深度阅读解决影响CD篇得分的痛点和难点讲义高三下学期英语阅读复习专项

深度阅读，解决影响C、D篇得分的痛点和难点近几年来，尤其是2023年高考题中的C、D篇阅读理解难度在加大，这主要体现在以下几个方面：词汇方面：课标衍生词、学术词、专有名词、熟词生义等的增加。句式方面：长难句增多，例如，2023年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇出现16个长难句，且第三段第二句有40个单词。设题方面：侧重学生思辨能力的考查，对学生的深度阅读能力提出了更高的要求。一、文体特点阅读C、D篇通常是说明文和议论文，具体特点如下：(一)说明文科普类说明文是高考阅读中考查的重中之重。此类说明文主题鲜明，逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查考生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力，以及对特定细节的认知和处理能力。科普类说明文篇幅长、生词多、长句多、话题陌生、表达方式专业化，阅读难度很大，因此应对策略很重要。以下是常见说明文的文体特点，抓住这些特点有助于我们快速了解文意，定位相关信息。1.科普类(1)研究报告型：一项研究(一个观点)→研究人员→研究过程/研究方法→研究发现(与过去研究的对比、不同人员的研究发现)→结论(2)问题解决型：提出问题(现象)→分析问题(原因、危害等)→解决问题2.现象类现象→产生的原因(如何产生)→后果3.说明类对象→如何产生→功能(注意事项)→趋势(前景)等(二)议论文近年来议论文在高考阅读理解中也会考到，如2023年全国乙卷D篇。从考查方式来看，涉及词义猜测、推理判断和主旨大意题。议论文侧重考查考生对文章深层意义的理解，这就要求考生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而要注重对文章的意图、观点以及内在逻辑联系的把握。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是事实例证、统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。以下是议论文常见文体特点和结构：1.论点→论据→说理(引经据典)/例证(举例)/类比/辩论→结论2.现象→各方观点→支撑观点的实例→结论二、技巧点拨(一)说明文1.略读找出研究观点或结论或研究的现象、问题说明文常见的结构形式有“总—分”式、“分—总”式、“总—分—总”式、并列式或递进式等。通过略读前面或后面几段，我们可以更快地把握文章主旨。2.精读以理清研究过程或问题原因，把握说明方法(1)精读全文，把握细节。在把握了文章的中心后，再精读全文，看作者是从哪些方面来介绍或说明这一事物或对象的。在这个步骤中，我们就要弄清全文的结构和脉络。(2)理清说明顺序，把握说明方法。在说明文中作者常采用分类别、列数字、做比较、下定义、打比方等说明方法。另外，根据写作内容的需要作者往往采用时间、空间或逻辑顺序说明事情。3.再读获取研究前景应用或解决办法在把握文本主旨和细节之后，再读文章以重点获取研究前景应用或解决办法，这些信息通常在文本后几段。(二)议论文议论文语篇结构很有规律，主要分为两大类：论点——论据(实验或例子)；论点——论据(多方面多层次分析)。因此，我们阅读议论文时，要注意以下几点：1.快速浏览，找到主题句(topicsentence)议论文总要阐述某个道理或论证某个正确观点或批驳某个错误观点。在提出观点时，作者通常采取以下几种方式：(1)开门见山，摆出论点，再逐步论证。此时论点在文章开头，有时就是第一句。(2)提出问题，引出主题，再作解释。此时主题句在段落中间。2.找准文章三要素，剖析内在逻辑关系议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。在找准论点后，要想到论证，回答一系列表示内在联系的关于why和how的问题，并要注意文章运用了哪些论证方法，如：讲道理、摆事实、作比较等。3.抓住关键词，理解长难句议论文要求语言精练准确，讲究语言的内在逻辑关系，所以作者会不可避免地用到含分词或连接词(如and,but,so,or,notonly...butalso...,that,when等)在内的长难句。三、解题原则1.委婉性原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能太绝对，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessarily,although,yet,tendto等；而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如never,all,every,only,pletely,none,hardly等。2.常识性原则议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。3.因果性原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。(2023新高考Ⅰ卷)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathasetobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.1.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.2.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif__________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotmunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollowupstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.D【探究过程】解难句①Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.【结构】heconducted是省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句，修饰先行词theexperimentofestimation;that引导宾语从句，作showed的宾语。【句意】他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可能相当准确。②Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.【结构】that引导同位语从句，对fact的具体内容进行解释说明；when引导时间状语从句。【句意】这种效应充分利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错时，这些错误并不总是相同的。③Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.【结构】第一个that引导表语从句；when引导时间状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词smallergroups。【句意】这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体(估算)的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthemon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmoremonthanothers?Agroundbreaking,fiveyearstudyshowsthatdietrelatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”，weremoremoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhuntergathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofaplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution，”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.1.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi'sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.2.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.3.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.4.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivemunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisaplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C(2023全国乙卷)Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnonliteratehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain'srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmisprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachiev