教学课件 任务型学术写作（第二版）

Unit

OneWriting

Up

aResearch

ProposalTask

objectiveIn

this

unit

you

will

learn

how

to

produce

a

research

proposal.开题报告大致包括以下几方面的内容：Task

Objective论文题目（research

title）研究本论题的动机（research

motivation）论文拟解决的问题以及作者的假设（statement

of

problem

and

hypotheses）研究本论题意义及价值(significance

of

the

research)国内外同行业对该论题的研究现状（literaturereview）论题研究步骤和手段（research

approach

or

methodology）研究中存在的局限性（research

limitations

）撰写论文工作的计划与安排(research

planning)参考文献(references)图表及附录(tables

and

appendix)Task

Preparation

1Fill

out

the

table

briefly

after

reading

Sample

1

HigherEducation

F

aculty:

Satisfaction

with

Online

Tea

ching.Purpose

of

the

studyResearch

questionsSignificance

of

thestudyL

imitations

of

the

studyTask

Preparation

1Purpose

of

thestudyThe

main

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

conduct

exploratory

qualitativeresearch

to

investigate

online

faculty

members

teachingphilosophies

and

what

contributes

to

or

inhibits

their

satisfactionwith

online

teaching.ResearchQuestionsWhat

elements

contribute

to

or

inhibit

satisfaction

with

onlineteaching

for

faculty

members?What

are

the

relationships

among

the

elements

that

contribute

toor

inhibit

online

faculty

member's

satisfaction

with

online

teaching?Significance

ofthe

StudyThis

study

will

contribute

to

an

understanding

of

the

factors

thatcontribute

to

the

job

satisfaction

of

higher

education

facultymembers

pioneering

as

teachers

in

the

rapidly

expanding

andchanging

Web-based

educational

environments.L

imitations

ofthe

StudyThe

phenomenon

of

faculty

job

satisfaction

needs

to

be

studied

as

itnaturally

occurs

without

manipulation

or

control

of

variables.

Thedata

gathered

in

each

setting

are

very

dependent

on

these

contexts.Therefore,

the

generalizability

of

the

findings

will

be

limited.Keys:Task

Preparation

2煉2.Answer

the

questions

as

briefly

as

possible

afterreading

Sample

2

Poverty

Alleviation

in

Nigeria:THE

Microfinance

ApproachWhat臉s

the

significance

of

the

research?What

are

the

research

questions

mentioned

in

thisproposal?What

are

the

objectives

of

this

research?Who

will

benefit

from

the

research?Who

will

be

sampled

by

researchers

to

collect

datafor

this

research?1.What臉s

the

significance

of

the

research?2.

What

are

the

research

questions

mentioned

in

this

proposal?3.

What

are

the

objectives

of

this

research?Keys:This

study

is

significant

to

deciphering

microfinance

institutions臉roles

in

alleviatingpoverty

within

Sagamu

Local

Government

Area

in

Nigeria.Two

research

questions

will

be

treated

in

this

study.

The

first

one

is

about

howmicrofinance

schemes

alleviate

poverty

in

Nigeria.

And

the

second

one

is

abouthow

microfinance

institutions

understand

the

concept

of

microfinance

in

Nigeria.Two

objectives

are

proposed

in

this

research.

The

first

one

is

to

examine

the

role

ofmicrofinance

schemes

in

poverty

alleviation

in

Nigeria.

The

second

one

is

toclarify

the

concept

of

microfinance

for

a

better

understanding

by

institutions

andbeneficiaries.4.

Who

will

benefit

from

the

research?5.

Who

will

be

sampled

by

researchers

to

collect

datafor

this

research?The

study

will

be

useful

to

the

micro

and

medium

scale

enterprises

that

require

or

usemicrofinance

banks,

the

poor

in

Nigeria

(especially

Sagamu

settlers)

who

may

not

be

awareof

the

microfinance

options

available

to

them

and

have

missed

out

on

several

opportunities

tolift

themselves

out

of

the

poverty

rot,

and

by

extension

the

microfinance

institutions

whichserves

this

fundamental

purpose.The

researcher

will

sample

officialsof

microfinance

institutions,

local

government

officialsand

beneficiaries

(expected

and

current)

of

poverty

alleviation

programmes.Task

Preparation

3Uganda

Martyrs

University.Learning

in

Uganda.Decide

the

following

statements

are

true

or

false

after

readingSample

3

Effects

of

Internal

Control

Systems

on

F

inancialPerformance

in

an

Institution

of

Higher

Learning

inUgandaThe

purpose

of

this

research

is

to

establish

the

relationship

between

internalcontrol

systems

and

financial

performance

in

an

Institution

of

Higher

Learningin

Uganda.

TThe

research

will

focus

on

both

the

center

and

affiliated

institutions

inThe

significance

of

the

study

is

that

itwill

help

find

out

problems

within

thesystems

of

internal

control

in

Institutions

of

Higher

Learning

in

Uganda.

TOne

of

the

researcher臉s

hypotheses

is

that

an

internal

audit

function

ispositively

related

with

the

financial

performance

of

Institutions

of

HigherFF5.

The

financial

performance

of

Uganda

Martyrs

University

has

always

been

ingreat

shape

since

its

inception.

FDatabankPractice

these

patterns

andexpressions

often

used

in

writing

aproposal.1.1研究目的、问题及假设:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：The

following

research

questions

and

objectives

will

be

treated

in

this study.The

main

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

conduct

exploratory

qualitative research

to

investigate

online

faculty

members

teaching

philosophies and

what

contributes

to

or

inhibits

their

satisfaction

with

onlineteaching.)

The

intent

of

this

study

is

to

design

and

develop

a

computer-based learning

environment

in

the

form

of

a

digital

game.)

One

of

the

key

questions

guiding

this

inquiry

is

what

elementscontribute

to

or

inhibit

satisfaction

with

online

teaching

for

facultymembers?The

focus

of

the

research

is

on

how

a

problem-based

learning

(PBL

) digital

game

may

be

able

to

promote

continuing

motivation

to

learnscience.

Thus,

there

are

three

aspects

to

this

research

that

come

togetherin

a

meaningful

way.The

hypotheses

are

as

follows.7)

The

following

research

hypotheses

is

basically

derived

from

theavailable

liter

ature

but

refined

to

suit

the

scenario

at

hand.8)

In

particular

the

researcher

will

focus

on

the

following

specificobjectives.1.2研究本论题意义及价值:一般现在时、现在完成时、将来时，如：1)

This

study

is

significant

to

deciphering

their

roles

in

alleviatingpoverty

within

the

local

government.The

study

will,

therefore,

be

useful

to

the

micro

and

medium

scale enterprises.The

information

to

be

gained

through

this

study

has

profound

merit for

academicians

as

well

as

basic

and

applied

science

researchers.It

is

also

the

researcher臉s

belief

that

invaluable

benefits

tomanagement

and

those

charged

with

governance

in

Institutions

ofHigher

L

earning

will

emerge.The

study

will

also

add

to

the

existing

knowledge

bank

regarding internal

controls.Possible

benefits

of

this

research

include

contributing

to

a

better understanding

of

online

faculty

members.The

potential

benefits

to

be

gained

by

persons

participating

in

this study

are⋯⋯The

studies

conducted

to

explore

the

needs,

desires,

dreams,

andfrustrations

of

online

faculty

will

help

us

to

better

understand

whatmake

them

satisfied

with

their

work

in

Web-based

learningenvironments.1.3该论题的研究现状(文献综述):一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：Proponents

of

microfinance

agree

that

it

has

the

tendency

to

break poverty臉s

vicious

cycle.On

the

other

hand

are

cr

itics

such

as

Dale

Adams

of

Ohio

State University

who

questioned

the

rationale

behind

the

goals

and expectations.Most

studies

on

poverty

alleviation

and

microfinance

concentrated on

women.Background

liter

ature

related

to

job

satisfaction

and

dynamics

offaculty

participation

in

Web-based

distance

education

is

examined,to

provide

grounding

related

to

the

research

questions

of

this

study.The

review

of

liter

atureis

divided

into

three

sections.According

to

Shola

(2008:

496),

“the

pervasiveness

and

persistenceof

poverty

in

Nigeria

is

a

massive

betrayal

of

her

r

ich

resource

base.”Bangladesh,

being

the

tr

aditional

home

of

microfinance development,

has

witnessed

increased

studies.The

study

posits

that

40%

of

Bangladeshi

citizens

live

below

the poverty

line.1.4研究方法及步骤:一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时，如：Qualitative

methods

will

be

used

in

this

exploratory

study

to explore

interactions

related

to

the

common

experiences

of

higher education

faculty

membersQualitative

methods

are

the

best

choice

for

this

research

because qualitative

methods

allow

the

researcher

to

listen

to

the

views

of the

research

participants,

while

focusing

on

the

natural

setting or

context.Qualitative

research

methods

are

unsurpassed

for

research problems

where

the

variables

are

unknown

and

need

to

be explored.This

study

is

situated

within

a

constructivist

paradigm.Design-based

research(DBR)

is

the

research

paradigm

used

in this

study.Many

researchers

in

motivation

recognize

the

benefit

of

using mixed

methods

to

provide

a

full

and

in

depth

explanation

ofstudent

motivation.The

research

design

consists

of

both

exploratory

and explanatory

components.The

project

will

involve

12

months

of

fieldwork.1.5研究中存在的局限性:一般现在时、将来时，如：1)

Hence,

the

data

gathered

in

each

setting

are

very

dependent

onthese

contexts.Therefore,

the

context

of

each

case

study

will

limit

the generalizability

of

the

findings.Given

the

small

sample

size

of

this

study,

this

must

be

taken

inconsideration,

and

may

impact

the

validity

of

the

findings.L

imitations

due

to

measuring

and

interpretation

extend

toquantitative

findings

and

validity,

as

well.5)

The

results

of

this

study

will

apply

only

to

those

individualswith

great

learning

motivation.These

limitations

are

clearly

true

of

the

results

of

this

study.The

major

limitation

of

the

study

is

that

a

lot

of

research

has been

done

on

Financial

Performance,

but

the

Researcherwanted

to

deviate

from

the

obvious.This

area

of

study

can

provide

a

scientific

basis

for

promising interventions

that

may

yield

positive

outcomes

and

fill

the currently

existing

gaps

in

knowledge.2.

Read

the

following

tips

for

writing

a

research

proposal.A

typical

research

proposal

will

be

somewhere

between

one

andtwo

thousand

words.

While

we

do

not

insist

on

a

definite

format,

weshould

keep

the

following

in

mind:Begin

by

explaining

the

subject

area

and

providing

an

indication of

the

key

theoretical,

policy

or

empirical

debates.Present

a

brief

literature

review

relating

to

your

research

proposal, and

discuss

the

research

questions

you

plan

to

address.Make

your

research

proposal

as

specific

and

focused

as

possible.Indicate

the

research

methods

most

suited

to

your

area

of

research.Provide

an

indication

of

how

you

might

collect

any

relevant

data

if your

proposed

research

involves

empirical

work.Include

a

bibliography

with

your

research

proposal.COMMON

PROBL

EMSFailure

to

provide

the

proper

context

to

fr

ame

the

research question.Failure

to

delimit

the

boundary

conditions

for

your

research.Failure

to

cite

landmark

studies.Failure

to

accurately

present

the

theoretical

and

empirical contributions

by

other

researchers.Failure

to

stay

focused

on

the

research

question.Failure

to

develop

a

coherent

and

persuasive

argument

for

the proposed

research.Too

much

detail

on

minor

issues,

but

not

enough

detail

on major

issues.Too

much

rambling

--

going

"

all

over

the

map"

without

a

clear

sense

of

direction.

(The

best

proposals

move

forward

with

ease

and

grace

like

a

seamless

r

iver.)Too

many

citation

lapses

and

incorrect

references.1.

Complete

the

following

sentences

by

tr

anslating

Chinese

into

English.1)(本文主要目的是探讨数字游戏能否激发)students

to

continuelearning

academic

subjects,after

instruction

has

ended.2)(本论文旨在研究的问题是)what

the

psychological

dimensionsof

continuing

motivation

are.3)Design-based

research(DBR)is

the(本论文的研究范式).Task

RealizationThe

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

investigate

whether

digital

games

can

motivateThe

research

questions

for

this

dissertation

isresearch

paradigm

used

in

this

dissertation4)What's

more,(工具方面存在一定的局限性)used

to

measurethe

human

consciousness.5)(目前存在大量的文献)on

digital

games,problem-basedlearning

environments,

continuing

motivation,

interest,

attitudetoward

science,

and

design-based

research.6)The

grounded

theory

constructivist

approach

will

be

used

toanalyze(定性分析所获取的数据)to

address

all

the

researchquestions.there

is

a

limitation

of

the

instrumentsThe

research

questions

for

this

dissertation

isThe

research

questions

for

this

dissertation

is2.

Translate

the

following

Chinese

of

problem

statements

in

aresearch

proposal.本文主要探讨的问题是在课堂教学结束后，数字游戏能否具有激发学生继续学习的作用。调查重点为一款需要一定科学知识和技能才能够解决问题的游戏能否激发学生的热情，从而使其在教学结束后仍有兴趣继续理科的学习。因此三个方面的研究被纳入此次调查，分别是：数字游戏，基于问题的学习和学习理科的持续动力。以下是本论文中要探讨的几个问题：①一款名为‘拯救外行人Ⅲ’的游戏能够使学生具有持续学习理科的动力吗？在课堂教学结束后学习理科的持续动力会随时间而发生变化吗？②持续的动力会因任务不同而不同吗？③持续动力的心理学范式是什么样的？课堂已学知识和持续动力有关系吗？④在以后的课堂学习中具有持续动力和在课外学习中具有持续动力是同一回事吗？The

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

investigate

whether

digital

games

canmotivate

students

to

continue

learning

academic

subjects,

afterinstruction

has

ended.

In

particular,

this

is

a

study

about

motivatingstudents

to

continue

learning

science

from

playing

a

digital

game

thatpresents

a

complex

problem

requiring

scientific

knowledge

and

skills

tosolve.

Thus,

there

are

three

aspects

to

this

research

that

come

togetherin

a

meaningful

way:

digital

games,

problem-based

learning,

andcontinuing

motivation

to

learn

science.

The

following

are

the

researchquestions

for

this

dissertation:①

Can

playing

a

problem-based

learning

game,

Alien

Rescue

III,

promotecontinuing

motivation

to

learn

science?

Does

continuing

motivation

tolearn

science

change

over

time

after

completion

of

instruction?②

Is

continuing

motivation

task

specific?③

What

are

the

psychological

dimensions

of

continuing

motivation?

Isthere

a

relationship

between

the

knowledge

gained

during

instructionand

continuing

motivation?④

Does

continuing

motivation

to

learn

in

future

classroom

instructiondiffer

from

continuing

motivation

to

learn

outside

of

the

classroom?3.

Read

the

research

proposal

on

page

22-24

andcomplete

the

table.Purpose

of

theresearchL

iter

ature

reviewHypothesisResearch

plansignificance3.

Read

the

research

proposal

on

page

22-24

andcomplete

the

table.Purpose

of

theresearchThe

overall

objective

is

to

understand

how

severe

waterscarcity

affects

reciprocal

exchange

relationships

and

socialrelationships

in

a

marginal

urban

setting.Literature

reviewThe

existence

and

quality

of

intracommunity

ties

has

long

been

recognized

as

a

factor

that

determines

how

conflicts

evolve

over

scarce

resources

and

other

threats

(Simmel1904

[1955],

Coser

1956,

Mack

1965).HypothesisH1.

Generalized

reciprocal

exchanges

will

occur

more

frequentlyin

the

wet

season

than

in

the

dry

season.H2.

Social

interactions

will

occur

more

frequently

in

the

wetseason

than

in

the

dry

season.H3.

During

the

dry

season,

households

with

more

water

willengage

in

more

generalized

reciprocal

exchanges

than

willhouseholds

with

less

water.Re

searchPlanThe

research

will

proceed

in

two

phases.

During

thefirst

phase,

I

willselect

a

60-household

purposive

sample,

create

and

test

interviewprotocols,

choose

key

informants,

and

train

a

research

assistant.

Thefirst

phase

will

lay

the

groundwork

for

the

second,

so

that

I

will

beprepared

to

complete

a

baseline

assessment

of

exchange

and

socialinteractions

before

the

dry

season

begins

in

May.

During

the

secondphase,

I

will

conduct

in-depth

interviews

with

key

informants

andfour

ethnographic

interviews

with

each

household

in

the

sample.

Atthe

end

of

the

second

phase,

I

will

conduct

a

series

of

experimentaleconomic

games

to

determine

the

norms

oftrust

and

reciprocity

in

thecommunity.SignificanceThis

research

will

contribute

to

two

areas

ofsocial

science

inquiry:

urban

anthropologyand

environment-conflict

theory.

Theresearch

will

be

the

first

study

to

examine

ifand

how

urban

social

support

relationshipsare

transformed

by

severe

water

scarcity.Understanding

how

reciprocal

exchange

andsocial

ties

are

strained

during

periods

ofsevere

deprivation

will

contribute

to

efforts

tounderstand

the

dynamics

involved

in

conflictover

environmental

resources.煉1.Go

to

the

library

or

Internet

to

find

one

researchproposal

in

one

of

the

top

journals

in

your

academicfield,and

then

analyze

its

structure.煉2.Read

the

dissertation

proposal

on

page

25-30.Identify

the

main

idea

of

each

part.煉3.Read

the

research

proposal

on

page

31-33.Try

toidentify

the

kinds

of

information

included

and

theorder

in

which

the

information

is

presented.Task

Transfe

rUnit

TwoWriting

Up

an

Intr

oductionTask

ObjectiveIn

this

unit

you

will

learn

how

to

write

an

introduction

for

aresearch

pape

r.导言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：研究课题总的背景、研究意义、研究现状和尚存 在的问题(Background/Setting)文献综述(Lite

rature

Re

view)研究的主题或问题(Subje

ct

or

Problem)4.研究目的(Purpose)5.研究价值、意义或论文结构(Value

or

Structure)通常，撰写研究论文导言分如下三步走：煉第1步(Move

1)：确定研究领域(Background)1a陈述这一研究领域是重要的(important)、主要的(ce

ntral)、令人感兴趣的(inte

resting)或有重大作用的(re

levant)（可选项）1b介绍和综述本领域研究现状（必选项）煉第2步(Move

2)：确定研究主题或问题(Subje

ct

or

Problem)2a指出先前研究之不足，对此提出疑问，或拓展先前研究成果（必选项）煉第3步(Move

3)：简述研究主题或问题(Purpose,Findings,Structure)3a概述本研究目的或性质（必选项）3b简述主要发现或贡献（可选项）3c介绍论文结构（一般研究论文中为可选项，学位论文中为必选项）导言长短视论文的篇幅而定，各部分内容侧重点和比例也因论文的内容、目的而不尽相同。通常在学位论文中，文献综述部分会作为独立的结构占据一章或两三章。导言的内容信息从大到小、从宽泛到具体，即从综述研究领域的概况、课题的背景开始，逐步发展到具体的研究问题。这种结构犹如一个倒三角。如下图：Ge

neralSpecificbriefly

as

possible.Task

Preparation

1Read

Sample

1

The

Positions

of

SentenceConnectors

inAcademic

English,

and

answer

the

questions

asDivide

the

text

into

the

three

basic

moves.Where

would

you

divide

Move

1

into

1a

and

1b?What

kind

of

Move

2

is

used?What

kind

of

Move

3a

is

used?Underline

or

highlight

any

words

or

expressionssignaling

the

start

of

each

move.煉1.Divide

the

text

into

the

three

basic

moves.煉2.Where

would

you

divide

Move

1

into

1aand

1b?煉3.What

kind

of

Move

2is

used?煉4.What

kind

of

Move

3a

is

used?Keys:Sentences

1~8,

Move

2:

Sentence

9,

Move

3:

Sentence

10.1a:

Sentences

1~3,

1b:

Sentences

4~8.Indicating

a

gap

in

the

previous

research

by

extendingprevious

knowledge.Starting

the

nature

of

the

present

research.煉5.Underline

or

highlight

any

words

orexpressions

signaling

the

start

of

each

move.Move

1a:

Many

commentators

have

notedthat

⋯

are

an

important

and

useful

element

in

⋯Move

1b:

Frequency

studies

⋯

extend

at

least

asfar

back

as

⋯Move

2:

However,

neither

of

these

studiesprovides

any

descriptive

evidence

of

⋯Move

3:In

the

present

paper,

we

report

on

apreliminary

study

of

⋯煉Read

Sample

2

A

framework

of

enterprisecrisis

management:

determinants,

processes,and

outcomes,

and

supply

the

missinginformation

by

filling

in

the

blanks

numbered1-4

regarding

the

moves

of

writing

anintroduction.

Pay

more

attention

to

thehighlighted

words

and

underlined

expressions.Task

Preparation

2研究背景指出先前研究之不足本研究的意义本研究的目的Keys:Complete

the

following

outline

of

theIntroduction

part

for

Sample

3

Motivatingservice

re-use

with

a

web

service

ontologylearning.Task

Preparation

2Introductionch:a.OWL-Sa

number

of

mapping

algorithms

proposedI.

Establishing

the

research

territory:

We

b

service

domainontologiesImportance

or

relevance:

We

b

service

domain

ontologiesare

the

general

means.Review

of

previous

resear

Much

research

focusing

on

anupperontology

of

services,

semantic

description

for

services

and

serviceelementsII.

Establishing

the

research

problem2.1.

Challenge:he

research3.2.

Contrie:bution:to

develop

ontologies

from

existing

services

and

toenable

those

ontologies

to

adapt

and

evolve

in

linewith

the

domain

and

any

demandsthis

avenue

not

well

explored

however2.2.

Gap:III.

Stating

t

to

develop

an

OL

methodology3.1.

Purpos

developing

an

automated

pattern

identificationprocess

and

a

pattern-matching

algorithm

toidentify

taxonomic

and

non-taxonomic

relations5

sectionsDatabankPractice

these

patterns

andexpressions

often

used

in

writing

aproposal.1.1研究的背景、意义、现状：一般现在时、现在完成时，如：煉1)Spot

welding

is

the

most

widely

used

joiningmethod

in

the

automobile

manufacturingindustry.煉2)Accurate

prediction

of

springback

for

sheetmetal

forming

process

is

vital

to

the

design

oftools

used

in

automotive

sheet

stampingoperations.煉3)Semiconductor

based

industry

has

becomethe

largest

industry

for

the

USA

and

it

hasinfluenced

every

other

industry

and

everyaspect

of

human

life.煉4)The

battery

technology

has

become1.2突出研究主题或研究领域：多用现在完成时，常用被动语态，如：煉1)Benefits

of

semantics

on

web

service

composition

havebeen

extensively

investigated

in

recent

years.煉2)Recently,there

has

been

growing

concern

about

waste-water

biosolid,

the

residual

organic

matter

produced

duringwaste

water

treatment.煉3)There

have

been

numerous

publications

over

the

lastdecade

on

the

need

for

nursing

education

to

keep

pace

withthe

increase

in

knowledge

of

biological

science.煉4)Researchers

have

become

more

interested

inenvironmental

indicators.煉5)The

increasing

interest

in

the

causes

of

haze

hasheightened

the

need

for

the

development

of

electr

ic

vehiclesin

response

to

the

public

demand

for

cleaner

air.1.3在文献综述时，时态运用常分如下三种情况：煉1.3.1提及单一研究，一般过去时，如：煉1)J

ones(1987)investigated

the

causes

of

illiter

acy.煉2)The

causes

of

illiter

acy

were

investigated

by

J

ones(1987).1.3.2提及研究领域，现在完成时，如：煉1)The

causes

of

illiter

acy

have

been

widelyinvestigated

(J

ones

1987,

Ferrara

1990,

Hyon

1994).煉2)There

have

been

several

investigations

into

thecauses

of

illiter

acy

(J

ones

1987,

Ferrara

1990,

Hyon1994).煉3)Several

researchers

have

studied

the

causes

ofilliter

acy.1-3煉1.4指出先前研究不足或尚存在的问题、拓展现有知识：一般现在时、现在完成时煉1.4.1句子使用含有否定意味的词，如：definitely

or

strongly

negative

wordsneutral

or

slightlynegative

wordsverbsneglect

to

considerignoredisregardconcentrate

onfail

to

considerunderestimatemisinterpretbe

restricted

tooverlookoverestimatesuffer

frombe

limited