2006~2012重庆大学研究生期末考试历年试题和答案总结

12006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于30-53班)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiventoanswerthequestionsortocompletethestatementsthatfolloweachpassage.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.PassageOneMostconceptionsoftheprocessofmotivationbeginwiththeassumptionthatbehavioris,atleastinpart,directedtowardstheattainmentofgoalsortowardsthesatisfactionofneedsormotives.Accordingly,itisappropriatetobeginourconsiderationofmotivationintheworkplacebyexaminingthemotivesforworking.personbyofferinghiminducements(引诱)whichcontributeinsomewaytoatleastoneofhisgoals.Thekindsofinducementsofferedbyanorganizationarevaried,andiftheyareeffectiveinmaintainingparticipationtheymustnecessarilybebasedontheneedsoftheindividuals.Maslowexaminesindetailwhattheseneedsare.Hepointsoutnotonlythattherearemanyneedsrangingfrombasicphysiologicaldrivessuchashungertoamoreabstractdesireforself-realization,butalsothattheyarearrangedinahierarchy(等级制度)wherebythelower-orderneedsmusttoalargedegreebesatisfiedbeforethehigher-orderonescomeintoplay.OneofthemostobviouswaysinwhichworkorganizationsattractandretainmembersisthroughtherealizationthateconomicfactorsarenottheonlyinducementforworkingasindicatedbyMorseandWeiss.Inlinewiththesocialrespectandself-realizationneedsdiscussedbyMaslow,factorssuchasassociationswithothers,self-respectgainedthroughthework,andahighinterestvalueoftheworkcanserveeffectivelytoinducepeopletowork.1.AccordingtoMaslow,aworkorganizationisabletomotivatepeopletoworkbyA.satisfyingtheirphysiologicalneedsB.satisfyingtheirself-realizaC.satisfyinghierarchyoftheirhigher-orderneedD.firstsatisfyingtheirlower-orderneeds2.Lower-orderneedsconcernaperson'sA.essentialphysicalneedsB.self-respectC.self-realization3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTahigherneedthatattractspeopletowork?A.Associationwithothers.C.Interestvalueofthework.24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbyMorseandWeiss?A.Physiologicalneedsarethemostbasic.B.Thereisahierarchyofneedsthatmustbemet.5.SimonpointsoutthatB.effectiveinducementsmustbebasedonwhatindividualswantC.economicfactorsarenottheonlyinducementforworkingD.inducementsmustnotbetoovariedAccordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewellbeingsofasocialgroupsmembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻碍)attainmentofthegroupsgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.6.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.3C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowi7.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPTA.recruitmentB.formalelectionprocessD.traditionalculturalpatterns8.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutC.ApersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonD.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheir9.Inmentioning"naturalleaders"inline7,theauthorismakingthepointthat.B.thereisnoproofthat"naturalleaders"existD.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristicsA.ensuringharmoniousrelationshipsB.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembersManyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearances,weredeterminedbytechnologists.artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.visual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapifthosewhobuiltthem.Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustion4Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andbyasenseofform.Somedecisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions.whichisindispensableforanartist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoneed“hardthinking,”nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandisinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialerrorsinmechanicaldesign,theyareareflectionofchaoscausedbytheneglectofnon-verbalthinking11.ThemainpurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextisA.todemonstratetheroleofnonverbalthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnologyD.tourgeengineering12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisinagreementwiththeauthor'sopinion?dasaprimitivestageofcognitiveprocess.courseswiththedevelopmentoftechnology.13.TheauthordescribesthepredicamentfacedbytheHistoryAmericanEngineeringRecordas“paradoxical”(Para.3)mostprobablybecauseA.architecturalschoolsofferedbettertrainingfortheirstudentsinengineeringB.collegestudentsshouldbebetterqualifiedtomakethedrawingsinengineeringC.thedrawingsneededweresocomplicatedthatonlythestudentsin5architecturalschoolshadthecapabilityofmakingthem.recordthedevelopmentoftheirowndiscipline.14.Theauthorusestheexampleoftheearlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsprimarilytoindicatethatA.alackofattentiontothenonscientificaspectsindesignresultsinpoorconceptualizationbyengineersB.neglectoftrivialproblemsinmechanicaldesignoftencausescostlyerrorsinengineeringsystemsC.designersofautomaticcontrolsystemsneedtohaveabetterunderstandingofanalyticalproblemsthanonmechanicalknowledge15.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethefunctionofnon-verbalthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnology?B.IndispensableD.PreliminaryTraditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints-periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion"Why"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsycho-historiansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistory,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromtranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasicprincipleofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstances6thatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyPsychohistoryisnotcontenttovvarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itntsoftheirftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallA.Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnon-repeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence.B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychologists.C.Thetraditionalhistorianspaymoreattentiontohistoricaleventswhilepsychohistorianspaymoreattentiontotheemotionalcauses.D.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinfashioneventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistorical17.Accordingtothetext,traditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedbasicallyfrompsychohistoryinthattraditionalhistoriansA.usuallyviewpasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividualitytranscendedD.neverusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountfor18.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthemethodsusedbypsychohistoriansprobablypreventthemfromB.producingaone-sidedpictureofanindividual'spersonalityandmotivationsD.offeringaconsistentinterpretationoftheimpactofpersonalityonhistoricalB.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoryfirstestablished?C.Whatsortofhistoricalfigureisbestsuitedforpsychohistoricalanalysis?7D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?20.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars.C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicschema.D.Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure.Directions:PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.Inthattradition,whendadneedssomething,hegoesandgetsit.Sowhenit'stimetobuyhimagift,allthat'sleftisstuffhedidn'treallywant.Thequestionbecomes,whatdoyougetfortheguywhohaseverything?Choosingtherightgiftcanbeaminefield.It'snotthegiftthatmatters.It'snotreallythethoughtthatcounts,either.Youhavetofindagiftthatsays,“Hey,dad,Ireallyunderstandwhoyouareandthisisasymbolofourrelationship."Moreover,somedadshavetroubleswitchingrolesfromgivertoreceiver.“Itellmykids,'youdon'thavetogetmeanything,"saysRickFlynn.Hisphilosophyis,“Letmetakecareofyou.”“Butatthesametime,"headmits,"I'mthinking,'Gee,IhopeIgetthatdrill."PartIII.TranslationfromChinesetoEDirections:PutthefollowingChineseintoEnglish.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.加强企业间的合作是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。中国进一步发展经济、扩大开放，对各国企业就意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与国外、海外企业积极开展经济技术合作，取得了巨大成就。这些企业帮助了中国企业的成长，同时也在合作中获得了利益，取得了互利和共赢的结果。中国政府愿意继续提供便利和条件，推动中国企业与国外、海外企业进一步开展合作。Directions:Writeacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtitle.WriteSomepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchumanity.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatmoneyforthistypeof82006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案(适用于30-53班)Closercooperationbetweenentdevelopmenttoday.Chinatotheoutsideworld,whichoffersmorebusinessopportunitiestooverseasenterprises.SinceChina'sreformandopeningup,Chineseenterpriseshaveandscoredtremendousachievements.WhilehelpingChineseenterprisesdevelop,andnecessaryconditionsforclosercooperationbetweenChineseenttheiroverseascounterparts.92007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于1-25班)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiventoanswerthequestionsortocompletethestatementsthatfolloweachpassage.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.PassageOneMajorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingenzymesintheautomobiletomonitorexhaustandsenddataonpollutiontoamicroprocessorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.TheyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimescalls"metal-hungrymicrobesthatmightbeusedtominevaluabletracemetalsfromoceanwater".Theyhavealreadydemandedandwontherighttopatentnewlifeforms.Nervouscritics,includingmanyscientists,worrythatthereiscorporate,national,international,andinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreateimagesnotofoilspills,butof"microbespills"thatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulations.Thecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobes,however,isonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggertheimagination.Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likestomachssotheycandigestgrassandhay,therebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefoodchain?Shouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequirement,forexamplecreatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassembly-lineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforus?Shouldweattempttoeliminate"inferior"peopleandbreeda"super-race"?(Hitlertriedthis,butwithoutthegeneticweaponrythatmaysoonissuefromourlaboratories.)Shouldweproducesoldierstodoourfighting?Shouldweusegeneticforecastingtopre-eliminate"unfit"babies?Shouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselves,eachofushaving,asitwere,a"savingsbank"fullofsparekidney,livers,orhands?Wildasthesenotionsmaysound,everyonehasitsadvocates(andopposers)inthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.Astwocriticsofgeneticengineering,JeremyRifkinandTedHoward,stateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGod?,"BroadscalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintroducedtoAmericamuchthesamewayasassemblylines,automobiles,vaccines,computersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvancebecomescommerciallypractical,anewconsumerneedwillbeexploitedandamarketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated."1.Accordingtothepassage,theexhaustfromacarenginecouldprobablybecheckedbyB.makinguseofenzymes.D.patentingnewlifeforms.2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldworrythecriticstheB.Thecreationofbiologicalsolarcells.C.Theaccidentalspillofoil.D.Theunexpectedreleaseofdestructivemicrobes.3.WhichofthefollowingnotionsisNOTmentioned?B.Breedingsoldiersforawar.4.Accordingtothepassage,Hitlerattemptedto5.WhatdoesJeremyRifkinandTedHoward'sstatementimply?C.Americansareproudoftheircomputers,automobilesandgenetictechnologies.D.Thepotentialapplicationofeachnewgeneticadvanceshouldbecontrolled.PassageTwoTheconceptof"environment"iscertainlydifficultandmayevenbemisunderstood;butwehavenohandysubstitute.Itseemssimpleenoughtodistinguishbetweentheorganismandthesurroundingenvironmentandtoseparateforcesactingonanorganismintothosethatareinternalandbiologicalandthosethareexternalandenvironmental.Butinactualpracticethissystembreaksdowninmanyways,becausetheorganismandtheenvironmentareconstantlyinteractingsothattheenvironmentismodifiedbytheorganismandviceversa.Inthecaseofman,thedifficulties,withtheenvironmentalconceptareevenmorecomplicatedbecausewehavetodealwithmanasananimalandwithmanasabearerofculture.Ifwelookatmanasananimalandtrytoanalyzetheenvironmentalforcesthatareactingontheorganism,wefindthatwehavetodealwiththingslikeclimate,soil,plants,andsuch-likefactorscommontoallbiologicalsituations;butwealsofind,always,veryimportantenvironmentalinfluencesthatwecanonlyclassas"cultural",whichmodifythephysicalandbiologicalfactors.Butman,asweknowhim,isalwaysabearerofculture;andifwestudyhumanculture,wefindthatit,inturn,ismodifiedbytheenvironmentalfactorsofclimateandgeography.Wethuseasilygetintogreatdifficultiesfromthenecessityofviewingculture,atonemoment,asapartofthemanand,atanothermoment,asapartoftheenvironment.6.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribethepopularunderstandingof"environment"astheauthorseesit?B.Prejudiced.C.Faultless.7.Accordingtotheauthortheconceptof"environment"isdifficulttoexplainbecauseA.itdoesn'tdistinguishbetweentheorganismandtheenvironmentC.theorganismandtheenvironmentinfluenceeachotherD.therelationshipbetweentheorganismandtheenvironmentisunclearthatmanB.manandotheranimalsaremodifiedequallybytheenvironmentalforcesC.manismodifiedbytheculturalenvironmentaswellasbythenaturalenvironmentD.physicalandbiologicalfactorsexertmoreinfluenceonotherorganisms9.Asforculture,theauthorpointsoutthat.A.itdevelopssidebysidewithenvironmentalfactorsB.itisalsoaffectedbyenvironmentalfactorsD.itisaproductofman'sbiologicalinstincts10.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithA.theinterpretationoftheterm"environment"B.thediscussiononorganismsandbiologicalenvironmentC.thecomparisonbetweeninternalandexternalfactorsinfluencingmanD.theevaluationofman'sinfluenceonculturePassageThreeThetouristtradeisbooming.Withallthiscomingandgoing,you'dexpectgreaterunderstandingtodevelopbetweenthenationsoftheworld.Notabitofit!Superbsystemsofcommunicationbyair,seaandlandmakeitpossibleforustovisiteachother'scountriesatamoderatecost.Whatwasoncethe'grandtour',reservedforonlytheveryrich,isnowwithineverybody'sgrasp?Thepackagetourandcharteredflightsarenottobesneeredat.Moderntravelersenjoyalevelofcomfortwhichthelordsandladiesongrandtoursintheolddayscouldn'thavedreamedof.Butwhat'sthesenseofthismassexchangeofpopulationsifthenationsoftheworldremainbasicallyignorantofeachother?Manytouristorganizationsaredirectlyresponsibleforthisstateofaffairs.Theydeliberatelysetouttoprotecttheirclientsfromtoomuchcontactwiththelocalpopulation.Themoderntouristleadsacosseted(宠爱溺爱的)shelteredlife.Helivesatinternationalhotels,whereheeatshisinternationalfoodandsipshisinternationaldrinkwhilehegazesatthenativesfromadistance.Conductedtourstoplacesofinterestarecarefullycensored.Thetouristisallowedtoseeonlywhattheorganizerswanthimtoseeandnomore.Astrictschedulemakesitimpossibleforthetouristtowanderoffonhisown;andanyway,languageisalwaysabarrier,soheisonlytoohappytobeprotectedinthisway.Atitsveryworst,thisleadstoanewandhideouskindofcolonization.Thesummerquartersoftheinhabitantsoftheciteuniversitaire:aretemporarilyreestablishedontheislandofCorfu.BlackpoolisrecreatedatTorremolinoswherethetravelergoesnottoeatpaella,butfishandchips.Thesadthingaboutthissituationisthatitleadstothepersistenceofnationalstereotypes.Wedon'tseethepeopleofothernationsastheyreallyare,butaswehavebeenbroughtuptobelievetheyare.Youcantestthisforyourself.Takefivenationalities,say,French,German,English,AmericanandItalian.Nowinyourmind,matchthemwiththesefiveadjectives:musical,amorous(多情的),cold,pedantic(学characteristicsofthepeoplesjustmentioned,theseadjectivesactuallyactasbarriers.Sowhenyousetoutonyourtravels,theonlycharacteristicsyounoticearethosewhichconfirmyourpreconceptions.Youcomeawaywiththehighlyunoriginalandinaccurateimpressionthat,say,'Anglo-Saxonsarehypocrites'ofthat'Latinpeoplesshoutalot’.Youonlyhavetomakeafewforeignfriendstounderstandhowabsurdandharmfulnationalstereotypesare.Buthowcanyoumakeforeignfriendswhenthe的)itsounds!-Thatallpeoplearehuman.Weareallsimilartoeachotherandatthesametimeallunique.A.tourismcontributesnothingtoincreasingunderstandingbetweennations.B.tourismistiresome.C.conductedtourisD.tourismreallydoessomethingtoone'scountry12.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetA.apprehensive.B.negative.C,critical13.WhichwordinthefollowingisthebesttosummarizeLatinpeopleshoutalot?D.active.14.Thepurposeoftheauthor'scriticismistopointoutA.conductedtourisdisappointing.B.thewayoftouringshouldbechanged.C.whentraveling,younoticecharacteristicswhichconfirmpreconception.D.nationalstereotypesshouldbechanged.15.Whatis'grandtour'now?A.moderatecost.B.localsight-seeingisinvestigatedbythetouristorganizationC.peopleenjoythefirst-ratecomforts.PassageFourThesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe'greatclasslesssociety'.Theideathatthetwentiethcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofthegreatclichésofourtime.Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthasbeencompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreat