Unit-4-Cause-and-Effect市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

Unit4CauseandEffect（因与果）1/62

LearningContent&Aim

1.LearningContent:Thisunitisaproject-basedstudyoneuthanasia(安乐死)andend-of-lifecare(临终关心).2.LearningAim:Thisunitisaimedatourlearningtoevaluate,synthesizeandorganizetheinformationinthepatternofcauseandeffect.2/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectQuestionstoThinkAbout:1.Whatiscauseandeffectindifferentsenses?2.Whataresignalwordsofcauseandeffect?3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?3/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect1.Whatiscauseandeffectindifferentsenses?

a.Thephilosophicalconceptofcausality([kɔ:‘zælɪtɪ]因果关系);b.AcentralconceptofBuddhism;seeKarma([’ka:mə]因果报应)inBuddhism;c.Thestatisticalconceptandtest;seeGrangercausality(格兰杰因果关系检测);d.Arelationshipbetweenactionsoreventssuchthatoneormorearetheresultoftheotherorothers;e.Theconceptthatanactionoreventwillproduceacertainresponsetotheactionintheformofanotherevent;alsowrittencause-effect,cause/effect.4/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect2.Whataresignalwordsofcauseandeffect?

owingto consequently theresultofdueto therefore theeffectofbecauseof accordingly theconsequenceofhaveaneffecton forthisreason asaresultofresultin itfollowsthat so…thatthecauseof nowthat forfearthatthanksto such…that owe…tooutof soas…to seeingthat5/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:a.singlecause---singleeffectpattern(一因一果模式)e.g.Maryfailedtheexambecauseshedidnotstudyhard.b.multiplecauses---singleeffectpattern(多因一果模式)Whenweanalyzethecausesofsomething,sometimesitmayinvolveanumberoffactorsormultiplecauseswhichproducethesingleeffect.Thecausesmaybeunrelatedtoeachother,butallarelinkedtotheeffect.Thispatternstartswithaneffectandexplainitscauses.Itcanbediagramedasfollows:Cause1---Cause2---EffectCause3---6/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:c.Singlecause---multipleeffectspattern(一因多果模式)Whenwedoacauseandeffectanalysis,acausemayproducemultipleresultsoreffectswhichcanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram:---Effect1Cause---Effect2---Effect3Forexample,indiscussingtheproblemofexcessiveconsumptionofsugar,researchersfindthatitcancontributetobloodsugarimbalances,toothdecay,hyperactivity(多动症)inchildren,weightgain,etc.,whicharesimplythemulti-effectsofthecause.7/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:d.thecausalchainpattern(因果关系链模式)Unlikethemultiplecauseandeffectanalysis,thecausesandeffectsinacausalchainarealwaysdirectlyrelatedorlinked.Inthispattern,eachcausehasaneffect,whichcanbethecauseofanothereffect,soonandsoforth.Thiscanbeillustratedasfollows:Cause1---Effect1---cause2---Effect2---cause3---effect3---cause4---effect48/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:d.thecausalchainpattern(因果关系链模式)Forinstance,anoverweightsmokerisinactivebecauseofshortnessofbreath.Hewenttoseethedoctorwhotoldhimtoquitsmoking.Hefollowedthedoctor’sadvice.Soonhewasabletobreathemoreeasily.Asaresult,hefeltbetterphysically.Hethenstartedanexerciseprogram.Asaresultofthisincreasedactivity,helostweight.Whatisshowninthisexampleisatypicaldomino-likecausalchainpattern.Thecausalchainpatternhastwomajoruses:a.Itisusefulforexplainingoneofthecausesinamultiple-causeessay;b.Itisfrequentlyusedinsciencetoanalyzevariouskindsofcyclessuchasbiologicalorchemicalchains.9/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?1)Whilewritingacauseandeffectessay,4stepsshouldbefollowed:a.Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect.b.Developyourthesisstatement(thestatementstatingthecausesortheeffectsthataretobediscussedintheessay).c.Findandorganizesupportingdetailsinthefollowingorder:*Chronologicalorder*Orderofimportance*Categoricalorderd.Usingappropriatetransitions.10/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?2)Theorganizationofcauseandeffectanalysisa.Theintroductorypart*Tostatethepurposedirectlyandprovidecertainbackgroundinformation.e.g.Everyyearthousandsofpeopleintheworlddieofdiseasesrelatedtosmoking.Smokinghasanumberofbadeffectsonpeople.…*TouseDramaticEntrancetointroducethebeginningpart.e.g.bydescribingadream,atruestory,etc.*Tostartwithaquotationbyanauthorityonthetopicorbyafamouspersonwhosayssomethingrelevanttowhatistobediscussedintheessay.b.Thedevelopmentpartofacauseandeffectessay

(Seethe4causeandeffectpatterns)11/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?2)Theorganizationofcauseandeffectanalysisc.Theconcludingpart*Reviewingthecausesoreffectsdiscussedintheessay.*Advisingthereaderormakingsomesuggestions.*Predictingthefuture.12/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?2)Theorganizationofcauseandeffectanalysisd.TransitionalexpressionsforreferenceforcauseandeffectanalysisTransitionalphrasesofpreposition:Becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,owingto,asaresultof,inconsequenceof,forthisreasonTransitionalphrasesofverb:Contributeto,leadto,resultfrom,resultin,becausedby,betheconsequence/resultof,accountforTransitionaladverbsoradverbialphrases:Accordingly,consequently,therefore,thus,thereby,forthisreasonTransitionalconjunctions:So,for,since,as,becauseTransitionalpatterns:Thisiswhy…;thereasonfor…isthat…13/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?

(P98)NewWords:1)Highbloodpressure/hypertension=高血压2)Essentialhypertension=原发性高血压3)Secondaryhypertension=继发性高血压4)diabetes=糖尿病5)Kidneydisease=肾病6)Adrenalglands=肾上腺7)Bloodvessel=血管8)Theartery=动脉9)atherosclerosis=动脉粥样硬化10)Heartfailure=心力衰竭11)Underlyingcause=根本原因；深层原因14/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?

(P98)

NewWords:12)Saltsensitive=盐过敏13)potassium=钾14)calcium=钙15)magnesium=镁16)Chronicalcoholconsumption=慢性饮酒17)Trigger(vt.)=引发19)Tumor(n.)=肿瘤20)Abnormality(n.)=畸形；变异21)Secrete(vt.)=分泌22)Hormone(n.)=荷尔蒙15/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?Questions:(P98)1)Whatdoyouknowaboutthecausesofhighbloodpressure?a.Foressentialhypertension,therearesuchcausesas:ageandrace;dietandlifestyle;obesity;diabetes;stress;insufficientintakeofpotassium,calcium,andmagnesium;lackofphysicalactivity;chronicalcoholconsumptionb.Forsecondaryhypertension,therearesuchcausesas:kidneydisease;tumors;otherabnormalities.16/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?Questions:(P98)2)Whatsupportingevidencemayoneresorttoinordertostrengthencauseandeffectessays?a.Thesupportingevidencesforessentialhypertension:*Highbloodpressuretendstoruninfamiliesandismorelikelytoaffectmenthanwomen.Ageandracealsoplayarole.IntheUnitedStates,blacksaretwiceaslikelyaswhitestohavehighbloodpressure,althoughthegapbeginstonarrowaroundage44.afterage65,blackwomenhavethehighestincidenceofhighbloodpressure.*Thelinkbetweensaltandhighbloodpressureisespeciallycompelling.b.Thesupportingevidencesforsecondaryhypertension:Hypertensioncanalsobetriggeredbytumorsorotherabnormalitiesthatcausetheadrenalglands(smallglandsthatsitatopthekidneys)tosecreteexcessamountsofthehormonesthatelevatebloodpressure.17/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?Questions:(P98)3)Whatmightbethereasonablesequencetoorganizesupportingdetailsincauseandeffectessays?Toorganizesupportingdetails,thefollowingthreesequencescanbeadopted:a.Chronologicalorderb.Orderofimportancec.Categoricalorder18/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?Questions:(P98)4)Whatarethecommontransitionalwordsandphrasestoblenddetailssmoothlyincauseandeffectessays?(locatetheminthetext)Thecommontransitionalwordsandphrasesare:because,contributeto,also,theunderlyingcause,otherfactors,theknowncauses.19/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectReading1WhatCausesHighBloodPressure?Questions:(P98)5)Whenaddressingcomplexissuesandprocessesincauseandeffectessays,whatqualifyingwordsandphrasescanoneresorttoinordertoexpressspeculation(n.推测)?Toexpressspeculation,thequalifyingwordsandphrasesonecanresorttoare:Contributeto,leadto,resultin,becausedby,betheconsequence/resultof,accountfor,accordingly,consequently,therefore,thus,thereby,asaresult,forthisreason,etc.20/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect

TheCausesfortheRiseinCancer(P100)Thelearningofthispartisconvertedintoparagraphdictation.Paragraph3:Secondly,accordingtoarecentgovernmentsurvey,airandwaterpollution,combinedwithwidespreaduseoffoodadditives(添加剂)andpesticides(杀虫剂),madecancerthetopkillerinChinainrecentyears.“Themainreasonbehindtherisingnumberofcancercasesisthatpollutionoftheenvironment,waterandairisgettingworsedaybyday,”saidChenZhizhou,ahealthexpertwiththecancerresearchinstituteaffiliated(隶属于)totheChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences.“Manychemicalandindustrialenterprisesarebuiltalongriverssothattheycandumpthewasteintowatereasily,”Chensaid,“Excessiveuseoffertilizers(化肥)andpesticidesalsopolluteundergroundwater.”“Thecontaminated(被污染)waterhasdirectlyaffectedsoil,cropsandfood,”headded.(Tobecontinued)21/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect

TheCausesfortheRiseinCancer(P100)Thelearningofthispartisconvertedintoparagraphdictation.Paragraph3:(Followingtheabove)Airpollutionisamajorcauseoflungcancers,asharmfulgranules(颗粒)enterthelungsandcannotbedischarged.Largeamountsofformaldehyde(甲醛)anditscompoundsusedinhouserenovationsandfurniturehasbeenblamedfordeterioration(恶化)inairquality.Inaddition,farmersuseadditivesonpigs,poultry(家禽)andvegetablestomakethemgrowfaster.InShangbaVillageofGuangdongProvince,forinstance,morethan250peoplediedofcancerfrom1987to.similarcaseswerealsoreportedinotherprovinces,withtheusageofheavily-pollutedwaterbeingthecommonfactor.22/62

Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect

TheCausesfortheRiseinCancer(P100)Thelearningofthispartisconvertedintoparagraphdictation.Paragraph4:Environmentalpollutioncanbedividedintotwokinds:personalandimpersonal.Personalpollutionmaybedefinedroughlyasunhealthyhabitssuchassmoking,drinking,andeatingthewrongfoods.Clearly,withenoughwillpowerwecancontrolthispersonalenvironment.Impersonalpollution,ontheotherhand,referstothosethingswhicharebeyondourindividualcontrol.Oneexamplewouldbeindustrialpollution,whichisveryhardtocontrolbecauseoftheexpensesthatareneeded.23/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaActNewWords:1)euthanasia(n.)=安乐死2)assistedsuicide=辅助自杀3)TheDutchEuthanasiaAct=荷兰安乐死法案4)dyspnoea(n.)=([disp‘ni:ə])呼吸困难5)cardiovasculardisease=心血管疾病6)COPD=ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease=慢性阻塞性肺疾病7)GP=GeneralPractitioner=全科医师；普通开业医生8)nursinghome=养老院9)hospice(n.)=安养院(提供善终服务)10)ALS=AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis=肌萎缩侧索硬化症（冻人症）11)MS=MultipleSclerosis=多发性硬化24/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaActNewWords:12)providedthat+clause=ontheconditionthat+clause=假如/假如…13)palliativecare=姑息疗法Note:姑息疗法是医学对那些治愈性治疗不反应病人所给予完全主动治疗和护理。控制疼痛及相关症状，并对心理、社会和精神问题给予重视。其目标是为病人和家眷赢得最好生活质量。姑息疗法是要坚定生命信念，并把死亡看作是一个正常过程，既不促进也不推迟死亡，把心理和精神治疗统一在一起。提供一个支持系统使病人在临终前过一个尽可能主动生活，对病人家眷也提供一个支持系统，使他们能应付及正确对待病人生存期间一切情况，以及最终自己所承受伤痛。25/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

1.Workwithapartneroragroupof3-4students.StudythetitleofReading2anddiscussthefollowingquestions.

(P103-104)1)What’sthesignificanceofeuthanasiaifyouknowthateuthanasiareferstothepractice(illegalinmostcountries)ofkillingwithoutpainapersonwhoissufferingfromadiseasethatcannotbecured?Euthanasiahelpstoshortenthepatient’ssufferingtimeandrelievethepatient’spain.26/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

1.Workwithapartneroragroupof3-4students.StudythetitleofReading2anddiscussthefollowingquestions.

(P103-104)2)TickthecontentthatthewriterwillmostprobablyincludeinhisessayentitledEuthanasia:a.Thedefinitionofeuthanasia.b.Examplesofeuthanasia.c.Thereasonsforarequestforeuthanasia.d.Thelegislationforeuthanasia.e.Theappropriateconditionsforphysicianstocarryouteuthanasia.f.Thesignificanceofeuthanasia.g.Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasia.YYYYYYN27/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

1.Workwithapartneroragroupof3-4students.StudythetitleofReading2anddiscussthefollowingquestions.

(P103-104)3)Whatwouldyouwriteifyouhadtowriteanessayentitled“Euthanasia”?(Open)Referencesforyou:(1)Thedefinitionofeuthanasia.(2)Thereasonsforarequestforeuthanasia.(3)Theappropriateconditionsforphysicianstocarryouteuthanasia.

28/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

2.ReadthefollowingquestionsandscanReading2fortheiranswers.

(P104-105)1)WhatisthelegislativeaimoftheEuthanasiaActintheNetherlands?Thisisintendedtomakeanalreadyexistingpracticemoretransparentandtoofferlegalprotectionforthephysicianinvolved,providedstrictlydefinedrequirementsforcarefulpracticeweremet.29/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

2.ReadthefollowingquestionsandscanReading2fortheiranswers.

(P104-105)2)Whatistheaimofthecurrentresearchinthepassage?Thisresearchaimstocomparetherequestsforeuthanasiaposedoverthe5yearsbeforeimplementationwithrequestsoverthe5yearsafterimplementation,usingdatafromtheDutchSentinelPracticeNetwork.3)HowmanyrequestsforeuthanasiahavetherebeenbeforeandaftertheimplementationoftheEuthanasiaActintheNetherlands,respectively?Themean(平均值)overallannualincidencesbeforeandafterimplementationwerenotsignificantlydifferent,andamountedto3.1/10000and2.8/10000mrespectively.30/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

2.ReadthefollowingquestionsandscanReading2fortheiranswers.

(P104-105)4)Accordingtotheresearch,whatisthemajorunderlyingdiseaseleadingtoarequestforeuthanasiathroughoutthewhole10-yearperiodofinvestigation?Cancer.5)Whataretheotherlessimportantdiseasesforaeuthanasiarequest?Cardiovasculardisease,severedepression,ALS/MS/musculardystrophy,CORD.6)Accordingtothecurrentstudy,whatisthemajorreasonforarequestforeuthanasia?Pain.31/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

2.ReadthefollowingquestionsandscanReading2fortheiranswers.

(P104-105)7)Whatisthemajorfindingofthecurrentstudy?ThemajorfindingofthecurrentstudyisthattheimplementationoftheEuthanasiaActinhasnotledtoasignificantincreaseinthenumberofrequestsforeuthanasia.8)Whyinrecentyearshaspainasareasonforarequestforeuthanasiaseemedtohavedecreasedagain?Itisprobablyasaresultofimprovedpalliativecareandtheprofessionalizedmanagementofpain.32/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct

2.ReadthefollowingquestionsandscanReading2fortheiranswers.

(P104-105)9)WhathascontributedtotheconsiderableachievementofpalliativecareintheNetherlands?TheeffortsoftheNetworkofPalliativeCareforTerminalPatients.10)Whatconstitutesanimportantreasonwhylossofdignityhasbecomealessimportantreasonforarequestforeuthanasia?Improvementsinthepracticeofpalliativecare.33/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct3.Matchthetargetwordswiththedefinitionsbelow.Youmayinfertheirmeaningfromcontext.

(P110)1)atimeoflittleornochangeafteraperiodofgrowthorprogress2)tomakeanactivitymoreprofessional,forexample,bypayingpeople3)matchingorconnectedwithsomethingthatyouhavejustmentioned4)tomakesomethinglegal5)tobecomeortomakesomethingbecomefirm,steadyandunlikelytochange6)theactofmakinganofficialrecordofsomebody/something7)afterthetimeoreventmentioned

(k.plateau)(h.professionalize)(i.corresponding)(a.legalize)(f.stabilize)(m.registration)(b.thereafter)34/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct3.Matchthetargetwordswiththedefinitionsbelow.Youmayinfertheirmeaningfromcontext.

(P110)8)attheendofsomething9)toshowthatsomethingwillhappen,istrue,orexists10)mostly;mainly11)astageinaprocessofchangeordevelopment12)although;usedforintroducingacommentthatslightlychangesorreducestheeffectofwhatyousaidbeforeit13)veryimportantforthefinalresultofaparticularsituation14)relatingtoaperiodofoneyear(n.terminal)(l.indicate)(g.predominantly)(o.phase)(j.albeit)(q.decisive)(c.annual)35/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct3.Matchthetargetwordswiththedefinitionsbelow.Youmayinfertheirmeaningfromcontext.

(P110)15)allowingyoutoseethetrutheasily16)medicalconditioninwhichapersonfeelsverysadandanxiousandoftenhasphysicalsymptomssuchasbeingunabletosleep,etc.17)toopainful,annoyingorunpleasanttodealwithoraccept18)lastingforalongtime;difficulttocureorgetridof19)theactofmakingformal(asbystatingformalrulesgoverningclassesofexpressions)20)theuseofaparticularmethod,process,law,etc.(t.transparent)(e.depression)(r.unbearable)(u.chronic)(d.formalization)(v.application)36/62

Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct3.Matchthetargetwordswiththedefinitionsbelow.Youmayinfertheirmeaningfromcontext.

(P110)21)toobeyarule,anorder,etc.22)thegreatsizeorimportanceofsomething;thedegreetowhichsomethingislargeorimportant(p.comply)(s.magnitude)(u.chronic)37/62Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct4.DiscussionStrategy---

Interrupting(插话)

(P104)#Aninterruptionatthewrongtimecanberude.#Butitmaybeunavoidableinagroupdiscussiontointerrupttheotherperson’stalkandtakeyourturntospeak.#Youcaninterruptpolitelyattheendofacompletethoughtorsentence.38/62Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct4.DiscussionStrategy---

Interrupting(插话)

(P104)#Thephrasescommonlyusedforinterrupting:a.Sorrytointerrupt,butI…b.Excuseme,butI…c.IfIcouldjustsaysomething…d.I’djustliketosaythat…e.IfIcouldjustcomeinhere,…f.actually,thatremindsme…g.Bytheway,…39/62Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct5.ReadingStrategy---

IdentifyingtheWriter’sAttitude(识别作者态度)

(P105)

#Thelevelsofclearnessofthewriter’sattitudea.Sometimesthewriter’sattitudeisveryclear.b.Atothertimes,thewriterjustimpliesorsuggestswhathefeels.#Howtoidentifythewriter’sattitudeorfeelings?a.Toreadbetweenlines.b.Topaycloseattentiontothewordsanddetailsselectedbythewriter.c.Topaycloseattentiontothebalanceofviewsreported.d.Topaycloseattentiontothepeopleandsourcesquoted.e.Topaycloseattentiontothetoneandlevelofformality40/62Task3:ReadingCause&EffectArticles

Reading2:RequestsforEuthanasiainGeneralPracticebeforeandafterImplementationoftheDutchEuthanasiaAct5.ReadingStrategy---

IdentifyingtheWriter’sAttitude(识别作者态度)

(P105)

#Thetonecanbedividedinto2categories:1)Objectivetonea.matter-of-fact/neutral/formalb.Impartialdetails---facts/reasonableexplanations2)Subjectivetonea.Personal/emotional/informalb.Preferentialdetails---feelings/judgments/opinions/experiences/senses/thoughts41/62

Task4:WritinganEssayofCause&Effect

HowtoOrganizeanEssayofCauseandEffect(P115)1.TheFocusofanEssayofCauseandEffectMostessaysfocusoneithercausesoreffects,notboth.2.TheTypesofCausalFactorsa.Directcausalfactorsb.Indirectcausalfactors#Usuallydirectcausalfactorsshouldbediscussedbeforeindirectcausalfactors.3.TheNormalContentofanEssayofCause/EffectAnalysisa.Toidentifythecausesoreffectsb.Topersuadethereaderstoacceptitsexplanationc.Tomakesuggestions42/62

Task4:WritinganEssayofCause&Effect

HowtoOrganizeanEssayofCauseandEffect(P115)4.TheMostCommonPatternofanEssayofCause/EffectAnalysisThePhenomenonPresentedCause1/Effect1Cause2/Effect2Cause3/Effect343/62

Task4:WritinganEssayofCause&Effect

Reading4:GenesandObesity:ACauseandEffectRelationship(P116)NewWords:1.obesity(n.)=肥胖症2.type2diabetesmellitus=2型糖尿病/成人发病型糖尿病3.metabolicsyndrome=代谢综合症4.meta-analysis=元分析（一个统计方法）5.BMI=BodyMassIndex=身体质量指数6.etiology(n.)=病因学7.beattributableto=可归因于...8.induce(vt.)=cause;resultin=引发；造成44/62

Task4:WritinganEssayofCause&EffectReading4:GenesandObesity:ACauseandEffectRelationship(P116)1.Fillintheblankstocompletethemainideasandthesupportingdetails.(P117)PartI.Introduction(Paragraph1)MainIdeas:Manystudieshavereportedthatgeneticcomponentsplayasignificantroleintheconditionofobesity.SupportingDetails:Inthisregard,datafromalargemeta-analysisdemonstratedthatapproximately50%-70%ofchangesinbodymassindex(BMI)areattributabletogeneticdifferencesinherenttoeachsubject.Basedonthis,environmentalinteractioninsubjectswithobesitysusceptibilitygenesiscurrentlyconsideredtobethemaincauseofobesity.Inonly5%ofcasesisobesityduetotheexistenceofmonogenicchangesortolowincidencesyndromes.45/62

Task4:WritinganEssayofCause&EffectReading4:GenesandObesity:ACauseandEffectRelationship(P116)1.Fillintheblankstocompletethemainideasandthesupportingdetails.(P117)PartII.MainBody(Paragraphs2to4) MainIdeas:Obesityisacomplexconditionbecauseitresultsfromtheinteractionofmultiplegeneswiththeenvironment.SupportingDetails:Genesinvolvedintheetiologyofobesityincludegenesencodingpeptidestargetedtotransmithungerandsatietysignals,genesinvolvedinadipocyte(脂肪细胞)growthanddifferentiation