中国化肥面源污染现状及其减量化研究

中国化肥面源污染现状及其减量化研究中国化肥面源污染现状及其减量化研究摘要：随着农业的发展和人口的增长，化肥的使用量在中国不断增加。然而，过量使用化肥不仅导致农作物产量的减少，还对环境造成了严重的污染。本文主要讨论了中国化肥面源污染的现状，并探讨了减量化研究的相关方法和措施。1.引言化肥是农业生产中提高产量的重要手段之一。然而，长期以来过度使用和滥用化肥，导致中国农田土壤中化肥残留物的积累，进而对陆地和水体环境产生了严重的污染。化肥面源污染已经成为我国农业可持续发展的一个重要问题，需要采取有效的减量化研究来应对。2.化肥面源污染现状2.1农田土壤污染由于长期过量使用化肥，中国部分农田土壤中农药残留物和化学肥料含量过高。这不仅导致土壤质量下降，还会对农作物的生长产生负面影响。2.2地下水污染农田土壤中的化肥残留物会随着水分的流动进入地下水域，从而导致地下水污染。大量的氨氮和硝态氮含量超标已成为中国部分地区地下水污染的主要原因之一。2.3水体富营养化农田中使用过量的化肥流失到水体中，会导致水体富营养化现象的发生。水体富营养化会引发蓝藻水华等水生生物异常繁殖，破坏水生生态系统的平衡。3.化肥减量化研究方法和措施3.1精准施肥技术精准施肥技术是减少化肥使用量的重要手段之一。通过对土壤和作物的养分需求进行理性分析和预测，可以实现针对性施肥，减少化肥浪费和污染。3.2生物有机肥替代化肥生物有机肥可以提供植物所需的养分，并改善土壤结构。通过逐步替代化肥的使用，可以减少化肥的使用量，并减轻面源污染的程度。3.3农田管理措施加强农田管理，采用合理的农业措施可以减少化肥的流失和渗漏，从而减少面源污染的发生。例如，合理的灌溉制度、植物秸秆还田和改善土壤的排水条件等。4.结论化肥面源污染严重影响农业可持续发展和环境保护。为了减少化肥使用量，保护土壤和水体环境，我们应该积极推广精准施肥技术和生物有机肥替代化肥。此外，加强农田管理也是减少面源污染的重要措施之一。只有采取综合的减量化研究措施，我们才能实现农业的可持续发展和环境的可持续保护。参考文献：1.江山,张明,张四维.土地利用方式对化肥氮冲击的影响.经济地理,2007,27(6):930-937.2.张曦曦,张三兵,张俊伟.中国农田氮磷化肥利用率空间分布及其影响因子分析.农业资源与环境学报,2016,37(3):298-306.3.王忠阳,郭爽,陈福利.衡阳市农业非点源污染现状评价与防治建议.环境科技,2020,41(5):433-436.Abstract:Withthedevelopmentofagricultureandpopulationgrowth,theuseofchemicalfertilizershasbeenincreasinginChina.However,theexcessiveuseoffertilizersnotonlyleadstoareductionincropyieldsbutalsocausesseriouspollutiontotheenvironment.Thispapermainlydiscussesthecurrentsituationoffertilizernon-pointsourcepollutioninChinaandexplorestherelatedmethodsandmeasuresforreducingfertilizeruse.1.IntroductionChemicalfertilizersareoneoftheimportantmeanstoincreasecropyieldsinagriculturalproduction.However,long-termexcessiveuseandabuseoffertilizershaveledtotheaccumulationoffertilizerresiduesinagriculturalsoilsinChina,resultinginseriouspollutiontoterrestrialandaquaticenvironments.Fertilizernon-pointsourcepollutionhasbecomeanimportantissueforsustainableagriculturaldevelopmentinChina,requiringeffectiveresearchonfertilizerreduction.2.CurrentSituationofFertilizerNon-pointSourcePollution2.1PollutionofagriculturalsoilsDuetolong-termexcessiveuseoffertilizers,certainagriculturalsoilsinChinahavehighresiduesofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.Thisnotonlyleadstoadeclineinsoilqualitybutalsohasanegativeimpactoncropgrowth.2.2GroundwaterpollutionFertilizerresiduesinagriculturalsoilscanentergroundwaterwiththeflowofwater,leadingtogroundwaterpollution.ExcessivelevelsofammonianitrogenandnitratenitrogenhavebecomeoneofthemaincausesofgroundwaterpollutioninsomeareasofChina.2.3EutrophicationofwaterbodiesExcessiveuseoffertilizersinagriculturalfieldscancausenutrientrunoffintowaterbodies,leadingtoeutrophication.Eutrophicationofwaterbodiescancauseabnormalproliferationofaquaticorganismssuchasblue-greenalgae,disruptingthebalanceofaquaticecosystems.3.Researchmethodsandmeasuresforfertilizerreduction3.1PrecisionfertilizationtechnologyPrecisionfertilizationtechnologyisanimportantmeanstoreducefertilizeruse.Byconductingrationalanalysisandpredictionofsoilandcropnutrientrequirements,targetedfertilizationcanbeachieved,reducingfertilizerwasteandpollution.3.2ReplacementofchemicalfertilizerswithorganicfertilizersBiologicalorganicfertilizerscanprovidethenutrientsneededbyplantsandimprovesoilstructure.Bygraduallyreplacingchemicalfertilizers,theuseoffertilizerscanbereducedandthedegreeofnon-pointsourcepollutioncanbereduced.3.3FieldmanagementmeasuresStrengtheningfieldmanagementandadoptingreasonableagriculturalmeasurescanreducefertilizerrunoffandleakage,therebyreducingtheoccurrenceofnon-pointsourcepollution.Forexample,implementingreasonableirrigationsystems,returningplantstrawtothefield,andimprovingsoildrainageconditions.4.ConclusionFertilizernon-pointsourcepollutionseriouslyaffectssustainableagriculturaldevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection.Inordertoreducefertilizeruseandprotectsoilandwaterenvironments,weshouldactivelypromoteprecisionfertilizationtechnologyandthereplacementofchemicalfertilizerswithorganicfertilizers.Inaddition,strengtheningfieldmanagementisalsoanimportantmeasuretoreducenon-pointsourcepollution.Onlybyadoptingcomprehensiveresearchmeasuresforfertilizerreductioncanweachievesustainabledevelopmentofagricultureandsustainableprotectionoftheenvironment.Reference:Jiang,S.,Zhang,M.,&Zhang,S.(2007).ImpactoflandusepatternsonnitrogenfertilizationinChina.EconomicGeography,27(6),930-937.Zhang,X.,Zhang,S.,&Zhang,J.(2016).SpatialdistributionofnitrogenandphosphorusfertilizerutilizationratesinChinesefarmlandandanalysisofinfluencingfactors.JournalofAgro-Environme