什么是优先顺序

WhatisPresequence?Apresequencereferstothekindofsequencesthatareusedtoprefiguresomespecificpotentialactions.预示语列是指施为前语列(试探性语段）,即在以言行事前,先用某些话语进行探听,看可否向对方实施某一言语行为（如邀请，请求）(1)A1:DoyoulikeAmericanfilms?

B1:Yes.

A2:There’sanAmericanfilmonintheOrientalCinema.Shallwegotoseeit?B2:Alright.(2)C1:Mummy.D1:Yes,dear.C2:Iwantaclothtocleanthewindows.D2:Hereyouare.C1与D1语列表面上与预示语列类似,但不相同。C1为呼唤语,目的在于引起说话对象的注意,从而为发出特定施为行为作准备。引起交际对象是任何成功交际的前提,故C1-D1这一语列并无策略色彩。A1:DoyoulikeAmericanfilms?B1:Yes.

A2:There’sanAmericanfilmonintheOrientalCinema.Shallwegotoseeit?B2:Alright.为行文方便,本文将A1称为施为前行为,A2为施为行为,传达施为目标TypesofpresequencePre-invitation邀请前语列Pre-request请求前语列Pre-announcement宣告前语列Pre-offer帮助前语列Pre-threat威胁前语列Pre-invitation我们在邀请别人参加某一活动前往往会去了解对方是否有时间、精力、兴致等参加这一活动。这时,一般就会出现邀请前语列。例如:A:Areyoufreetonight?B:Yes.A:Let’sgotothecinema,shallwe?Pre-request在日常交往中,交际者往往在发出请求前探测对方满足自己需求的可能性。这时,就会出现请求前语列。例如:A:Hi.DoyouhavesizeCflashlightbatteries?B:Yes,sir.A:I’llhavefour,please.B:Sure.Pre-announcement在日常生活中,我们之所以会向别人通告某一新闻或信息,是因为假定对方不知道该新闻或信息。为了了解对方的掌握情况,说话人往往会探听一番。这就会产生宣告前语列。例如：A:Iforgottotellyouthetwobestthingsthathappenedtometoday.B:Whatarethey?A:IgotaB+onmymathtestandIgotanathleticaward.Pre-offerA:Likealift?B:Yousavemylife.B:Thanks,butI'mwaitingformyfriend.Pre-threatA:Watchit!B:What?A:Somedayyouwillpayback.施为前的策略性（作用）表面上,使用施为前行为的主要动机是通过探听对方的反应来判断实现特定会话目标的可行性。如果执行特定施为行为的预备条件不成立,那么发出这一行为就不会达到特定的交际目的,如下例:A:IwanttohavetwopacksofMarlboros.B:Sorry.Thebrandhasrunout.在日常会话中,一些交际者往往会通过发出施为前行为来控制对方对后续施为行为的反应。试比较下列两例：（1）A:Canyouopenthewindowplease,John?B:I‘mabitcoldmyselfactually.（2）A1:Don’tyoufinditabitstuffyinhere?B1:Yes,itisrather.A2:Yeah,doyouthinkyoucouldopenthewindow?施为前行为由于其用意具有不确定性,这就为说话人选择言外之意留下余地。例如:A:It’sveryhotinhere,isn’tit?B:Yes,butI’mbusyatthemoment.Whynotopenthewindowyourself?A:Well,Ididn’tmeantotellyoutoopenthewindow.Ijustwantedtoremindyoutotakearest.策略性地使用施为前试探以获得对方的事先承诺在邀请类施为行为中也十分常见。试比较:A:Wanttoplaychess,Tom?B:Sorry,Ineedtodosomeshopping.A:Whatareyoudoing?B:Nothing.A:Wanttoplaychess?宣告前语列中施为前行为的策略性有所不同。比如,在告知一则噩耗前,执行施为前行为可以让对方精神上有所准备,从而有助于缓冲该噩耗可能会带来的伤害程度。例如:A:I...Ihadsomethingterribletotellyou.B:Howterribleisit?A:Uh,asterribleasitcouldbe.B:Why,youmeanEdna?A:Uh,yeah.B:Whatdidshedo,die?A:Mm.Preferredsecondparts合意应答人们在表达评价、邀请、建议、请求、主动帮助等意愿时，总是期待对方给予肯定、接受、赞同的应答。这种应答被称之为合意应答。例如：起始步（Firstpart）应答步（secondpart）Canyouhelpme?Sure.Wantsomecoffee?Yes,please.Isn'tthatreallygreat?Yes,itis.Maybewecouldgoforawalk?Thatwouldbenice.Dispreferredsecondparts不合意应答不合意应答一般是有标记的，如英语的Ah,Um,Idoubtit,No,Well,I'msorry,Whatapity,Letmesee,Sorry,Hehh,Un等词语、停顿或语气表示迟疑、否定、拒绝，都是不合意应答的标致。交际中，人们不希望对方给予不合理应答，当然，应答方也经常做出不合意应答。Preferedsecondparts&Dispreferred1.A:Haveyougotalight?B:Yes.2.A:Howareyou?B:Fine,Thankyou.3.A:Doyouwanttogoshopping?B:Sorry,Ifeelsotiredtoday.Insertionsequences插入语列Mom：Whatdiddaddysaywhenhefelloftheladder?(Q1)Kid:WillImissoutthenastywords,mum?(Q2)Mon:Ofcourse,dear.(A1)Kid:Nothing.(A2)Ask:1.Canyouexplainwhytheinsertionsequenceoccurshere?2.Arethereothersituationswhereaninsertionsequencemayoccur?Definition:Aninsertionsequenceisoneadjacencypairwithinanother.ThreereasonsforInsertionSequences1.Thehearerdoesnotunderstandwhatthespeakersaid.2.Thehearerdoesnotwanttocommithimselfuntilhehasmo