基础英语写作三课件市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

PartThreeTheParagraph基础英语写作三课件第1页1/74Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunityinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay.Aparagraphislikeamini-essay;itshouldbeunified,coherentandwelldeveloped.基础英语写作三课件第2页2/74Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic;whenthewriterwishestointroduceanewthoughtortopic,heshouldbeginanewparagraph.Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturallyandsmoothly,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.Therearemanywaystodevelopaparagraph,forexample,byprocess,bycauseandeffect,bycomparisonandcontrast,etc.基础英语写作三课件第3页3/74Ⅰ.EffectiveParagraphs

1.UnityUnityofaparagraphisconcernedwithitscontent.Ifallthesentencesintheparagraphleadtoonecentraltheme,theparagraphisunified.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Itoftenappearsatthebeginningoftheparagraph;however,itmayalsobefoundinthemiddleorattheendofaparagraph.基础英语写作三课件第4页4/74Forinstance:I’vedonemyshareofleaningontheirshouldersovertheyears.IneverfelttherewasanythingIcouldn’ttellmyMomandDad,andIamthekindwhohastogetitalloutwhenIhaveaproblem.Overtheyearsthey’vehearditall:thetimeinjuniorhighwhenoneboywasconstantlybuggingme,thetimeinhighschoolwhenIgotcaughtdrinking,thetimeIwreckedtheirVolkswagenRabbit,roughtimeswithmyformerboyfriend,andonandon….基础英语写作三课件第5页5/74Exercisesⅰ:Findoutthetopicsentenceofthefollowingparagraph:

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,somebeingmorecapablethanothers.Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.基础英语写作三课件第6页6/74Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual—thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisbroughtup.Ifanindividualisinpoorenvironment,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable.基础英语写作三课件第7页7/74Exercisesⅱ.Crossoutthesentencethatisnotconnectedtothetopicofthisparagraph:

Booksareplacedonthelibraryshelvesinnumericalorder.Inotherwords,allthebooksononesubjectareputtogetherunderthesamenumber;forexample,allbooksonUnitedStateshistoryarenumbered973,andareplacedtogetheronthe973shelforshelves.Ofcourse,suchbooksareborrowedmostlybystudentswholearnhistory.基础英语写作三课件第8页8/742.CoherenceCoherenceofaparagraphisconcernedwithitsform,oritsorganization.Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder,andthetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter’strainofthoughtandunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.基础英语写作三课件第9页9/74Forinstance:Thereissomefeelingnowadaysthatreadingisnotasnecessaryasitoncewas.Radioandespeciallytelevisionhavetakenoverfunctionsonceservedbypaintingandothergraphicarts.Admittedly,televisionservessomeofthesefunctionsextremelywell;thevisualcommunicationofnewsevents,forexample,hasenormousimpact.基础英语写作三课件第10页10/74Theabilityofradiotogiveusinformationwhileweareengagedindoingotherthings—forinstance,drivingacar—isremarkable,andagreatsavingoftime.Butitmaybeseriouslyquestionedwhethertheadventofmoderncommunicationsmediahasmuchenhancedourunderstandingoftheworldinwhichwelive.基础英语写作三课件第11页11/74Exerciseⅲ:Listedbelowareacontrollingideaandninesentencesthatdevelopthecontrollingidea.Renumberthesentencestoarrangetheminwhatyouthinkisthebestorder;thencomposeaparagraph,usingthecontrollingideaasyourfirstsentence.基础英语写作三课件第12页12/74Thecontrollingidea:SinceIbeganlivinginanapartmentandgoingtoschool,mybiggestproblemhasbeenthehousework.基础英语写作三课件第13页13/74a）Cookingmyfoodisabiggerproblem.b）Theworstproblemisdoingmylaundry.c）Cleaningtheapartmentisnottoobad;althoughittakestimeawayfrommystudies;atleastwhenIfinishtheapartmentlooksnice.基础英语写作三课件第14页14/74d）Sometimesthefoodisburned,sometimesitisnotcookedenough,andsometimesIhavenotmeasuredcorrectly,sothefoodtastesterrible.e）ShoppingformyfoodismoredifficultbecauseIdon’tknowtheEnglishnamesofmanyfoods,andoftenIhavetospendextratimeaskingforhelp.f）TheLaundromatisfarfrommyapartment,andIwastemuchvaluabletime.基础英语写作三课件第15页15/74g）Ihaveneverhadtocookbefore,andusuallytheresultsarediscouraging.h）MostlyIamembarrassedasIsitintheLaundromatwithallthewomen,andsoIwaituntilallmyclothesaredirtybeforeIdothisterribletask.i）Ialsohavetroublewiththecomplicatedinstructions,sooccasionallyIendupwithpinksocksorashirtthatistoosmall.基础英语写作三课件第16页16/743.TransitionCoherencemaynotbeperfectevenifthewriterarrangeshissentencesinaclear,logicalorder.Hehastousegoodtransitionssothatonesentencerunssmoothlytoanother.基础英语写作三课件第17页17/74Thefollowingwaysmayhelpthewritertoproduceafluentparagraph:

A)Usingparallelstructures;B)Repeatingwordsorwordsgroups;C)Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;基础英语写作三课件第18页18/74D)Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;E)Usingtransitionalexpressions．基础英语写作三课件第19页19/74a)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforspatialdevelopment:abovebeforemehereontheleftbelowthereinthedistanceontherightnearbynexttoontopofdowncloseto基础英语写作三课件第20页20/74b)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforchronologicaldevelopment:first,second,etcsooneventuallyinthemeantimethenfinallyafteranintervalnowafterpresentlylateratlast基础英语写作三课件第21页21/74c)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforanalyticaldevelopment:first,second,etcforthispurposeasaresultfurthermoremoreoverbutconsequentlyotherwiselikewiseforinstanceinadditiononthecontraryinthiscaseontheotherhandthusinconclusiontherefore基础英语写作三课件第22页22/74d)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforcomparison:anotherfurthermoreequallyimportantbesidesaccordinglyinfactinthesamewayinadditiontosimilarly基础英语写作三课件第23页23/74e)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforcontrasts:onthecontrarydifferentfromincontrastinspiteofwhereasyet,butnotonly…butalsothis…thattheformer…thelattersome…others…stillothersontheonehand…ontheotherhandthefirst…whereasthesecond基础英语写作三课件第24页24/74Exerciseⅳ:Readthefollowingpassagesandidentifythegrammaticalandlexicalcohesivedevicesinthem.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizationswecanevercometo.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.基础英语写作三课件第25页25/74Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Itliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthoserichandglamorouspeopleweweresosurearehappybecausetheyarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.基础英语写作三课件第26页26/74Key:

Atleastsixcohesivedevicesareemployedinthispassage.1).

Usepronounstoreplacenounornounphrases.e.g.Understandandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfun—it;

thoserichandglamorouspeople—they.2).Usedeterminers(the,this,that,etc)torefertopreviousnounphrases.

e.g.Thatnewcar;thosefancyclothes;thoserichandglamorouspeople.3).Repeatthekeywords.

e.g.happiness;fun;liberate.基础英语写作三课件第27页27/744).Usesynonymsorwordsofsimilarmeaningtoexpressthesameidea.

e.g.understanding—accepting;

time—hours;realization—understand;

money—buy.5.)userelatedwordforms.

e.g.Liberating—liberated,

happiness—happy;

us—our—we6).useparallelstructures.

e.g.Itliberatedtime…..itliberatedmoney……itliberatedusfromenvy……基础英语写作三课件第28页28/74

Exerciseⅵ:Readthefollowingparagraphcarefully.Inserttransitionalexpressionswherenecessary.YankelovichhelpsexplainthedilemmaofAmericanworkers.Mostwanttodotheirbest.Theydonotworkashardastheycould.

Theyfeelthatothersreceivethebenefitoftheirhardwork.Yankelovichdoesn’tseethisattitudeasasignofaweakworkethic.

基础英语写作三课件第29页29/74Hefeelstheattitudetowardworkwouldchangeifworkersmademoreofthedecisionsthataffecttheirwork.ThereisamessageformanagersinYankelovich’sfindings.Managersneedtoallowworkerstoexpresstheirneeds.Theyneedtolistentowhatworkerssay.基础英语写作三课件第30页30/74Ⅱ.WaysofDevelopingParagraph1.PlanningaParagraphParagraphsneedtobeplanned.First,thinkofthetopicorthemeofmainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence(topicsentence).Thenthinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea.Arrangetheminlogicalorder,andyouhavearoughplanoftheparagraph.基础英语写作三课件第31页31/742.DevelopmentbyTimeIntellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime:earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.基础英语写作三课件第32页32/74Forinstance:MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination—Bejing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.基础英语写作三课件第33页33/74Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,IwasdazzledbythebrightautumnskiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethanthirtyhoursandspentasleeplessnight,Ididn’tfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinBeijingwouldbeassunnyastheskies.基础英语写作三课件第34页34/743.DevelopmentbyProcessWhenyouhavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by-stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.基础英语写作三课件第35页35/74Forexample:Onceyouencounterapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing,youshouldbeginimmediatelytodomouth-to-mouthbreathing.First,placethevictimonhisbackandremoveanyforeignmatterfromhismouthwithyourfingers.Thentilthisheadbackwards,sothathischinispointingup.基础英语写作三课件第36页36/74Next,pullhismouthopenandhisjawforward,pinchhisnostrilsshuttopreventtheairwhichyoublowintohismouthfromescapingthroughhisnose.Thenplaceyourmouthtightlyoverthevictim’s.Blowintohismouthuntilyouseehischestrise.Thenturnyourheadtothesideandlistenfortheoutrushofairwhichindicatesanairexchange.Repeattheprocess….基础英语写作三课件第37页37/744.DevelopmentbySpaceBeforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly.Itwouldonlyconfusethereadertomentiontheminahaphazardway.基础英语写作三课件第38页38/74Forinstance:Mr.Cook,arenownedAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentoftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandthegrowthofthesouthernstates.基础英语写作三课件第39页39/74TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,thecowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Formthedescriptionabove,onecanseethatMr.CookeregardshisbookshelvesasmapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvenient.基础英语写作三课件第40页40/745.DevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralizationSupportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Anillustrationisacase,aspecimen,aninstance.Vividillustrationlightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable,orconvincing.基础英语写作三课件第41页41/74Ifaparagraphstartswithatopicsentence,thendetailedexamplesorillustrationsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement,thisisgeneral-to-specificpattern.基础英语写作三课件第42页42/74Forinstance:Mylittleniece,aten-monthbaby,isthemostlovelychildIhaveeverseen.Herfaceislikearedappleandhereyesarelikebrightstars.Whenyoucarryherinyourarms,shelikestoputherarmsaroundyourneck.Allthegrownupsinthefamilyloveherverymuchandoftentrytomakehersmile.Butquiteoftenitisshewhomakesuslaugh.OnceIwinkedatherandshesmiled.基础英语写作三课件第43页43/74WhenIdiditagain,shewatchedmeattentively.Thenshetriedtoimitate.Whileweclosedoneeyetowink,shehadtoclosebotheyesatthesametime,andthenquicklyopenedthemagain.Andthatwasherwaytowink.Weallburstintolaughter.Whenwelookedatheragain,shewasstaringatus,puzzled,asifshewasasking:“Whatareyoulaughingat?”基础英语写作三课件第44页44/74Anotherpossiblearrangementofdetails(orexamples)inaparagraphisfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thedetailsarementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesattheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthemainideaoftheparagraph.基础英语写作三课件第45页45/74Forexample:Whetheryoudoordonotopenagiftinthepresenceofthegiver;whetheryoushouldorshouldnotturntheplateovertolookatthemaker’ssymbolontheback;whetheryoueatasquietlyorasnoisilyaspossible;whetheryoucarryonaconversationduringameal;whetheryouwalkinfrontoforbehindaseatedperson;基础英语写作三课件第46页46/74whetheritisafriendlyoranoffensivegesturetoputyourhandonthearmsofthepersonwithwhomyouaretalking–theseandathousandotherquestionsaremattersofculturaldefinition.Noneoftheminherentlyrightorwrong,andnoneisgoodorbadmannersexceptassocietydefinesitso.基础英语写作三课件第47页47/746.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastThemethodofcomparisonandcontrastisoftenused.WecomparethepresentandthepastofChina,theculturesoftheeastandwest,ChineseandEnglish.Bycomparisonandcontrastingwemaygetaclearerpictureofthings.基础英语写作三课件第48页48/74Strictlyspeaking,acomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass,whileacontrast,thedifferencesbetweenthem.Inpractice,however,comparisonandcontrastoftenappeartogether,becausepeoplegenerallycomparetwothingsthataresimilarincertainwaysanddifferentinothers.基础英语写作三课件第49页49/74Forinstance:Someolepeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath…Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglyemergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.基础英语写作三课件第50页50/74Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietlyandintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwho,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue….(BertrandRussell)基础英语写作三课件第51页51/747.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectInourdailyconversation,questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Thisshowsthatcausalanalysisisverycommon;itissomethingwearefamiliarwith.基础英语写作三课件第52页52/74Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect.Thefirstmethodistostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecause.基础英语写作三课件第53页53/74Forinstance:thetopicsentenceis:“Inthepastfewyears,highereducationhasbecomelessimportanttoyoungpeoplethanitwaspreviously.”Thisisaneffect.Itshouldbefollowedbyadiscussionofthecausesofthiseffect,suchas“thepressureoffiercecompetition,betteropportunitiesinthejobmarket,muchoftheknowledgetaughtinuniversitiesandcollegesbeingout-dated”,andsoforth.基础英语写作三课件第54页54/74Thesecondmethodistostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.

Supposethetopicsentenceis:“MoreandmorefertilelandinChinaistakenupbynewbuildings.”Intherestoftheparagraphtheeffectsofthisdevelopmentshouldbementioned,suchas“thereductionofthegrainoutput,increasingenvironmentalproblems,toomanypeasantsmovingintothecities”,etc.基础英语写作三课件第55页55/748.DevelopmentbyClassificationToclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Weclassifymanythings:trees,rivers,cities,companies,collegestudents.Wegroupthingsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.基础英语写作三课件第56页56/74Parallelismisessentialtoagoodclassification.Forexample,ifweclassifytypesofsports,wemayspeakoftrackadfieldevents,swimming,ballgames,gymnastics,etc.ifweclassifysportsintojumping,ballgames,running,floorexerciseandbackstroke,wewouldviolateparallelism,forballgamesshouldbeconsideredageneralcategory,基础英语写作三课件第57页57/74whilejumpingandrunningaresubcategoriesofthetrackandfieldevents;gymnasticsisageneralcategory,andfloorexerciseaparticularformofit.Inshort,inagoodclassificationthepartsmustbeparallel,andtheyshouldadduptothewhole.基础英语写作三课件第58页58/74Forinstance:Therearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers—unread,untouched.Thisdeludedindividualownswoodpulpandink,notbooks.Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks—afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanasshinyasthedaytheywerebought.基础英语写作三课件第59页59/74Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.Thethirdhasafewbooksormany—everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(MortimerJ.Adler)基础英语写作三课件第60页60/749.DevelopmentbyDefinitionSometimes,toavoidconfusionormisunderstanding,wehavetodefineaword,term,orconceptwhichisunfamiliartomostreadersoropentovariousinterpretations.Therearethreebasicwaystodefineawordorterm:a)togiveasynonym;b)touseasentence(oftenwithanattributiveclause),andc)towriteaparagraphorevenanessay.基础英语写作三课件第61页61/74Forinstance:tomendmeanstorepairafellowisamanoraboy.Inkiscoloredwaterwhichweuseforwriting.基础英语写作三课件第62页62/74Butasynonymorasentencecannotgiveasatisfactorydefinitionofanabstracttermwhosemeaningiscomplex.基础英语写作三课件第63页63/74Wehavetowriteaparagraphoranessaywithexamplesornegativeexamples(whatthetermdoesnotmean),comparisons,withclassificationorcause-and-effectanalysis.基础英语写作三课件第64页64/74Forinstance:A“liberatedwoman”issimplyawomanwhocontrolsherownlife,ratherthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople,traditions,orexpectations.A“liberatedwoman”canbefoundpursuinganylineofwork,includinghousework,ornoworkatall.Shemayormaynotbemarried;shemayormaynothavebornechildren.基础英语写作三课件第65页65/74Shemaybelongtoanyrace;shemayhaveattainedanyage.Shemaybepoororwealthy,educatedorilliterate.Sheneedhaveonlyonetraitincommonwithher“liberatedsisters”:shemakesherownchoices,whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsoradvanceddegreessheseeks.Sheactsofherownvolition,responsibletoherself,andnotoutoffearofwhathermother,lover,orneighbormightsay.(KlarnerW.Harp)基础英语写作三课件第66页66/7410.DevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethodsWehavediscussedquiteafewmethodsfordevelopingparagraphs.Somet