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ContentsChapter1HistoryofInternationalTradeChapter2TheoriesofInternationalTradeChapter3CommodityScienceofInternationalTradeChapter4ExchangeRateChapter5ForeignDirectInvestmentChapter6PoliciesandRegulationofInternationalTradeChapter7MajorRegionalTradingBlocsChapter8WTOChapter9ProceduresoftheInternationalTradeChapter10Cross-BorderE-Commerce-ANewChannel全套可编辑PPT课件
Chapter1HistoryofInternationalTradeLearningObjectives1.Identifytheformsandfeaturesofinternationaltrade2.Understandhistoricaldevelopmentofinternationaltrade3.DescribeChina'shistoricaldevelopmentofinternationaltrade
4.DiscusstheimportantroleofChinaintheinternationaltradeSection1IntroductiontoInternationalTrade
1Trade⑴Definitions①
Thevoluntarytransferoftheownershipofgoodsorservicesfromoneperson
orentityasaneconomicactortoanotherinexchangeforothergoodsor
servicesorformoney②
Themovementofgoodsandservicesfromonegeographicalboundaryto
another⑵
ReasonsTradeexistsduetotheSpecializationandDivisionofLabor
⑴DefinitionTheexchangeofgoods,servicesandcapitalacrossinternationalbordersorterritories
①Typesofinternationaltrade
➣Tradeingoods
➣
TradeinServices:4modesbasedonWTO
●
cross-bordersupply:
●consumptionabroad:
●
commercialpresence:
●
movementofpersonnel:
2InternationalTrade②
InternationaltradeV.S.ForeigntradeThescopeoramplitude③
Participantsproducers+consumers+enterprises+nations④
Reasonsforinternationaltrade
➣
Anadvantageintheproductionofsometradablecommodityincludingthe
productionofnaturalresourcesscarceelsewhere
➣
Massproductionencouragedbydifferentregions'size⑵Disciplinarycategoryofinternationaltrade①
Economics
➣
Greek“oikonomikos”:
➣
Efficientallocationofthescarcefactorendowments
➣
Howtorealizethebalanceofthefactorendowments
MicroeconomicsDependentoninternalfactorswithintheeconomy,suchasconsumersand
firms,andhowtheymakedecisionstoallocateresources
Macroeconomics:Involvingfactorsoutsideoftheeconomythataffectstheeconomyincluding
economygrowth,pricestability,fullemploymentandeconomiccycles➣
Studytheassessmentoftheimplicationsofinternationaltrade&finance.➣
Beconcernedwithhownationsinteractwithoneanotheroneconomicbasis.③Internationaltrade➣
Applymicroeconomicmodelstohelpunderstandtheinternationaleconomy.➣
Describeseconomicrelationshipsbetweenconsumers,firms,factorowners,
andthegovernment.④Internationalfinance➣
Studymonetaryinteractionsbetweenmultiplecountriesratherthannarrowly
focusingonindividualmarkets,➣
Expandmacroeconomicstoincludetheinternationalexchangestohelp
understandtheinternationaleconomy.➣Institutionsofinternationalfinance:②Internationaleconomics⑤Evolutionofinternationaltrade
MicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsInternationalEconomicsHomeEconomics→→→
→→InternationalEconomics:
BasedonCommodity+MovementofFactors⑶Commonformsofinternationaltrade①
Exporting:②
Licensing:③
Franchising:④
Jointventure:
⑤
Directforeigninvestment:⑷Featuresofinternationaltrade
①
Heterogeneousmarkets
②
Differentlawsandpolicies③
Differenteconomicbehaviors④
Paymentinforeigncurrency⑤
Involvementwithgreaterrisks⑥
Facingmanyrestrictionsandscrutiny
⑦
Generationofmultiplebenefits
➣
RiskofCredit
➣
RiskofTransportation
➣
RiskofExchangeRate
➣
RiskofPolitics➣
RiskofBusinessCheats➣
RiskofLawSystem⑤Involvementwithgreaterrisks3ProsandConsofInternationalTrade⑴Prosofinternationaltrade①
Optimumutilizationofavailableresources②
Economiesoflarge-scaleproduction③
Creationofemploymentopportunities④
Benefitstoconsumers⑤
Anincreaseinthelivingstandard⑥
Earningvaluableforeigncurrency
⑦
Increaseingovernmentrevenue⑧
Culturaldevelopment⑨
Internationalpeaceandharmony⑵Consofinternationaltrade①
Colonization②
Exploitation③
Adverseeffectsontheeconomy④
Adverseeffectsonthehomeindustry
⑤
Dumpingpolicy⑥
Legalproblems
⑦
Publicityofundesirablefashions4EconomicTerms⑴SpecializationItisamethodofproductionwherebyanentityfocusesontheproductionofalimitedscopeofgoodstogainagreaterdegreeofefficiency.Manycountriesspecializeinproducingthegoodsandservicesthatarenativetotheirpartoftheworld,andtheytradethemforothergoodsandservices.
Thisspecializationisthusthebasisofglobaltrade,asfewcountrieshaveenoughproductioncapacitytobecompletelyself-sustaining.⑵DivisionoflaborTheconceptofdivisionoflaborwasoriginallycoinedin1776byAdamSmithinhisbookAWealthofNations.Thedivisionoflaboristhesegmentationofthetasksinanyeconomicsystemororganization,forexample,amanufacturingplant,sothateachparticipantmayfocusonaspecificpartoftheproductionprocess.Individuals,organizations,andnationsareendowedwithoracquirespecializedcapabilitiesandeitherformcombinationsortradetotakeadvantageofthecapabilitiesofothersinadditiontotheirown.Specializedcapabilitiesmayincludeequipmentornaturalresourcesaswellasskillsandtrainingandcombinationsofsuchassets.⑶Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)
GDPisthetotalmonetaryormarketvalueofallthefinishedgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersinaspecifictimeperiod.Asabroadmeasureofoveralldomesticproduction,itfunctionsasacomprehensivescorecardofagivencountry'seconomichealthandcanbeadjustedforinflationandpopulationtoprovidedeeperinsights.Thecalculationofacountry'sGDPencompassesallprivateandpublicconsumption,governmentoutlays,investments,additionstoprivateinventories,paid-inconstructioncosts,andtheforeignbalanceoftrade.5Notes⑴
BrettonwoodsconferenceTheConference,formallyUNMonetaryandFinancialConference,wascreatedatBrettonWoods,NewHampshire,duringWWIItomakefinancialarrangementsforthepostwarworldaftertheexpecteddefeatofGermanyandJapan.The730delegatesfrom44alliednationssignedtheBrettonWoodsagreementonJuly221944.Toregulatetheinternationalmonetarysystem,theaccordsestablishedtheInternationalMonetaryFundtofinanceshort-termimbalancesininternationalpaymentstostabilizeexchangeratesandtheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmenttomakelong-termcapitalavailabletostatesurgentlyneedingsuchforeignaid,whichtodayispartoftheWorldBankGroup.Thedelegatesestablishedasystemthroughwhichafixedcurrencyexchangeratecouldbecreatedusinggoldstandard.Theconferencealsorecognizedthatexchangecontrolanddiscriminatorytariffsshouldbeendedassoonaspossible.TheIMFwascreatedin1945,whichattemptedtoencourageinternationalfinancialcooperationbyintroducingasystemofconvertiblecurrenciesatfixedexchangerates.Thedollarwasredeemableforgoldat$35perounceatthetime.ThemissionofIMFistofosterglobalmonetarycooperation,securefinancialstability,facilitateinternationaltrade,promotehighemploymentandsustainableeconomicgrowth,andreducepovertyaroundtheworld.BasedinD.C.,theorganizationiscurrentlycomposedof190membercountries,eachofwhichhasrepresentationontheIMF'sexecutiveboardinproportiontoitsfinancialimportance.QuotasareakeydeterminantofthevotingpowerinIMFdecisions.Votescompriseonevoteper100,000specialdrawingrights(SDR)ofquotaplusbasicvotes(sameforallmembers).SDRsareatypeofmonetaryreservecurrencyasasupplementtotheexistingmoneyreservesofmembercountries.⑵Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldBankGroupisamultilateraldevelopmentbankcreatedin1946,beginningastheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)toassistintherebuildingofEuropeandJapanintheaftermathoftheWWII.TheGroupprovidesadviceandfinancialassistanceintheformofdiscountedloansandgrantstoassistedcountriesstrugglingwithpoverty,withafocusonareassuchaswellness,education,andagriculture.TheGroupconsistsoffiveinstitutionalarms.Thefirsttwo–IBRDandtheIDA–togethermaketheWorldBank.Theotherthree–MIGA,IFC,andICSID–aresisterorganizationsthatsupportthebank’sactivitiesthroughspecificprograms.Ithas189membercountriesandisheadquarteredinD.C,withtheU.S.asthebank'slargestshareholder.TheU.S.presidentnominatesthebank'spresident,allofwhomhavesofarbeenU.S.citizens.⑶WorldbankgroupSection2HistoryofInternationalTrade
1AncientInternationalTrade
⑴Waterbornetraffic:3000-1000BC①
Firstextensivetraderoutes:theNile,theTigris&Euphrates,theIndusandtheYellowRiver②
Maritimetrade:MediterraneanareabetweenEgypt&MinoanCreteand
thenwestwardPhoeniciansandalongthenorthAfricancoast⑵
Caravantrade:from1000BC
①
CamelsexpeditionsorcaravansfromMediterraneantoIndia②
FromMediterraneantowestcoastofArabia,linkingIndiawithEgypt&PhoeniciawithMesopotamia③
TraderoutefromRedSeatoMediterraneancoastviaprosperousPetra⑶Newroutestothewest:from300BC①
AnewtraderoutefromMesopotamiatotheeasternMediterraneanbyGreeks②
GoodsonboardshipafterarrivingincaravansfromMesopotamiatoAntioch③CaravansfromMesopotamiatoSyriaviathetownofDoura/Europus①TheSilkRoadwasopenin106BC,whenafirstcaravantravelledtoPersia
fromChinawithoutthegoodschanginghandsontheway②Hangovernmentswereunwillingtoreleasesilkexceptinexchangeforgold
③Tiberiusissuedadecreeagainstthewearingoftheexpensivesilk⑸Worldtrade:fromthe1stcenturyAD
①CaravanroutesprovidedtheoldesttradingsystembetweenIndiatoPhoenicia
②
AmaritimelinkofenormouscommercialpotentialopenedupbetweenIndia
andChinathroughtheStraitsofMalaccaandtheSouthChinaSea.⑷AtraderoutefromChina:2rdcenturyBC2ModernInternationalTrade⑴TradingkingdomsofwestAfrica:5th-15thcentury①
SaharancaravanslinkedMediterraneanmarketswithAfricanrawmaterials②
TraderoutesfromnorthandsouththroughtheSaharaingold③
KingdomofGhana(partofMali)inthetriangleformedbetweentheRiverof
SenegalandNigercontroloverthesouthernendoftheSaharantrade④
SlavesfromLakeChadascommodityforArabpurchasers⑤
SaltscomingsouthminesoftheSaharaasavaluablecommodity⑥
Othercommodities:ivory,ostrichfeathers,colanut,datesandmetalgoods⑵Upsanddownsineconomy:12th-14thcentury
①Europesawasteadyincreaseinprosperity,linkedwithariseinpopulation
➣
CultivationofmorelandinfeudalEurope
➣
Improvementinruralwealth
➣
Developmentofcitiesthrivingontradeinmanystates
➣
DevelopmentofbankingbyJews②economicprosperityfalteredandthevolumeoftradedropped.➣
Anunusualrunofdisastrouslybadharvestsinmanyareas➣
Socialstructuresadjusting,asfeudalsystemofobligationscrumbling.➣
TheBlackDeath⑶Portugueseslavetrade:15th-17thcentury①
ThePortugueseopeningupnewchannelfortradeinslavesdifferentfromthe
routethroughtheSaharatoMediterranean②
PortuguesesettlersmovingintotheCapeVerdeIslandsopeningsearoutes
betweenWestAfrica,EuropeandAmericainslavetrade③
OnthecoastofGuineaPortuguesesettinguptradingstationstobuycaptive
Africansasslaves④
Tradeinslaves
expandingdevelopmentoflabor-intensiveplantationsgrowing
sugar,cottonandtobaccointheCaribbeanandAmerica.⑷Englishtradeintheeast:17thcentury①
ElizabethIgrantingachartertotheEastIndiaCompany②
TheCompanyconcentratingonitsinterestsinIndiaafteramassacreofEnglish
merchantsatAmboinabytheirDutchrivalsin1623③
In1613awarehouseforIndiantextiles,spicesandindigoestablishingonthewestcoastatSurat④
TheEnglishestablishingthetradingstationsofBombay,MadrasandCalcutta
bytheendofthe17thcentury
⑤18thCenturysawtheshifttowardsliberalism:AdamSmith&DavidRicardo⑸Triangulartrade:17th-19thcentury
①
Thetransatlanticslavetrade②
ThreeseparatejourneysacrosstheAtlantic③
SlavesfromCentral&WestAfricasoldbyotherWestAfricanstoEuropeanslavetradersor④
SlavescaptureddirectlybyslavetradersincoastalraidsaroundGulfofGuinea
⑤
TwelvemillionslavesembarkedonthisjourneytoAmerica⑹Protectionismtoliberalism:19th–20thcentury
①
The19thCEmovingtowardsprotectionism:②
Lastquarterof19thCE:③1920,freetradeamongwesterncountriesineconomicliberty,customsduties...④
InMay1927,WorldEconomicConferenceorganizedbyLeagueofNations⑤
DuringtheGreatDepression,unemploymentengenderinganepidemicof
protectionistmeasures:⑥
BeforetheendofWWI,mercantilistpoliciesdominating
⑦
The2rdhalfofthe20thCEworldtradeincreasing:⑧Afterthe1960s,theremarkableworld-wideexpansionoftrade:⑺Globalizationintrade:21thcentury-①
Globalizationmainlyaboutunbundling&offshoringofproductionprocesses
②
Globalizationslowingdownduetomanyfactors
③
Astructuralchangeinglobaltrade
④
Futureofglobalizationrelyingonthefallingcostofmovingpeople3EconomicTerms
⑴McKinleyTariffAct
TheTariffActof1890,commonlycalledtheMcKinleyTariff,wasanactoftheUSCongress,framedbythenOhioRepresentativeWilliamMcKinley,wholaterbecamethe25thpresident.TheMcKinleyTariff,whichbecamelawonOctober1,1890,wasaprotectivetariffraisedtheaveragedutyonimportsfrom38%toalmost50%,anincreasedesignedtoprotectdomesticindustriesandworkersfromforeigncompetition.Thelegislationincreasedratesformanymanufacturedgoods,whileitplaceditemssuchassugarandcoffeeonthefreelist.TheActrepresentedprotectionism,atacticbackedbyRepublicanssupportinghightariffsanddenouncedbyDemocrats.Itwasamajortopicforfiercedebateinthe1890Congressionalelections,whichgaveaDemocraticlandslide.Normalmeansconformingtothestandardorthecommontypeandbeingusual,regularandnatural.Theterm“newnormal”firstappearedduringthe2008financialcrisistorefertothedramaticeconomic,culturalandsocialtransformationsthatcausedsocialunrest,impactingcollectiveperceptionsandindividuallifestyles.ThistermhasbeenusedagainduringtheCOVID-19pandemictopointouthowithascompletelyinvestedandtransformedundebatablepivotsofhumanlifesuchasprofessionalidentity,economicsubsistence,workandfamilyorganization,children’seducationmanagement;imposingaradicalrevisionofthetraditionalways,practicesandskillsusedtomanagethem.Theriseofe-commerceisnewandratesofonlineshoppinghavebeentrendinghigherafterthepandemic.
⑵A“newnormal”4Notes
⑴
TigrisandEuphratesTheTigrisandEuphratesriversfollowroughlyparallelcoursesthroughtheheartoftheMiddleEastknownasMesopotamia,fromAncientGreekfor'landbetweenrivers'andmostlycontainedinmodernIraq,wasoneofthecradlesofcivilization.
ThehistoriesoftheworldhavetraditionallyseenMesopotamiaastheareacreatedthewell-knownFertileCrescentwhichincubatedandsustainedtheancientcultures,dynastiesandempiresinwhichcities,lawandagriculturefirstdeveloped.Thetworivershavetheirsourceswithin80kmofeachotherineasternTurkeyandtravelsoutheastthroughnorthernSyriaandIraqtotheheadofthePersianGulf.
ThetotallengthoftheEuphratesisabout2,800kmandtheTigrisisabout1,900kminlengthwiththeriverbasincoveringanareaofsome35,600squarekilometers.ItisanintercontinentalseathatstretchesfromtheAtlanticOceantoAsiaontheeastandseparatesEuropefromAfrica.Thisancient“seabetweenthelands”istheincubatorofWesterncivilization.ItsW-Eextentisabout4,000km,andaverageN-Sextentabout800km,occupyinganareaofapproximately2,510,000squarekm.ThewesternextremityconnectswiththeAtlanticbythenarrowchanneloftheStraitofGibraltar,whichisapproximately13kmwideatitsnarrowestpoint.TothenortheasttheMediterraneanisconnectedwiththeBlackSeathroughtheDardanelles,theSeaofMarmara,andthestraitoftheBosporus.TothesoutheastitisconnectedwiththeRedSeabytheSuezCanal.⑵MediterraneanSea
TheEdomiteswerethedescendantsofEsau,thefirstbornsonofIsaacandthetwinbrotherofJacob.EsaubecamethefatheroftheEdomitesandJacobbecamethefatheroftheIsraelites,andthetwonationscontinuedtostrugglethroughmostoftheirhistory.“Edom”comesfromaSemiticwordmeaning“red,”representingtheprominent
redsandstoneinthetopography.EdomwasinsoutheastPalestine,stretchedfromtheRedSeatotheDeadSea,andencompassedsomeofIsrael'smostfertileland.TheEdomitesattackedIsraelunderSaul'srulership.KingDavidlaterconqueredthemandforcedthemintolabor.AtthefalloftheFirstTemple,theEdomitesattackedJudahandlootedtheTemple,acceleratingitsdestruction.ReligionoftheEdomiteswassimilartothatofotherpagansocietieswhoworshipedfertilitygods.latertheywereforciblyconvertedintoJudaism,andthenbecameanactivepartoftheJewishpeople.Scholarstodaybelieve"thePalestinians"or"Arabs"aredescendentsofEdomites.⑶theEdomitesDeriveditsnamefromthetradingportofMelaka(formerlyMalacca),thestraitconnectsIndianOceanandPacificOcean.ItrunsbetweentheIndonesianislandofSumatratothewestandextremesouthernThailandtotheeastcoveringanareaofabout65,000squarekm.Thestraitis800kmlongwithawidthofonly65kminthesouththatbroadensnorthwardtosome250km.ItwassuccessivelycontrolledbytheArabs,Portuguese,Dutch,andBritish.
Singaporeissituatedatthestrait'ssouthernend.AsthelinkbetweentheIndianOceanandtheSouthChinaSea,theStraitisoneofthemostheavilytraveledshippingchannelsintheworld.Besidesotherships,thestraitaffordspassagetogiantoiltankersvoyagingbetweentheMiddleEastoilfieldsandportsinEastAsia.⑷StraitsofMalacca⑸SouthChinaSeaItisthearmofthewesternPacificborderingtheSoutheastAsianmainland.Itembracesanareaofabout4millionkm2,withameandepthof1,212ms.Ithasvitaltradearterieswith$5trillionor1/3oftheworld'scommercepassingthroughitswaters,fisheriesaccountingfor12%oftheglobalcatch,andestimatedreservesof11billionbarrelsofoiland190trillioncubicfeetofnaturalgas.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,fromtheThreeKingdomstotheDynastiesofTang,Song,Yuan,Ming,QingandtheperiodoftheRepublicofChina,ChinahadbeentheonlyrightfuladministersoftheislandsintheSeaandthefirstcountrytoestablishpermanentsettlementsonthemajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea.InFebruary1948,theMinistryofInterioroftheRepublicofChinapublishedtheLocationMapofIslandsinSouthChinaSeawhichmarkedoutthemajorityoftheIslandsandreefsaswellasaU-shapedlineconsistingof11dashesgoingaroundtheperimeteroftheSouthChinaSeafromtheBeilunEstuaryoftheChina-VietnamBorderinthewest,tothenortheastofTaiwanintheeast,andtothesouthoftheZengmuAnshaReef.In1953,anine-dashlineareabasedontheformer11dasheswasclaimedbythePRC,showingtheborderoftheclaimhasbeencontinuouslyevidencedastheChina'shistoricwaters.Section3HistoryofChina’sInternationalTrade
1China’sAncientRoleinInternationalTrade
⑴TheSilkRoad①
Theroyalroad
➣ThreehundredofyearsbeforetheSilkRoadbyDariustheGreat➣
Morethan2,400km➣
FromAegeanSeaorSusatoBabylon,alongtheEuphratestoSardis.➣
Many“royal”stationsalongtheroad➣
PartsofitsthoroughfaresincorporatedintotheSilkRoad➣
BenefittingRomanEmpireandtheKushanEmpire②
Silkroadroutes
➣
ChinaasSeresliterallymeaning“thelandofsilk”
➣SilkRoadroutesincludingalargenetworkofstrategicallylocatedtradingposts,
marketsandthoroughfares➣Routes:
●
Antioch-Seleucia–ZagrosMts–Ecbatana(Iran)–Merv(Turkmenistan)–
Afghanistan–MongoliaandChina
●
Europe-along
MediterraneanSea
–
alongTigris&Euphratesrivers
–
PortsonthePersianGulf–
China③
Tradealongthesilkroad
➣
CommoditiesfromChina:paper&gunpowder➣
SpiceRoute:MediterraneanwithIndia,ChinaandtheSpiceIslands(Indonesia)
➣
Techniquesformakingglass:➣
TheTravelsofMarcoPolo:⑵Chineseoceantrade
①
4th&5thCEChinesejunksappearedinSiam,Ceylon,andIndia
②
8thCECantonasthecenterofsea‐goingtradewiththeArabmerchants③
12thCETraderouteswithJapanandKorea,aswellasthePhilippineIslands④MingDynasty'stradepolicy:isolationismvsZhengHe'sjourneys⑤
EuropeancountriestoexplorethesearoutetoreachtheEast:
➣
ThePortuguesesettledinMacaoin1557
➣TheSpanishreachedChinain1575
➣
TheDutcharrivedatChinain1604gainingaholdonTaiwan
➣
TheBritishin1637operatingoutofZhousan,Xiamen,andCanton.⑶TradeundertheTreatyPortSystem
(1842‐1949)
①
Unequal&humiliatingtreaties:TreatyofNanjing/Wangxia/Huangpu②
Tariffsleviedat5%orless③
ChineseMaritimeCustoms(CMC)Service
➣
foundedin1854inShanghai,operatingmostlybytheBritishconsul
➣
responsibleforinspectionofcargo,anti-smuggling,treatytariffs,andcoastal
trade,withtheultimategoalofcalculatingtaxrevenuesdue
➣
involvementintopostaladministration,coastalpolice,harborandwaterway
management,andweatherreporting
➣
collectingdataofvalue/quantityofimportsandexportsatcommoditylevel④
ConclusionofChina'stradeduringthetreatyportera➣
Astrongexpansioninthediversityofproducts➣
ExpansionofTreatyPortSystemaccelerateddiffusionofforeigngoods2ModernInternationalTrade⑴Tradefrom1949–1978:centrallyplannedeconomy①
Brief
➣
Governmentcontrollingalargepartofeconomy&redirectedresources
➣
Aheavyindustrydevelopmenteconomicstrategy
➣
Duringthe1950sand1960s
●
totalvalueofinternationaltradeasabout2%ofGNP
●
exportsofagriculturalproductstorepaytheloansfinancedtheimports
➣
Inthe1970s
●
Importsofmodernplantsandequipmentaswellascrudeoil
●
openinguppolicyandreformmeasures②Compositionofinternationaltrade➣
After1949
●importindustrialgoods
●
exportsoffood,crudematerials,andtextiles➣
EconomicrecessionfollowingtheGreatLeapForward(1958-60)greatincreaseinfoodimports➣
Inthe1970s:petroleumasthefastestgrowingexportitem➣
Inthe1980s:textile&apparelexportgrowingrapidly③
Tradingpartners➣
Duringthe1950s,SovietUnionandothercommunistcountriesasprimarytradingpartner➣
Bythemid-1960sJapanasChina'sleadingtradingpartner➣
HongKong
●
consistentlytheleadingmarketforChina'sexports
●
2rdlargestpartnerinoveralltradetoChina’smainland➣
USAstartingtradewithChinaIntheearly1970s
①
In1978,enteringtheperiodofreform&openingupwithinternationaltrade②Market-orientedsystem:
➣
Improvementoflivingstandardsandmanagement
➣
Consumptionism③
HKfirms’exportprocessingcontractswithbusinesses④
Chinajoining
➣
WorldBank,
➣
IMF,
➣
AsianDevelopmentBank,
➣
GATT⑵Tradefrom1978–1990⑤
Chinacreatinglegalandinstitutionalframeworks
➣
Lawsontaxation,jointventure,andforeigninvestment➣SpecialEconomicZones
➣
Opencoastalcities⑥Chinareshapingorgsofinternationaltrade
➣
Moreautonomyforcompanies
➣
MinistryofForeignEconomicRelations&Trade
➣
Anagencysystemforinternationaltrade⑶Tradefrom1990–2007
①
In1994,theForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina②
In1996,realizingcurrentaccountconvertibilityfortheRMB③
In1997,SOEsreformtofulfillpolicyof“graspinglarge,lettinggoofsmall”④1997-98AsianFinancialCrisis
⑤
After1998,market-orientedindustrializationofedu,housing,auto⑥
In2001,the143rdWTOmembercountryafter16yearsofnegotiations⑦In2004,reviseofForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sR
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