现代英语词汇学概论构词法省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课件

Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法

3.3.1Prefixation加前缀

3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法1/86Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.2/86undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.3/862)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalize4/86desirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)5/863.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?6/86Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentback7/86Therelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.

E.g.flowerpot

Solid:flowerpot

Hyphenated:flower-pot

Open:flowerpot8/862.Phonologicalcriterion:

Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.

Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.

E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottle9/863.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.

E.g.

10/86E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecan

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannot

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts

back11/86Theclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandadverbial动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系……12/86thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.13/86Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming答案：C14/86风蚀岩石weather-beatenrocks日晒健康肤色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵人afault-findingperson破纪录速度arecord-breakingspeed免税tax-free无忧无虑care-free防火fire-proof隔音sound-proof滴水不漏water-tight密封，不漏气air-tight没膝深knee-deep齐肩高shoulder-high终生lifelong晶莹剔透Crycle-clear苦乐参半bittersweet谈论话题talked-abouttopic杜撰故事made-upstory24小时看管round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查makeanonthesopinspection15/863.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.back16/86Derivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erback17/86Acombiningform[构词成份]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanicstelevisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephone18/86Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成份]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[构词成份]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[构词成份]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.back19/863.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebase20/86Classificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（时间次序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（惯用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-

back21/86SomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-/anti-Anti-JapaneseWar抗日战争抗体antibodyant-/anti-:against非正统艺术anti-art非传统英雄anti-heroant-/anti-:unliketradition2.aster-,astr-,astro-astronautaster-,astr-,astro-:star占星家astrologer小行星asteroid3.aut-,autoautobiographyaut-,auto-:self独裁者autocrat自治权autonomy22/864.bio-bio-:life生物学biology传记biography5.chron-,chronochron-,chrono:time编年史chronicle在时间上一致synchronize时代错误anachronism6.dem-,demo-dem-,demo-:people民主政治democratic流行epidemic7.derm-,dermato-derm-,dermato:skin真皮dermis表皮epidermis皮下hypodermic23/868.geo-地质学geologygeo-:earth几何学geometry9.gen-,genea-gen-,genea-:race家系，谱系genealogy起源，发生genesis庞杂，异类heterogeneousheteromorphy[生]异态性heteronomy他治，不自治heterosexual10.meter-,metr-meter-,metr-:measure计时器chronometer体温计thermometer十进制metrication11.onym-,onomatro-onym-,onomatro-:word匿名anonymous笔名，假名pseudonym同义词synonym受支配词hyponym24/8612.ortho-ortho-:correct

orthography正字法正统orthodox整形外科医生orthopedist13.pan-,panto-pan,panto-:complete泛美洲Pan-America宽屏幕电视/电影panavision全景panorama万灵药panacea14.prot-,proto-prot-,proto-:first原型prototype原始形式protomorph15.therm-,thermo-therm-,thermo-:heat体温计thermometer热核thermonuclear热，温泉thermal25/86Someproductiveprefixes1.a-,an-+表述性v.a-,an-:1）处于某状态2）缺乏alive不讲道德amoral无政府anarchy2.co-,con-,col-,cor-+n./v.co-,con-,col-,cor-:1)结合，联合，共同2)相互关系合作cooperate同时发生concur符合，相当correspond同事colleague26/863.counter-+v./抽象n.counter-:与……相反，反还击counterattack对应一方counterpart反主流文化分子counterculturist4.dis-+adj./v.dis-:与…相反，不不老实dishonest不恪守disobey5.eco-+adj./n.eco-:生态生态危机ecocrisisecocide生态灭绝6.fore-+n.fore-:1)前部2)先前额forehead预言forecast首要foremost27/867.in-+adj./v./n.in-:1)不，与相反2)向内不完全incomplete不礼貌impolite不合逻辑illogical雕刻inscribe移入immigrate8.inter-+v./n./adj.inter-:在之间政府间intergovernmental调停者intermediary州际interstate28/869.mini-+n.P46mini-:1)小，微2）短暂超短裙miniskirt微型汽车minibus短暂危机minicrisis10.mis-+v./分词/抽象名词mis-:错误，歧途误解misunderstanding引入歧途mislead不幸mislead29/8611.out-+n./v.out-:超出活得比长outlive以智取胜outwit12.over-+v./adj./n.over-:1）过于，过分2）上方过分自信overconfident溢出overflow高估overestimate13.post-+n./adj.post-:在…之后附言postscript博士后post-doctor14.pre-+n./adj.pre:在…之前预习preview史前prehistory30/8615.sub-+adj./n.sub:下、次小标题subtitle低于正常subnormal16.trans-+n.trans-:跨越，穿过运输transport移植transplant变形transform17.super-+adj./n.super:1）超，极2）顶级3）在…之上超级明星superstar上层建筑superstructure18.under-+n./v./ved.under:在之下；不足下划线underline公共设施不足under-serviced31/86NumberPrefixes1.oneone:mon(o)-(G)uni-(L)独白Monologue一夫一妻制Monogamy不分性别Unisex独一无二unique2.twotwo:di-(G)/bi-(L)对话dialogue二氧化物dioxide双语bilingual双边bilateral32/863.doubledouble:amphi-(G)ambi-(L)两栖amphibian模棱两可amphibology歧义ambiguity4.threethree:tri-(L)三角形triangle三轮车tricycle5.fourfour:quadri-(L)四边形quadrangle6.fivefive:pent(a)-(G)quint-(L)五角大楼pentagon五重奏quintet33/867.sixsix:hexa-(G)/sex-(L)六角形hexagon六重奏sextet7.Ninenine:enne-(G)non-(L)九边形enneagon/nonagon九重奏nonet8.tenten:deca-(G)/deci-(L)十年Decade十进制Decimalism9.halfhalf:hemi-(G)/semi-(L)半球Hemisphere半圆Hemicycle/semicircle半殖民地semicolonial34/8610.manymany:poly-(G)/multi-(L)多元polycentric多民族multi-racial11.hundredhundred:hecto-(G)/cent-(L)百米hectometer厘米centimeter蜈蚣centipedeback35/863.3.2Suffixation加后缀Questions:1.Whatissuffixation?2.Theclassificationofderivation.3.Someproductivesuffixes.36/86ProductivesuffixesonP501.ablechangeable,variable,knowledgeablechangeable=beabletobechanged

vt.+ableadj.Variable=abletovary

vi.+ableadj.knowledgeable=knowalot

n.+ableadj.

havingthestatedqualityorcondition37/862.–er他教书教得很好。Heteachesverywell.Heisagoodteacher.38/863.ride-in,swim-in

v.-in:

protestingagainstracialdiscriminationpublicdemonstrationsit-in,lie-in,work-inbe-in,drop-in,sing-in,

socialgatheringdrive-in39/864.–yrisky,dirty

n.-yadj.

fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…Sleepy

v.-yadj.

havingatrendyto,inclinedto…40/86harmful,wonderful,useful,meaningful,joyfulhandful,mouthful,spoonful1.n.+-ful=adj.-ful=befullofahelpsuggestion=asuggestionisfullofhelparesentfullook=alookisfullofresentaeventfullife=alifeisfullofevents2.n.+-ful=n.

-ful=所容量ahandfulofnuts

41/86postal,sensational,tropical,philosophical

n.+-al=adj.

-al=about42/86ambitious,desirous,dangerous

n.+-ous=adj.

-ous=befullof43/86同根近义词(P54)continuance,continuation,continuityContinuance=continue+ancethestateofcontinuingContinuation=continue+actiontheactofcontinuingContinuity=continue+itythequalityofbeingcontionuous44/86sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.45/86Sensitive/sensibleSensitive=sense+tivebefullofsense(n.)e.g.asensitiveskin=theskinisfullofsense1)敏感

besensitivetoridiculebesensitiveaboutone’sappearance2)灵敏；神经过敏；轻易生气Sensible=sense+able=canbesensed(vt.)e.g.asensibleerror1)感以为到，显著Iamsensibleofyourkindness.2)知道3)明智asensible46/863.–ish/-likeN.→Adj.e.g.childish/childlike-ish:derogatory47/861.Thetalkshadbeen___butmuchremainedtobedone.A.fruitfulB.effectiveC.advantageousD.validfruitful:producinggoodresults富有成效，收效很多effective:havingapleasingeffect有效E.g.takeeffectivemeasures答案：A48/862.Thecomingoftherailwaysinthe1830s___oursocietyandeconomiclife.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmittedHehopedthefirmwould_____himtotheParisbranch.A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove答案：CSomediseasesare_____bycertainwateranimals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted答案：DAmericanfootballandbaseballarebecomingknowtotheBritishpublicthroughtelevised_____fromtheUnitedStates.A.transferB.deliveriesC.transportationD.transmissions答案：D49/86Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_____period;andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe_____fromfalltowinter.A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer答案：ＣHeattendstothe_____ofimportantbusinesshimself.A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡItwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial_____willbeconductedbycomputer.A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations答案：Ａ50/86transform:tochangecompletelyinform,appearance,ornaturee.g.transformheatintopowertransport:tocarry(goods,people,etc.)fromoneplacetoanother.51/86transfer:1.tomovefromoneplace,job,position,toanother;2.tomovefromonevehicletoanotherinthecoursee.g.transferproductionofthenewspapertoitsnewplanttransferthatfootballplayertoanotherteamtransferfromthetraintoabustransmit:1.tosendout(electricsignals,messages,etc.)byradio;2.tosendorpassfromoneperson,place,orthingtoanothere.g.Thisinfectionistransmittedbymosquitoes.Theinformationistransmittedfromonecomputertoanotherthroughatelephoneline.52/861.variety/variationA.Therearewideregional____inhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawide____ofcolors.2.incredible/incredulousA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely

____story.B.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher___smile.C.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

53/863.imaginary/imaginativeA.

____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.B.

Itisonlyan____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.4.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisavery_____person.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.

54/866.subtle/delicateA.

Thereisavery_____differencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.

Thisisa_____situation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedvery______,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’t_____.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwas_____ofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbe_______?

back55/86–al/–ation/-mentV.→N.-al:theactionof某行为E.g.arrival,approval-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作造成状态或机构E.g.education,interpretation,organization-ment:动作过程E.g.arrangement,development,movement(选讲该页)56/86–ity/-nessAdj.→N.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例e.g.diversity,equalitywithgreatregularity=regularlySuchstupidities=stupidactionsorremarks-ness:thecondition,quality,ordegreeofbeing状态、品质、程度e.g.carelessness,frankness,selfishness(选讲该页)57/861.variety/variationA.

Therearewideregionalvariationsinhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawidevarietyofcolors.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例variety:anumberorcollectionofdifferentsortsofthesamegeneraltype种类-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作造成状态或机构variation:(adegreeof)thefactofvarying差异，变动程度back58/862.incredible/incredulouscred(it):believeincredible=can’tbebelievedincredulous=befullofunbelief=showingdisbelief

A.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely_____story.

incredibleB.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher_____smile.

incredulousC.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

incredulousback

59/863.imaginary/imaginativeA.

_____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.imaginativeB.Itisonlyan_____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.

imaginarycustomary-ary:concerning;aboutback60/864.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisaverysensiblethingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoosensitive.P33back61/865.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisaveryexcitableperson.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.Excitable:(ofapersonoranimal)easilyexcitedExcited:fullofstrongfeelingsofexpectationandhappiness;nitcalme.g.TheexcitedchildrenwereopeningtheirChristmaspresents.back62/866.subtle/delicateA. Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B. Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C. Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.back63/86Subtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplain

difficulttounderstand难了解→微妙e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemindback64/86Delicate:adj.a.needingcarefulhandling,esp.becauseeasilybrokenordamagede.g.Becarefulwiththosewineglassesthey’reverydelicate.b.needingcarefultreatmentinordertoavoidfailureortroublee.g.adelicatesituationThenegotiationsareataverydelicatestage.c.easilymadeille.g.adelicatechildd.finelymadeinawaythatshowsgreatskille.gadelicatepieceofworkmanshipe.(ofataste,smell,etc.)pleasingbutnotstrongandperhapsnoteasytorecognize.e.g.adelicateflavour/smellback65/86

7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’tworthwhile.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwasworthyofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbeworth?back66/86worth:prep.(esp.afterbe)havingthestatedvaluee.g.It’sworthmuchmorethanIpaidforit.Thispieceoflandisworth$44,500.Howmuchisyoucarworth.worthy:adj.1.[A(attributive)]deservingrespectorseriousconsideratione.g.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.2.[+of/to-v]deservinge.g.aperformanceworthytoberememberedworthyofadmirationworthwhile:adj.deservingtheeffortneededthetimeormoneyspent,etc.e.g.Wehadalongwait,butitwasworthwhilebecausewegotthetickets.back67/863.4Conversion词类转换法Questions:1.Whatis“conversion”?Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?2.Thetypesofconversion68/86词类转换法conversionfunctionalshiftderivationbyzerosuffixfunctionalshift:concernedwithusageonlynotwithword-formationderivationbyzerosuffix:longandcumbersome;clarifyonlysomethingminor,notcrucial69/86P703.illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.”70/86Thetypesofconversionnoun→verbconversion(themostproductive)verb→nounconversionadj.→verbconversionadj.→nounconversionotherconversions71/86noun→verbconversionWhyistheconversionfromnountoverbthemostproductiveprocessofconversion?1)apreponderanceofnounsoververbs2)thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglish72/86Majortypesundern.→v.conversionTheworkerscanned

apples.putapplesincansThisroomwasflooredwithtitles.cagebirdsThequestioncertainlycorneredme.Hepocketedhiswallet.(a)

toputin/onN.73/86Theyshelteredtheorphans.

givesheltertotheorphanspillscoatedwithsugarsugaredpillsThebottleislabeledpoison.Thechildrosefromthegroundplasteredoverwithyellowclay.(b)

togive/provideN.74/86Billweededthegarden.

cutoffweedsinthegardencoreanapplepeelanorangedustacap(c)

toremoveN.75/86Johnbrakedthecar.stoppedthecarwithabrakescrewthetwopiecestogetherelbowone’swaythroughthecrowd(d)todosth.withN.76/86Shemotheredtheorphan