欧洲专利局2023海上风能专利洞察报告

Offshorewindenergy

Patentinsightreport

November2023

OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

Contents

Executivesummary03

1.Introduction06

1.1Theroleofoffshorewindenergyinenergytransition 06

1.2Aboutthestudy 08

2.Methodology09

2.1Usingpatentinformation

09

2.2Patentsearch

09

3.Results

3.1Patenttrendsinoffshorewindenergytechnologies

3.1.1Patentfilings

3.1.2Topapplicantcountries

3.1.3Toppatentoffices

3.1.4Topapplicants

3.1.5Maturitymap

3.1.6Citations

3.2Technologyconceptgrouping

3.2.1Fixedandfloatingfoundations(QA&QB)

3.2.2Towers(QH)

3.2.3Mechanicalpowertransmission(QC)

3.2.4Bladesandrotors(QI)

3.2.5Hybridsystems:solarandoceanenergy(QE)

3.2.6EnergyStorage(QD)

3.2.7Grid,submarinecablesandprotections(QJ&QL)

14

.14

.14

.17

.19

.20

.25

.27

.30

.31

.35

.38

.42

46

50

.52

4.Conclusion

54

Glossaryandnotes56

<Tableofcontents|

Executivesummary

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1.Introduction

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

Executivesummary

Offshorewindenergyisacleanandrenewablesourceofelectricitygeneration.Ithelpstocombatclimatechange(UNSustainableDevelopmentGoal13)byreducing

greenhousegasemissions,airpollutionandtherelianceonfossilfuelsforelectricityproduction,thuscontributingtoamoresustainableenergymix.

Offshorewindenergyplaysasignificantrolein

supportingUNSustainableDevelopmentGoal7(SDG7),whichaimstoensureaccesstoaffordable,reliableandsustainableenergyforallby2030.

InacollaborativeeffortbytheEuropeanPatentOffice(EPO)andtheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),thispatentinsightreportexaminestheglobalevolutionofpatentfilingspublishedbetween2002and2022inthedomainofoffshorewindenergy.

Patentfilingstatisticsprovideinsightfulindicatorsfor

measuringandexamininginnovation,commercialisationandknowledgetransfertrendsacrossinternational

markets.Theyalsoprovidemeaningfulinformation

onchangesintechnologytrendsandmakeiteasiertoidentifynewplayersorconsolidationefforts.Allinall,thisreportaimstoshedlightonhowkeytechnologicalchallengesarebeingaddressedviainnovation.

UsingaprovenEPOdataanalysismethodology,thisreport’sfindingsconsiderinformationfromroughly

17000patents(fromtheEPO’spatentdatabase).Thesepatentscoverinventionsrelatedtooffshorewindenergy,includingkeytechnologyconceptgroupingssuchas:

fixedandfloatingfoundations,towers,mechanicalpowertransmission,bladesandrotors,hybridsystems,energystorage,andgridsandsubmarinecables.

Policyinsights

Patentdatashowamassivesurgeinglobalpatent

filingsfrom2006to2012,followedbyastagnation

until2017whenpatentactivitywitnessedaresurgence.Floatingfoundations,transportation,andmechanical

transmissionaccountedforthelargestnumberofpatentswithintheoffshorewindarea.Somekeypolicyinsights

fromthepatentdataaresummarisedbelow:

1.Increasedinventioninoffshorewindwith

dominanceinEuropa,AsiaandUSAemergingas

futuremarket.IntherankingofthetoptencountriesinfiledInternationalPatentFamilies(IPFs),seven

countriesareEuropean,withGermanyandDenmarkinthelead.TheUSAisthirdwhileChinaandJapan

rankfourthandfifthrespectively(theRepublicof

Korearanks11th).Asfornon-IPFpatentsmainlyfor

domesticmarkets(i.e.notprotectedinternationally),Chinaleads,whichreflectsitsrelianceonalargelocalmarketforoffshorewind.

2.Floatingfoundation,logisticsandgreenhydrogen

attractinventionactivity.Mostinventionsforoffshorewindfocusonthreeareas:floatingfoundations,

transportationequipment,andtheinstallationand

erectionofturbines.Itisworthnotingthatafourth

areaisrapidlyscalingupininnovationactivity,i.e.

combiningoffshorewindandelectrolysers,indicatinggreatexpectationsofalargegreen-hydrogeneconomyasavaluecreationopportunity.

3.Floatingfoundationsposetoexpandoffshorewindmarkets.Markettrendsindicateagrowinginterestindevelopingfloatingfoundationsgiventheirpotentialforsitingturbinesindeeperwaterswithabundant

windpotential.Thisisconfirmedbypatentdata,

whichshowsthatindustryplayersareinnovatinginthistechnologyarea.

4.Towerandbladedesignstoreducesteeldemandandenhancesustainability.Playersintheoffshorewindsectorarealsolookingintoalternativedesignsfortowers(i.e.concreteandlatticestructures),

whichmayreducedemandforsteel.Theyare

alsoexploringmodularbladeassemblyoptions,

aswellassustainableandrecyclableblades,to

promotecircularityandaddressmanufacturingandtransportationchallenges.

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

5.Increaseduseofrareearthmaterialsindrivetrains.

Herethetrendshowscontinuedinterestindirect-drivesystemsduetotheireffectivecost-weight-

powerdensityratio;howeverthattrendwould

meananincreaseintheutilisationofpermanent

synchronousmagnetgenerators.Theincreaseintheuseofpermanentmagnetswould,inturn,resultinhigherdemandforrareearthmaterialsneededto

manufacturethem.

6.On-siteenergystorageandhydrogenproductiontobalancepowersystemsandcreateadditionalvalue.

Thereisagrowingfocusonflexibleenergysystemstocounterthevariabilityofrenewabletechnologies.Patentdatainoffshorewindenergytechnologiesalsoshowagrowinginterestinenergystorageoptions,

especiallyinthecombinationofoffshorewindparksandhydrogenproduction,whichoffertheadded

benefitofhelpingtodecarbonizeactivities.

7.Uptakeofsubmarineelectricalinfrastructure.

Theneedfortransmissioninfrastructureisalso

drivinginnovationactivitiesandpatentdatarevealsthattherearemanycorrespondinginnovationsinsubmarinecablingtoconnectsupplyanddemandcost-effectively.

8.Moderateinterestinhybridisingoffshorewind

withotherenergygenerationsources.Toexpandthepotentialofoffshorewindsolutionsthere

areincreasingeffortstocombineoffshoreenergy

generationwithothertechnologiessuchasPVor

oceanenergy.Insightsfrompatentsrevealthat

innovationactivitiesremainsteadysince2013.Thiscanpotentiallybeascribedtothedecliningcostofoffshorewindthatactsasdisincentivisegiventhecomplexityassociatedwiththehybridisationof

offshorewindwithadditionaloceantechnologiesintermsofoperationandmaintenance.

Summaryofpatentdatatrends

Filingstatistics:

—From2002to2022,about17000patentfamilies

relatedtooffshorewindenergywerepublished,

reflectinganaverageannualincreaseof18%.Between2014and2017filingsstagnated,butthiswasfollowedbyasteepincrease.

—ThetopapplicantcountryisChina(52%ofthe

totalpatentfamilies),followedbytheRepublicofKorea(6%),Germany(5%),Japan(5%),USA(4%),andDenmark(4%).

—Twenty-sevenpercentofalloffshorewindenergy

patentfamiliesareinternationalpatentfamilies(IPFs)i.e.excludingsingledomesticfilings.Morespecifically79%ofthetotalpatentfamiliesdevelopedby

EuropeancountriesareIPFs,as-are64%bytheUnitedStatesofAmerica.FourpercentofChinesepatent

familiesareinternational.

—Sixty-sevenpercentofalloffshorewindenergyIPFs

includeatleastonegrantedpatentapplication.

—ForallgrantedEPapplications,68%arestillinforceinatleast1memberstate.(10%morethanthe

average).

Mainactors:

—Vestas,Siemens,GeneralElectric,MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesandHitachiarethetopIPFapplicants.

Inthelast5years,RWERenewablesandItrechaveenteredthetopfive,replacingMitsubishiHeavyIndustriesandHitachi.

—Francehasthehighestnumberofpatentfamilies

withinternationalcooperation.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasthemostdiverseco-operationpicture,pairingwith24countriesonatotalof81patent

families.Germanyco-operateswith15countriesonatotalof79patentfamilies.

—From2017onwards,Chineseapplicationsare

increasinglymorecited.MostcitationscomefromotherChineseapplications(andapplicants),butalsobyapplicationsfromGermany,DenmarkandUSA,whichindicatesadvancesinpatentquality.

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Executivesummary

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1.Introduction

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

—Until2012,patentapplicantswhoarenatural

personsusedtofile50%ofallpatentapplications,

onaparwithcompanies.Sincethen,thatsharehas

successivelydecreasedtoitscurrentlevelof6%.

—From2013onwardsaconsolidationacrosspatent

applicantscanbeseen,withmergersandacquisitions

leadingtofewerapplicants,farfewernatural

personapplicants,butsimilartotalnumbersof

patentapplicationsarefiledwiththesamegrant

rates,whichsuggestsnoreductioninthequalityof

applications.

Maintechnologies:

—FloatingfoundationsleadinIPFs(49%),followedby

transportation,installationanderection(26%).

—Combiningoffshorewindturbinesandelectrolysers

isanemergingtrend:thenumberofIPFsdoubled

between2020and2021,withsignsofthistrend

continuingin2022.

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

1.Introduction

1.1Theroleofoffshorewindenergyinenergytransition

Climatechangeisalreadyimpactingtheworld’s

largesteconomiesaswellasemergingeconomiesand,urgesthedecisionmakersandstakeholderstoadopt

correctiveactionsurgentlytotackletheglobalclimateemergency.IRENA’sWorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook

2023editionhasonceagainshownthattherenewablesbasedenergytransitionisthesolutiontothefight

againstclimatechangeandthepaceofthetransitioniscurrentlyoff-track1.

Limitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Cwillrequirecutting

carbondioxide(CO2)emissionsbyaround37gigatonnes(Gt)from2022levelstoachieveanetzeroscenarioin

theenergysectorby2050.Thiswillrequireaprofound

transformationofenergysystems,includingamassive

deploymentofrenewablegenerationcapacity.In2022,

IRENA’sstatisticsshowthatrenewablesaccountedfor

83%ofnewannualgenerationcapacityadditions,withanadditional295gigawatts(GW),reaching40%ofthetotalglobalinstalledcapacity2.UnderIRENA’s1.5°Cscenario,

renewablegeneratingcapacitywillneedtoreachabove33000GWby2050.3

By2050,wind(onshoreandoffshore)wouldsignificantlyincreasefromthecurrent900GWuptomorethan

10000GW,representingalmostone-thirdofthetotal

installedcapacityfromrenewablesources.Intermsof

offshorewind,theglobalinstalledcapacitywouldreachalmost2500GWby2050.Thisentailsa40timesincreasefromtoday’slevel(63GWby2022)andmakesoffshore

windoneoftheleadingtechnologiesinthebidtoachieveglobalclimatetargetswithinthenextthreedecades.

Yetthedeploymentofoffshorewindcomeswithits

ownchallenges.Eventhoughthetechnologyitselfhasexperiencedsharpcostreductions—afallof59%inthelevelisedcostofelectricity(LCOE)4between2010-2022,currentcommoditypriceinflationandhigherinterest

ratesareprovingachallengingenvironment.Inaddition,aspectssuchasintegratingthistechnologyintothe

energysystemvianewinterconnections,supplychain

bottlenecksandlogisticalchallenges,thedemandfor

criticalmaterialsandrecyclingortheneedforlarger

turbinesandmorerobustfoundations,amongother

factors,requirefurtherefforts,ifwearetoaccelerate

thesectorstotheenergytransition.Today,theoffshorewindmarketremainssmallerthantheonshorewind

market,withtotalinstalledcapacitiesreaching63GW

by2022.Consideringthecurrentplansandtargetsset

bycountriesasperIRENA’sPlannedEnergyScenario

(PES),theglobalcumulativeoffshorewindcapacityis

expectedtoreach275GWby2030andcloseto1200GWby2050respectively.Thisstillfallsbehindofthe494GWand2465GWtargetsby2030and2050respectivelyinIRENA’s1.5°CScenario.5

1IRENA(2023),WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook2023:

1.5°CPathway,Volume1,InternationalRenewable

EnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

/

Publications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023

2

/Publications/2023/

Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2023

3IRENA(2023),WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook2023:

1.5°CPathway,Volume1,InternationalRenewableEnergy

Agency,AbuDhabi.

/Publications/2023/

Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023

4IRENA(2023),RenewablePowerGenerationCostsin2022,

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

https://www.irena.

org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022

5IRENA(2023),WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook:1.5°CPathway,

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

https://www.irena.

org/Publications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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Avg.distancefromshore(km)

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Levelisedcostofelectricity

5

28

8

588

4

513

4

0

.17

0

5

.18

2

64

7

0.12

3

3

48

3

6

0

.08

8

Totalintalledcost

[2021USD/kW]

Levelisedcost

ofelectricity

[2021USD/kWh]

0.197

5217

0.081

3461

0.10

4

OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

Box1:Thecost-competitivenessofoffshorewind

Duetoitsoffshorelocation,itshighenergyoutputper

squaremetreanditsabilitytobebuiltupquicklyat

gigawatt-scale,offshorewindisavaluableoptionto

provideelectricitytodenselypopulatedcoastalareasinacost-effectivemanner.6Givenitspotential,offshore

windisexpectedtoplayakeyroleintheenergytransitiontowards2050.

Theperiodfrom2010to2022witnessedamassive

deploymentofoffshorewindinstalledcapacity,from

3.1GWin2010upto63.2GWin2022—atwentyfold

increase.Duringthesameperiod,globalweighted-averagetotalinstalledcostsfell34%,fromUSD5217/kilowatt(kW)toUSD3461/kW.Atitspeakin2011,theglobalweighted-averagetotalinstalledcostwasUSD5975/kW–1.7timeshigherthanits2022value7.

Inaddition,technologyimprovementsrelatedtolargerturbineswithlongerblades,higherhubheights,and

newlocationsfurtherawayfromshorelineswherewindresourceincreasesareresultinginhigherestimated

lifetimecapacityfactors(fornewlycommissioned

projects)thatincreasedfrom38%in2010to45%in2017andthendroppedto42%in2022.

Thesetrendsunderscorethepotentialforsignificant

advancementsthroughtheprocessoflearningvia

researchanddevelopment,leadingtotechnological

enhancements.Initially,offshorewindfarmswere

situatedclosertoshoreandatshallowdepths(seethebubblechart8below).However,thankstostrongerandmoreconsistentwindresources,research,developmentanddemonstration(RD&D)initiativeshavepromptedashiftofwindfarmstogreaterdistancesfromthecoastandintodeeperwaters.

Thetechnicalpotentialthatcanberealisedinwatersofdepthsbeyond50metres,mainlyviatheutilisationof

floatingoffshoreplatforms,representsanopportunityforcountriesandregionswithsubstantialseabeddrops,suchasJapan,China,theUnitedStatesandEurope,topositionwindfarmssignificantlyfartherfromthecoastline.Yet,

thegeographicaldistributionofoffshorewindprojectsremainedconsistent,ledbyEurope(includingtheUnitedKingdom,Denmark,andGermany)andAsia(representedbyChinaandJapan).

Offshorewindturbinedevelopmenttrend

Waterdepth

(m)

>40

40

30

20

≤10

Turbinesize

(MW)

9

40

3

20

1

0

140

100

120

160

60

80

6

Alltheabovetechnologyimprovementsandthegrowingmaturityoftheindustryhaveresultedina59%declineoftheweighted-averagelevelisedcostfortheperiod2010-2022,fromUSD0.197/kilowatthour(kWh)toUSD0.081/kWh.2021alonesawadeclineof13%year-on-year(seetrendlines9).Yet,in2022,a2%increasewasobserved.6

6IRENA(2021),Offshorerenewables.AnactionagendafordeploymentAcontributiontotheG20presidency

/publications/2021/Jul/Offshore-Renewables-An-Action-Agenda-for-Deployment

7IRENA(2023),

RenewablePowerGenerationCostsin2022

,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

8Source:IRENA(2022),RenewableTechnologyInnovationIndicators:Mappingprogressincosts,patentsandstandards,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

/publications/2022/Mar/Renewable-Technology-Innovation-Indicators

9IRENARenewableCostDatabase

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

1.2Aboutthestudy

Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoexaminetheglobal

evolutionofpatentfilingstoidentifymajortrendsinthefieldofoffshorewindenergyandpinpointmarketandtechnologygapsaswellasopportunitiesrelevanttothecontributionofoffshorewindtotheenergytransition.

Thereportaimstoprovideusefulinsightsforinterestedplayersinthefieldandpolicymakerstoleverageactionsandinitiativesforfurtherdevelopinganddeploying

offshorewind-relatedtechnologies,therebyenabling

offshorewindenergyintheenergysystem.Thestudyusesvariousresourcesforthispurpose,includingEPOpatentdatabasesandregistersandotherpublicreportsavailable.ItalsobenefitsfromthetechnicalexpertiseinthefieldofbothIRENAandtheEPO.

Accordingtotheirrespectivemissionsandactivities,theEPOandIRENAshareacommoninterestinthestudyofpatentfilingstatisticstoimproveunderstandingoftrendsaffectingthetransitiontoasustainableenergyfuture

usingrenewableenergysources.In2023,IRENAandtheEPOextendedtheirmemorandumofunderstandingonbilateralcooperationtopromoteinnovationinthefieldofrenewableenergytechnologies10,andcommittedtopublishregularpatentlandscapereportsfocusingonspecifictechnologicalareas.11

Offshorewindenergy,whichcanbeconsideredakey

technologyfortheenergytransition,requirescontinuousimprovementtoharnessitsfullpotentialandbenefit

notonlytheenergydomain,butalsoeconomiesand

societies.Inthissense,thegrowthofoffshorewind

energyhasbroughtnewbusinessopportunitiesfortheenergyindustryandchangedthedynamicsoftheenergymarket.Amongotherbenefits,itstechnologicalprogresshasledtothedevelopmentofnewsolutionssuchas

largerturbines,bettertransmissionsystemsandspecialshipstoinstalltheturbines,whilealsocreatingjobsintherenewableenergysector.Overall,offshorewindenergy

isdisruptingtheenergyindustrybyprovidinganewandsustainablesourceofenergythathasthepotentialto

meettheworld’sgrowingenergyneeds.

Eventhoughpatentfilingsshowasteepincreaseinthelast10years,majorinnovationsinoffshorewindenergytechnologyarestillneededtorealiseitsfullpotential.

Buildingonthislong-standingEPO-IRENAcollaboration,

thepresentinsightreportassessespatentfilingstatistics

intheoffshorewindenergydomain.Thegrowingpolitical

interestaroundtheglobeinclimate-neutralenergy

production,energystoragetechnologiesandthepromise

thatoffshorewindenergyoffersisthedrivingforce

behindagreatmomentumforinnovationandspin-off

activities.

10

EPOandIRENAenhanceco-operationonpatent

informationaboutrenewableenergytechnologies.

11In2022,EPOandIRENApublishedapatentinsight

reportoninnovationtrendsinelectrolysersforhydrogen

production,whichyoucandownloadat:

https://www.

/news-events/news/2022/20220512.html

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1.Introduction

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

2.Methodology

Thissectionintroducesthemainsourcesofinformationaswellastheapproachadoptedtoextractrelevant

informationfromthevariousdatasets.Keypatent-relatedconceptsareexplainedaswellastherationalefollowedtoselecttheseventechnologyconceptgroupings

relatedtooffshorewindenergytechnologies.Hence,theaimofthesectionistoprovidetheframeworkforunderstandingtheresultspresentedinthisreport.

2.1Usingpatentinformation

Patentsareexclusiverightsthatcanonlybegrantedforinventionsthatarenovelandinventive.12High-quality

patentsareassetswhichcanhelpattractinvestment,

securelicensingdealsandprovidemarketexclusivity.

Patentownerspayannualfeestomaintainpatentsin

thosecountriesthatareofcommercialvaluetothemandprotecttheirinventionsfrombeingusedbycompetitors,forexample.Inexchangefortheseexclusiverights,all

patentapplicationsarepublished,revealingthetechnicaldetailsoftheprotectedinventions.Thisallowsother

researcherstobuildonthepublishedinventionsof

otherinventorsandavoidthemistakeofinvestingin

developingasolutionforaproblemthathasalreadybeensolvedbyothers.

Patentdatabasescontainawealthoftechnical

information,muchofwhichcannotbefoundinany

othersource.TheEPO’sfreeEspacenet13database

containsmorethan140milliondocumentsfromover100countries.Patentfilingstatisticsprovideinterestingindicatorstomeasureandexamineinnovation,

commercialisationandknowledgetransfertrends.They

alsoprovideameansofobservingchangesintechnologytrendsaswellasidentifyingnewplayersorconsolidationefforts.Thiscanrevealnewinsightsintotrendsinthe

offshorewindenergysectorandhelpsupportinformeddecision-makingprocesses.

2.2Patentsearch

Thispatentinsightreportprovidesasnapshotofthepatentsituationofoffshorewindenergytechnologies.Althoughsometechnologiesareequallyapplicabletoonshoreandoffshore,thisreportdefinesthepatentsearchstrategiesformostoftheconceptsandsub-

12

/learning/materials/inventors-handbook/novelty.html

.13

/.

conceptssothattherewouldbeaspecific“offshore

aspect”mentionedinthepatenttextorcoveredbythepatentclassificationcodes.

AsforpreviousEPOpatentinsightreports,theapproachtothisworkbeginswithastate-of-the-artsearchfor

therelevanttechnologyinselectedpatentdatabases.Asearchstrategyisdevelopedwithanexpertexaminerinthefield,andsearchresultsarethenanalysedtoanswerspecificquestionsaboutpatternsofpatentingactivityorinnovation.Theresultsarepresentedvisuallytoassistunderstandingandallowconclusionstobereachedandrecommendationstobemadebasedontheempirical

evidence.

Theinformation,dataandanalysisprovidedinthis

reportareprimarilybasedonatargetedutilisationof

EPOpatentdatabases(PATSTAT,Espacenet,EPregister

andotherdedicatedpatentexaminersources).Only

relevantpatentpublicationsintheperiodfrom2002to2022(earliestpublicationyearwithinthepatentfamily)wereconsidered.Theidentificationoftherelevant

areasoftechnologyandthecreationofthetechnology-specificsearchstrategieswereundertakenbyanEPO

examinerexpertintheoffshorewindenergyfieldand

byIRENAexperts.Allsearchqueries(summarisedin

Figure2.2)wereadaptedaswell14aspossibletothefreeEspacenettool.Detailedsearchqueriesbasedonthe

EPO’sfreeEspacenettoolareprovidedinaseparate

exceldocument.Thisallowsthereadertomonitorfuturechangesinthecoveredtechnologies.15Anautomatic

andmanualdataharmonisationprocesshasbeen

implementedtoenhancetheaccuracyandcompletenessofthefinaldataset.16

Eachqueryisidentifiableviaadifferentlabel(QA,QB,

etc.)andthesecorrespondtoconceptsandsub-conceptsrelatedtooffshorewindenergytechnologies.Notall

documentedquerieshavebeenusedforthestudyinthisreport.Althoughthereportstronglycentreson

thetechnologyusedforoffshorewindenergy(Q0),

otherconceptsordetailviewshavenotbeenlimitedto

14InternalEPOsystemsallowmorecomplex

searchesthantheESPACENETtool.

15IPCandCPCpatentclassificationcodesaswellasthekeywordsusedmaychangewhenatechnologymatures.16Pasimeni,F.(2019).SQLquerytoincreasedataaccuracyandcompletenessinPATSTAT.WorldPatentInformation,57,1-7.

/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.02.001

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1.Introduction

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2.Methodology

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3.Results

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4.Conclusion

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OFFSHOREWINDENERGYPATENTINSIGHTREPORT

offshoreorwindenergy.Forinstance,(QL)submarine

cables(conductors),(QL1)protectionand(QM)recyclinghavenotbeenlimitedtooffshoreorw