乐。我见到他时，他显得心事重重。我希望他早点振作起来。10/32Continued

Red(1)红旗

redflag

红糖

brownsugar

红茶

blacktea

红榜

honorroll红豆

lovepea

红运

goodluck

红利

dividend

红事

wedding红葡萄酒

redwine

火灾

redruin

血战

redbattle

彩霞

redsky盛大

/上宾待遇

red-carpet

修改/检验/删除

red-pencil货运快车/铁路特快货车

redball（俚）

一分钱

/

毫厘（口）

redcent真金/金钱（古）

redgoldRed(2)贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。JiaoBaoyuvisitstheLandofIllusion;AndthefairyDisenchantmentperformstheDreamofGoldenDays.贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。JiaBaoyutastessomesuperiorteaatGreenBowerHermitage;

AndGrannieLiusamplesthesleepingaccommodationatGreenDelights.

11/32ContinuedGreen(1)

嫉妒、眼红”greeneye

眼红

greenwithenvy

羡慕极了

greenwithjealousy

十分嫉妒green-eyed

monster

嫉妒/妒忌

inagreenrage

怒气冲天

Green(2)“钱财、现金、有经济实力”InAmericanpoliticalelectionsthecandidatesthatwinareusuallytheoneswhohavegreenpowerbackingthem.在美国政治竞选中获胜候选人通常都是些有财团支持人物。Green(3)“没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄”“;（伤口）新/未愈合”；Thenewtypistisgreenatherjob.

刚来打字员是个生手。YoucannotexpectMarytodobusinesswithsuchpeople.Sheisonlyeighteenandasgreenasgrass.你不能指望玛丽同这么人做生意，她只有十八岁，还毫无经验。agreenwound

新伤口

12/32ContinuedYellow(1)“胆小、卑怯、卑劣”ayellowdog

可鄙人，卑劣人

ayellowlivered

胆小鬼yellow-belly

胆小鬼/懦夫Heistooyellowtostandupandfight.

他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。Yellow(2)特定颜色YellowPages

黄页（电话号码簿，用黄纸印刷）YellowBook

黄皮书（法国等国家政府汇报，用黄封面装帧）yellowboy（俗）金币Yellow(3)象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵yellowjournalism(以低级趣味文字或耸人听闻报道吸引读者)黄色办报作；耸人听闻关于丑闻新闻报道/哗众取宠新闻）13/32ContinuedBlue(1)"情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷”Theyfeltratherblueafterthefailureinthefootballmatch.球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。——Shelooksbluetoday.What’sthematterwithher?

——Sheisinholidayblue.她今天显得闷闷不乐，出了什么事情？她得了假期忧郁症。Blue(2)"黄色”、“下流”bluetalk

下流言论

bluevideo

黄色录像

bluejokes

下流玩笑bluefilms/movies

黄色电影Blue(3)社会地位高、出身名门意义,e.g.blueblood（贵族血统）othermeanings:

outofblue意想不到

onceinablue

千载难逢drinktillall’sblue

一醉方休

bluebook/BlueBook

蓝皮书（英国政府或议会发表封皮为蓝色官方汇报；封皮为蓝色官方出版物/名人录"bluebutton”蓝徽“（指伦敦证券交易所职员）bluechip蓝筹股

14/32ContinuedWhite(1)英语中white有时表示含义，与汉语中“白色”没有什么关系awhitelie善意谎言

thewhitecoffee

牛奶咖啡

whiteman善良人，有教养人whiteday吉日whitecoal水力white-livered

怯懦

whiteelephant昂贵又无用之物White(2)汉语中有些与“白”字搭配词组，实际上与英语white所表示颜色也没有什么联系，而是表示另外含义白开水

plainboiledwater

白菜

Chinesecabbage

白搭

nouse白字

wronglywrittenormispronouncedcharacter

白费事

allinvain

15/32ContinuedPurpleraisetothepurple

升为红衣主教

tobeborninthepurple

生于帝王之家tomarryintothepurple

与皇室或贵族联姻purplepatches辞藻华丽段落populartotheextreme红得发紫purplewithanger脸色铁青

Pinkticklesomebodypink使某人很高兴inthepink身体健康pink-collarworkers粉领阶层，指职业妇女群体Graygraywisdom智力graymatter头脑grayexperience老练grayhair白发，老年人

16/32ReadingIILanguage-and-cultureappearsinthefivedimensionsofculture:1.languageandculturalproductsmembersofthecultureuselanguagetomanipulateoruseculturalproducts,culturalproductsconsistentirelyoflanguage,andlanguageisaculturalproductinandofitself.2.languageandculturalpracticesPerhapsthemostobvioususeoflanguageincultureoccursinculturalpractices,andculturalpracticesalwaysrequirelanguage,thelanguageofparticipation.3.languageandculturalperspectiveslanguagereflectsandembodiesperspectives.4.languageandculturalcommunitiescommunitiesdevelopdistinctlanguagetodescribeandcarryouttheparticularpracticesandproductsassociatedwiththeirgroupanditsactivities.,andcommunitiesalsodefinenormsforlanguageuse.5.languageandpersonslanguage,likeculture,isnotonlycollectivebutalsopersonal.17/32ContinuedBlack(1)

象征生气和恼怒

blackintheface

脸色铁青

tolookblackatsomeone

怒目而视Black(2)

“阴险”、“邪恶”blacksheep

害群之马

blackfuture

暗淡前途blackday

凶日blackday沮丧，意志消沉ablacklookanangrylook

inablackmoodinlowspirits

ablackstranger:完全陌生人

18/32IdentifyingDifference:KinshipTermsandMoreIncategorizingkinfolk,whattheChineselanguagefindssignificantaretheperson'ssex,age,andwhetherheorsheiscloselyrelatedtoone'sfatherormother.Allthesethings,however,arenotsignificantintheEnglishlanguage.●Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheobjectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional"things"thataresymbolized.所指意义●Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.隐含意义19/32

ExamplesofConnotativeDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseasstrongasahorse壮如牛asstubbornasamule犟牛asstupidasagoose蠢猪alioninthepath拦路虎oldgraymare河东狮anabsolutedragon母夜叉adrownedrat落汤鸡chicken-hearted胆小如鼠birdsofthesamefeather一丘之貉老黄牛望子成龙棒打鸳鸯ashappyasacow高兴得像百灵鸟asblindasabat有眼无珠ascunningasadeadpig像狐狸一样狡猾20/32WhypeopleincountrieslikeJapanandChinaoftenrefusetosay"no"directly

BothJapaneseandChinesepeopletendtoconveymessagesimplicitly.Themostconspicuouscaseisthewaytheysay“no”.Thereasonsaremany.Firstly,JapanandChinaarehumblecultureswhichteachtheirpeopletobemodestandmild.Theyalwaysavoidexpressingstrongemotionsagainstotherparty,instead,theyprefertoshowdisapprovaltactfullythroughimplication.

Secondly,“face”ishighlyvaluedincommunication.Peopletendtoprotecttheirownfaceandmeanwhilefeelobligednottothreatentheotherparty’sface.

Still,harmonyisveryimportantinJapaneseandChinesecultures.Peopleareexpectedtokeepaharmoniousrelationshipwitheachother.Theytrytoavoidbeingaggressivewhichmayresultindirectconflict.21/32

汉语中“面子”

面子在中国人社会生活尤其是社会交往中主要性是其它文化无与伦比。面子

在很大程度上调整和支配中国人社会行为。所以,

汉语“脸、面”在向社会关系域映射过程中能产性要比英语高。汉语中见面方式有各种表示法,

如“见面、谋面、碰面、见面、晤面”等,与不一样身份人见面用不一样词语。而英语中普通用meet一词来表示。同时,在社会交往过程中,

失去面子在汉语中可用“丢脸、抛脸、抢脸、抹脸、丢面子”等很多词语来表示,而在英语中就用loseface一词来囊括。“保全方面子”在英语中是saveface,在汉语中保全方面子是相互,在交往中不但要保全自己面子,还要顾及他人面子,其对应汉语表示就包括到交际双方,自己要“顾面子、爱面子、要面子、讲面子”,对他人要“留面子、买面子、给脸、给面子”等。

林语堂眼中“中国人脸”

林语堂先生在《脸与法制》一文中所言:“中国人脸,不但能够洗,能够刮,而且能够丢,能够赏,能够争,能够留。”这里可丢、可赏、可争、可留之脸就是中国“面子、情

面”。由此,汉语中就有“变脸、抹脸、翻脸、破脸、撕脸、赏脸、给脸、争面子、争脸”等说法。“面子问题是中国特有国粹。这个词儿,外国文没法翻译。”中西文化中面子观念差异使得我们极难找到上面所列词对等英文表示。这些都是中国人强烈面子观念在语言中动态表征。

22/32TranslatingAcrossLanguages

翻译不但包括语言问题，也包括文化问题。译者不但要了解外国文化，还要深入了解自己民族文化。不但如此，还要不停地把两种文化加以比较，因为真正对等应该是在各自文化中含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当。翻译者必须是一个真正意义文化人。人们会说:"他必须掌握两种语言；确实如此，不过不了解语言当中社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言（王佐良,1989)

ExamplesofthedifficultyinachievingequivalenceintranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish:

1.lexicalequivalence风水fengshui磕头、叩头kowtow饺子jiaozi豆腐doufu2.Idiomaticequivalencepullone'sleg(开某人玩笑）hinder（拖后腿）moveheavenandearth（尽一切努力）earth-shaking（翻天覆地）eatone'swords（收回已说出话）breakone'swords（食言）child'splay（非常轻易做事）treatasatrifle（视如儿戏）23/32Continued

3.Grammatical-syntacticalequivalenceTherearenoequivalentsinChineseforthegrammaticalorsyntacticalfeatureslikerelativepronounssuchas"which","whom",etc.andthedefinitearticle"the"inEnglish.AndtherearenoequivalentsinEnglishfortheauxiliarywordsperformingthegrammaticalfunctionofmoodsuchas"也”，“乎”，“哉”...inClassicalChinese.

4.Experientialequivalence梅雨，清明，三伏，三九，民办教师，臭老九AMidsummerNight'sDreamOdetotheWestWindShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday(Shakespeare)5.Conceptualequivalence自由主义liberalism唯心主义idealism唯物主义materialism折衷主义eclecticism政治运动politicalcampaign干部cadre宣传propaganda保守conservative24/32Translation我们说语言总是含糊，指是我们永远无法控制我们所说所写东西所表示意思。我们经过说话和写作所传达意思不但仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者了解也起到了一定作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表示意思。语言含糊性是与生俱来。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方意思，除此之外别无他法。在了解他人说话时，我们必须推测这些话意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个起源：1.他们所使用语言；2.我们世界知识。这种知识包含能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么。语言是含糊。这意味着不论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人意思。换言之，语言永远无法完全地表示我们意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？首先必须明白，假如交际参加者拥有更多共同预期和世界认识，交际便会有比很好效果。相同历史、背景和经历使得人们之间交际较为轻易，因为任何一方对另一方意思推测都基于共同经验和知识。在推测话意方面，来自同一个村子、同一个家庭两个人要比来自地球不一样半球不一样城市两个人少犯错误。25/32Example一老外苦学汉语十年，满怀信心到中国参加汉语考试。试题以下：请解释下文中每个“意思”意思：小王给领导送红包，两人对话很有意思。领导：“你这是什么意思？”小王：“没什么意思，意思意思。”领导：“你这就不够意思了。”小王：“小意思，小意思。”领导：“你这人真有意思。”小王：“其实也没有别意思。”领导：“那我就不好意思了。”小王：“一点小意思，是我不好意思。”领导：“这次意思就算了，下次不要再小意思了。”小王：“明白您意思，下次不会小意思了。”老外搞不懂终究是啥意思，不会意思交了白卷，懊丧地回国钻研这些意思。

26/32Case13Thisexamplevividlyillustratesthatfailuresininterculturaltranslationmayleadtoseriousconsequence,orevendisasterstohumanbeings.Definitely,translationisnotsuchasimpleprocessasrenderingaword,asentenceoratextliterally,butratherafarmorecomplexonethanmostpeopleassume.Forexample,onceaChinesecosmeticmanufacturerwantedtopromotetheirproductsintotheinternationalmarket.Thesloganoftehadvertisementwas:"sweetasJade",asinChinese"jade"wasalwaysusedtocomplimentawoman'sbeauty;butunfortunately,itwasnotanappropriatewordtodescribethebeautyofaladyinWesterncultures.InEnglish,"jade"whenreferringtoawomanhastheconnotationsofbeingvulgar,rude,orimmoral.Undoubtedly,thesaleswerenotsatisfying.Theseemingequivalentsbetweenlanguagesmayhaveverydifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures,thusthetranslatorshouldbecautiousintheprocessoftranslationsoastoavoidmisunderstanding.27/32Case14“杨"referstoYangKaihuiwhowasMaoZedong'sdeceasedwife,"柳”referstoLiuZhixunwhowasLiShuyi'sdeceasedhusband.Theycanbetranslatedindifferentways,butitseemstobeverydifferent,ifnotimpossible,toachieveequivalenceintranslatingfromChineseintoEnglish.Adoptingtheliteraltranslationstrategy,version1appearstobefaithfultotheoriginalbutmayeasilyconfusereadersinthetargetlanguage.Version2employstheliberaltranslationstrategywithanattempttoconveytheoriginalmeaningaspreciselyaspossible.However,theoriginalpoeticflavorislostbecausetherhetoricdevicepunisnotreproduced.28/32Case15Thetranslationseemstobefaithfultotheoriginal,butitmaynotworkforthepurposeofinterculturalcommunication.Foreignreadersofthetranslationmayfinditstrange.ThefollowingiswhatafriendlyAmericanjournalisthascommentedonthetranslation:Myfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant...Thecopyseemstotryto"snow"thereaderwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butitunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformed...Thebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-it-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandculture29/32ContinuedItdoesn'ttellyouwheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenan