专题05 阅读理解说明文之工作职业8篇+饮食健康6篇+文化3篇+环境保护6篇(模考好题23篇)(教师解析版)

专题05阅读理解说明文之工作职业8篇+饮食健康6篇+文化3篇+环境保护6篇(模考好题23篇)一、概述说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。说明文的结构特点：1、新闻报道类：总体--细节或过程说明。2、科普类：社会现象或变化--细节(运作原理或原因阐述)--社会效应和相关启示。3、研究调查类：引出话题--调查结果--调查过程(方法、步骤、人员等)--对现实的影响和未来的展望。4、说明呈现类：总体呈现--细节描述(中心句一般在段首)--总结。二、技巧点拨1、关键是抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时也要注意说明的顺序，说明的顺序有时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(因果、现象与本质)。2、掌握说明文的说明方法：举例子、作比较——举例子、作比较(对比说明相异、类比说明相似)、列数字、作诠释、下定义、作引用、打比方等。3、把握文章的脉络和长难句的分析。模拟演练01人与自我—工作职业Passage1(2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测)Chiefexecutiveofficer.Marketingdirector.Leadwriter.Jobtitleslikethesehavegenerallybeenstandardacrossworkforyears.Theycommunicateessentialemployeedetailssuchasjobfunctionandseniority.Theymakesensetoemployeesandrecruiters(招聘人员)alike,leavinglittleroomforambiguity.However,labelslike“chiefvisionaryofficer”,“businessdevelopmentguru(大师)”or“chiefremoteofficer”areemerging.Inmanyindustries,especiallycreativeones,employersfeelfreetocreatejobtitlesforemployees.Theycanserveasrecruitmentorretention(留用)tools—andevengrabattentionfromclients.ThiswasthecaseforLennieHughes,whoseofficialjobtitleis“headofhype(炒作)andculture”atTruant,aLondon-basedadvertisingagency.Initially,thispositionwasadvertisedasamoretraditional“headofmarketingandnewbusiness“.But,afterbeingrecruited,HughesworkedwithTruanttocraftanewtitlefortherolehe’dlead,centredmoreonintegratingtraditionalexternalbrandingandcommunicationswithafreshtakeoninternalworkplaceculture.Healsoacknowledgesit’snotwithoutstrategicbenefit.“Ifmyjobisallaboutgettingattention,thetitleshoulddothat,too.”Expertsandemployeesalikesaytherecanbeanupsidetoflashyjobtitles.PawelAdrjanworksforIndeed,alargehiringplatform.HecitesIndeeddata,showing“people”isoutdoingthetraditionaltitleof“humanresources”;similarly,thetitleof“talentacquisition”isup75%while“recruitment”isdown19%since2019.Adrjansays,“Byusing‘people’inthetitle,employerscansaytheyinvestinpeople.Throughthislanguage,companiesaretryingtoshowtheydon’tregardemployeesasresourcestotap.”Butbeware,thesefancynewtitlesaren’tallgoodnews.Sometimestheyofferlittleguidanceastowhattheirjobactuallyinvolves.Ultimately,whenanon-descriptive,overblownjobtitleisusedasacostlessrecruitingmethodtoboostworkerego(自尊心),itcanleadtoamismatchinexpectationsbetweenemployerandemployee.Attheextremeend,thiscouldplaceworkersinatoughpositionwheretheyendupinarolethatdoesn’tmatchwhattheythoughtwaspromised.1.Whatbestexplains“ambiguity”underlinedinparagraph1?A.Growth. B.Confusion. C.Discussion. D.Improvement.2.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesLennieHughes?A.Hard-working. B.Honest. C.Considerate. D.Innovative.3.Whatdoesparagraph3tellusaboutthenewjobtitles?A.Theyaremainlyusedtoattractinvestment.B.Theyarestartingtolosepopularityamongemployers.C.Theycanmakeemployeesfeelmorerespected.D.Theycanhelpcompaniestapabroadercandidatepool.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlyfocuson?A.Thegrowingmismatchbetweenworkersandtheirjobtitles.B.Thenegativeimpactofunconventionaljobtitles.C.Theunrealisticexpectationsofemployers.D.Thetoughpositionofmodernworkers.【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了现代工作中出现的新的职位名称，这些名称有时可以吸引人才，但也可能导致雇主和雇员之间的期望不匹配。1.词句猜测题。根据文章第1段“Theycommunicateessentialemployeedetailssuchasjobfunctionandseniority.Theymakesensetoemployeesandrecruiters(招聘人员)alike,leavinglittleroomforambiguity.”(它们传达了员工的基本信息，如工作职能和资历。这对员工和招聘人员都很有意义，几乎没有ambiguity的空间。)可推知，这几乎没有模糊的空间。这里的ambiguity指的是混淆或不明确，与confusion(迷惑，困惑)意思相近。故选B项。2.细节理解题。根据文章第2段“ThiswasthecaseforLennieHughes,whoseofficialjobtitleis“headofhype(炒作)andculture”atTruant,aLondon-basedadvertisingagency.Initially,thispositionwasadvertisedasamoretraditional“headofmarketingandnewbusiness“.But,afterbeingrecruited,HughesworkedwithTruanttocraftanewtitlefortherolehe’dlead,centredmoreonintegratingtraditionalexternalbrandingandcommunicationswithafreshtakeoninternalworkplaceculture.”(伦尼•休斯(LennieHughes)就是这样，他的官方头衔是伦敦广告公司Truant的“宣传与文化主管”。最初，这个职位被广告宣传为更传统的“市场和新业务负责人”。但是，被招聘后，Hughes与Truant合作为他将要领导的角色制定了一个新的标题，更多地集中在将传统的外部品牌和通信与对内部工作场所文化的新颖理解相结合。)可推知，LennieHughes是创新的。故选D项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第3段“Byusing‘people’inthetitle,employerscansaytheyinvestinpeople.Throughthislanguage,companiesaretryingtoshowtheydon’tregardemployeesasresourcestotap.”(通过在标题中使用“人”，雇主可以说他们投资于人。通过这种语言，公司试图表明他们不把员工视为可以利用的资源。)可推知，新的职位名称可以让员工感到更受尊重。故选C项。4.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Ultimately,whenanon-descriptive,overblownjobtitleisusedasacostlessrecruitingmethodtoboostworkerego(自尊心),itcanleadtoamismatchinexpectationsbetweenemployerandemployee.Attheextremeend,thiscouldplaceworkersinatoughpositionwheretheyendupinarolethatdoesn’tmatchwhattheythoughtwaspromised.”(最终，当一个非描述性的、夸大其词的职位头衔被用作一种没有成本的招聘方法来提升员工的自我意识时，它可能会导致雇主和员工之间的期望不匹配。在极端的情况下，这可能会让员工处于一个艰难的境地，他们最终得到的职位与他们所认为的承诺不符)可知，最后一段主要关于非常规职位头衔的负面影响。故选B项。Passage2(2024·湖南长沙·一模)CathyWinstonisasportsnutritionist.Amongherregularsareathletes.Cathythrivesonthevariety,witheachnewsportprovidingnewchallengesandarenewedappreciationofherchosenfieldofexpertise.Inherview,dealingwithathletesfromvarioussportbackgroundshelpsherbecomeseasoned,whichisakeypartofbeingasuccessfulnutritionist.“Youhavetounderstandnutritionandpeople,andthenyoucanbegintoworkinthisfield,”shesays.“Besides,intennisyoumustlearntobereactive,becauseyoudon’tknowhowlongthematchlasts.However,it’s90minutesinfootballsoyouknowwhatyou’refuelingfor.”Regardlessofthesport,Cathy’sattituderemainsthesame:Anyathletefailingtorespectnutritionisonewhoisfailingtofulfilltheirpotential.It’sakeypartofthetrainingprocess.It’snotjustsomethingthatyoutakecasually.Sheadvisesherathletestoholdnutritioninthesameregardastheydotheirmostcrucialbitofequipment.“Justasyouwouldn’tforgettoputyourshinpads(护腿板)oryourbootsinyourkitbag,don’tforgettoputinyourdrinksandyoursnacks.Thatinformshowwellyoutrain,becauseyoucan’tgetoutifyouhaven’tputin.”Nutritionistsaresometimesunfairlyrepresentedasmilitant(斗志昂扬的)typestellingwhatathletescanandcan’teat.ButCathyinsiststhatwhentoeatismoreimportantthanwhat.“It’saboutwhen’stherighttimetohaveitin,”shesays.It’samessagethatCathysayscantakeawhiletosinkin.“Alotofboxerssay,‘butbananasmakeyoufat,right?’,andthere’sthisinherentbeliefthatwemustn’teatthosekindsofthings.Butit’snotaboutwhattocutout.It’saboutmakingsurethatyou’vegotthefoundationrightforhealthandperformance.It’sthatonesizefitsone.It’swhatworksforyou.Tobeanexcellentathlete,youreallyneedtobeanexceptionaleater.”1.WhatdoesCathythinkaboutherjob?A.Ithardlyfacesnewchallengesineverycompetition.B.Itmainlyfocusesonthedurationofmatches.C.Itmerelyneedstounderstandnutritionandpeople.D.Ithighlyvaluesexperienceandflexibility.2.HowdoesCathyemphasizetheimportanceofnutritiontoathletes?A.Bymakingacomparison. B.Byanalyzingaphenomenon.C.Bytellingastory. D.Byprovidingdata.3.AccordingtoCathy,whatisafundamentalprinciplebehindsuccessfulsportsnutrition?A.Focusingonthetimingofthediet.B.Cuttingoutspecificfoodsfromthediet.C.Followingastrictandmilitantdietplan.D.Increasingthevarietyoffoods.4.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Foodhasasayinthesportsfield.B.Nutritionistsactasunsungheroesbehindathletes.C.Nutritiondeterminestheresultsinthecompetition.D.Agoodeaterisagreatathlete.【答案】1.D2.A3.A4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了营养师的工作内容、工作理念及运动员与营养之间的紧密关系。1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Inherview,dealingwithathletesfromvarioussportbackgroundshelpsherbecomeseasoned,whichisakeypartofbeingasuccessfulnutritionist.”(在她看来，与来自各种运动背景的运动员打交道有助于她变得经验丰富，这是成为成功营养师的关键部分。)以及“Besides,intennisyoumustlearntobereactive,becauseyoudon’tknowhowlongthematchlasts.However,it’s90minutesinfootballsoyouknowwhatyou’refuelingfor.”(此外，打网球你必须学会反应，因为你不知道比赛要持续多久。然而，足球比赛是90分钟，所以你知道你要为什么加油)可推知，Cathy认为她的工作需要经验丰富和灵活性，故选D。2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Sheadvisesherathletestoholdnutritioninthesameregardastheydotheirmostcrucialbitofequipment.‘Justasyouwouldn’tforgettoputyourshinpads(护腿板)oryourbootsinyourkitbag,don’tforgettoputinyourdrinksandyoursnacks”(就像你不会忘记把护腿板或靴子放在你的装备包里，也不要忘记放入你的饮料和零食。)可推知，Cathy通过比较的方式强调营养的重要性，故选A。3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“ButCathyinsiststhatwhentoeatismoreimportantthanwhat.”(但Cathy坚持认为吃的时间比吃什么更重要。)可推知，Cathy认为成功的运动营养背后的基本原则是关注饮食的时间，故选A。4.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了营养师的工作内容、工作理念及运动员与营养之间的紧密关系，从而说明了营养师是运动场上运动员背后的无名英雄之一，故选B。Passage3(2024高三下·山东·开学考试)Ifyourbossyells,blamesyou,andthentakesthecreditforyourwork—evenitisarareincident—itcanhaveabadeffectonyourwell-beingandperformanceattheworkplace.“Thankfully,abusiveleadershipisn’ttoocommon,butwhenithappensitleavesemployeesfarlesslikelytotaketheinitiativeandworktoimprovebusinesspractices,”saidHowieXu,anauthorofanewstudycarriedoutbyaninternationalgroupofresearchers.“Wewantedtounderstandthecogmitivefactorsbehindthateffect—andfindouthowcompaniescanprotecttheiremployeesfromthenegativeimpactofbadbosses.”

Xu’steamsurveyedemployeesandsupervisorsfrom42differentSouthKoreancompanies,alongwithhundredsofUSstudents,toexplorethewaysinwhichabusivesupervisionimpacts“takingcharge”behaviorbyemployees.Subjectswerethenrankedaccordingtowhethertheyactivelyseekpositiveopportunitiesforpromotionandadvancementortakeamorepreventativeapproachthatprioritizessafetyandjobsecurity.“Wetheorizedthatboththedrivetoobtainrewards(promotion,bonuses)andthedrivetoavoidpunishments(maintainjobsecurity)wouldshapethewayemployeesrespondtoabusivebosses,”Xuexplained.Butthat’snotwhatXuandhisteamfound.Rather,theyfoundthatemployeeswhoprioritizedcareeradvancementwerestronglyaffectedbyabusiveleadershipwhileemployeeswhoprioritizedjobsecurityremainedjustaslikelytotakechargeafterexperiencingabusiveleadership.Onepossibleexplanation,Xusaid,isthatambitiousemployeesmaythinkanabusivebosshasdirectcontroloverwhethertheywillreceivebonusesoropportunitiesforpromotion.Bycontrast,badbossesmaybeseenashavinglessdirectcontroloverfringdecisions,whichoftenrequireratification(批准)byHRteamsormoreseniormanagers.That’sanimportantfinding,becauseitsuggeststhatorganizationsseekingtolessentheimpactofbadleadershipshouldfocusongivingpowertoemployeesandmakingthemfeelvaluedandappreciated,ratherthansimplyapologizingandmakingthemfeelsurethattheirjobsaresafe.1.WhatdoHowioXu’swordsinparagraph2suggest?A.It’surgentforcompaniestoreplacetheirbadbosses.B.Companiesshouldperfecttheirstaffevaluationsystem.C.Becomingavictimofabusiveleadershipisverynormal.D.Abusiveleadershiplowersemployees’workenthusiasm.2.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromparagraph4?A.Thefindinghadasolidtheoryfoundation.B.Thefindingwasbeyondthestudyteam’sexpectations.C.Employeestendtoputpotentialrewardsbeforeeverythingelse.D.Employeesgenerallyholdanunfriendlyattitudetowardabusivebosses.3.Whatshouldorganizationsprimarilydoiftheemployeeswereabused?A.Givethemsuitablerecognition. B.Guaranteethemjobsecurity.C.Seekhelpfromprofessionals. D.Makeasincereapologytothem.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.It’sPossibletoKeepaBadBossatBayB.It’sImportanttoAvoidBecomingaBadBossC.HavingaBadBossMayMakeYouaWorseEmployeeD.HavingBadHRTeamsKeepsYouAwayfromJobSatisfaction【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了虐待式领导对员工心理和行为的影响，并指出组织应该通过赋予员工更多的权力和自主权来减轻这种影响。1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段““Thankfully,abusiveleadershipisn’ttoocommon,butwhenithappensitleavesemployeesfarlesslikelytotaketheinitiativeandworktoimprovebusinesspractices,”saidHowieXu,anauthorofanewstudycarriedoutbyaninternationalgroupofresearchers.“Wewantedtounderstandthecognitivefactorsbehindthateffect—andfindouthowcompaniescanprotecttheiremployeesfromthenegativeimpactofbadbosses.”(一个国际研究小组开展的一项新研究的作者HowieXu说：“值得庆幸的是，虐待式领导并不太常见，但一旦发生，员工就不太可能主动采取行动和努力改善商业惯例。我们想了解这种影响背后的认知因素，并找出公司如何保护员工免受坏老板的负面影响。”)”可知，虐待式领导不常见，但是一旦发生，员工就不太可能主动采取行动，努力改善商业惯例，也就是说员工的工作热情会降低。故选D。2.推理判断题。根据文章第四段““Wetheorizedthatboththedrivetoobtainrewards(promotion,bonuses)andthedrivetoavoidpunishments(maintainjobsecurity)wouldshapethewayemployeesrespondtoabusivebosses,”Xuexplained.Butthat’snotwhatXuandhisteamfound.Rather,theyfoundthatemployeeswhoprioritizedcareeradvancementwerestronglyaffectedbyabusiveleadershipwhileemployeeswhoprioritizedjobsecurityremainedjustaslikelytotakechargeafterexperiencingabusiveleadership.(徐解释说：“我们的理论是，获得奖励(升职、奖金)的动力和避免惩罚(维护工作安全)的动力都会影响员工对虐待型老板的反应。”但这并不是徐和他的团队所发现的。相反，他们发现，优先考虑职业发展的员工受到虐待性领导的强烈影响，而优先考虑工作保障的员工在经历过虐待性领导后仍有可能掌权。)”可知，徐的团队原以为获得奖励(升职、奖金)的动力和避免惩罚(维护工作安全)的动力都会影响员工对虐待型老板的反应。但是，研究发现，优先考虑职业发展的员工受到虐待性领导的强烈影响，而优先考虑工作保障的员工在经历过虐待性领导后仍有可能掌权。由此可推测，这个发现超出了研究小组的预期。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“That’sanimportantfinding,becauseitsuggeststhatorganizationsseekingtolessentheimpactofbadleadershipshouldfocusongivingpowertoemployeesandmakingthemfeelvaluedandappreciated,ratherthansimplyapologizingandmakingthemfeelsurethattheirjobsaresafe.(这是一个重要的发现，因为它表明，寻求减少不良领导影响的组织应该把重点放在赋予员工权力，让他们感到受到重视和欣赏，而不是简单地道歉，让他们觉得自己的工作是安全的。)”可知，组织应该把重点放在赋予员工权力，让他们感到受到重视和欣赏，而不是简单地道歉，让他们觉得自己的工作是安全的。故选A。4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Ifyourbossyells,blamesyou,andthentakesthecreditforyourwork—evenitisarareincident—itcanhaveabadeffectonyourwell-beingandperformanceattheworkplace.(如果你的老板对你大吼大叫，责怪你，然后把你的功劳占为自己的——即使这种情况很少发生——这可能会对你的健康和工作表现产生不好的影响。)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究发现，即拥有糟糕老板的员工更可能受到负面影响，并在工作中表现得更差。故选C。Passage4(2024高三下·河北保定·开学考试)Whenthisyear’sall-womanteamarrivedonAntarctica’sGoudierIslandtoruntheworld’smostremotepostoffice,itwasshovelstheyneededratherthanstamps.They’dtraveledsome8,000milesfromtheUK,byplaneandboat,andBritain’sRoyalNavyhadhelpedthemdigouttheirnewhomeatthePortLockroyscientificbase,whichwasburieduptofourmetersdeepunderseveraltonnesofDecembersnow.Itwasn’tjustthefrozenwastesthatfirststruckpostmasterClareBallantyne,whoat23yearsoldwasthebabyofthefour-womangroup.Itwasthat“there’spenguinseverywhere.”MorethanathousandGentoopenguinsliveonthistinyislandonthewesternsideoftheAntarcticpeninsula(半岛),aroundthesizeofasoccerfield.Since1944,whentheUK’sfirstpermanentAntarcticbasewasestablishedhere,it’salsobecomeashelterforexplorers,scientistsand—inrecentyears—tourists.Eachyear,ateamisselectedtorunandmaintainthesitefromNovembertoMarch,orsummertimeinthesouthernhemisphere.Around4,000peopleappliedforthisjob,butjustfourmadethecut:Ballantyne,baseleaderLucyBruzzone,wildlifemonitorMairiHiltonandshopmanagerNatalieCorbett.Thejobalsoinvolvescountingpenguins:ThescientificdatatheygatherontheGentoos’breedingpatternsispartofadecades-longstudyofthecolony.Whenitcomestochoosingcandidates,“thereisnorecipewecanfollow,”saysBallantyne.“It’saboutyourabilitytoworktogetherasateam.Cheerinessgoesalongway,beingabletoseethelightinlifeandresolveproblemsquickly.”Ballantynenotesthattherehasbeen“abitofadeclineinrecentyearsinthebreedingsuccess”oftheGentoopenguins,butsays“thecausalconnectionisthetrickybit.”Whileclimatechangeisprobably“thebiggestdriver,”theyalsoneedtocarefullyexamineifthere’sa“humanelement”aswell.Inheropinion,Antarcticatourismhasboomedsignificantlyinthepastcoupleofdecades,buttherearen’tlegallyenforcedlimitsontourism,whichhopestobearegulatedindustry.1.Whatisthetaskoftheall-womanteam?A.Makingoutallthelivinghabitsofpenguins. B.Servingaspostmastersandenvironmentalists.C.DesigningstampslinkedtotheAntarcticpeninsula. D.Managingapostofficeincludingcountingpenguins.2.WhatdoweknowaboutGoudierIsland?A.It’ssituatedontheeasternsideoftheAntarcticpeninsula.B.Somescientistsuseitasasoccerfieldintheirsparetime.C.It’sfitformantostudytheAntarcticandlivetemporarily.D.Thenumberofthepenguinsonithasrisensharply.3.Whatkindofwomencanbechosenasateammember?A.Beingoptimistic,competentandcooperative. B.Beingsensitive,courageousanddetermined.C.Beinghardworking,modestandempathetic. D.Beingindependent,elegantandgenerous.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Climatechangeleadstothedeclineofpenguins. B.Polartourismdesiresforimprovedmanagement.C.HumansandpenguinsliveinpeaceintheAntarctic. D.Antarcticatourismhasinfluencedclimatechange.【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了位于南极洲的洛克雷港邮局的招聘吸引了很多人，四位女性获得岗位，这个全女性团队在那里不仅要管理邮局，还要负责数企鹅。1.细节理解题。由第一段“Whenthisyear’sall-womanteamarrivedonAntarctica’sGoudierIslandtoruntheworld’smostremotepostoffice,itwasshovelstheyneededratherthanstamps.(当今年的全女性团队抵达南极洲的古迪尔岛，经营世界上最偏远的邮局时，她们需要的是铲子，而不是邮票)”和第六段中“Thejobalsoinvolvescountingpenguins(这项工作还包括对企鹅进行计数)”可知，全女性团队的任务是在南极洲的古迪尔岛上管理邮局和数企鹅。故选D项。2.推理判断题。由第四段中“Since1944,whentheUK’sfirstpermanentAntarcticbasewasestablishedhere,it’salsobecomeashelterforexplorers,scientistsand—inrecentyears—tourists.(自1944年英国第一个永久性南极基地在这里建立以来，这里也成为探险家、科学家和近年来游客的住处)”可知，南极洲的古迪尔岛是探险家、科学家和近年来游客的住处，可得出古迪尔岛是一个适合人类研究南极洲和暂时居住的地方。故选C项。3.细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Whenitcomestochoosingcandidates,“thereisnorecipewecanfollow,”(在选择候选人时，“我们没有可以遵循的秘诀。”)”和“It’saboutyourabilitytoworktogetherasateam.Cheerinessgoesalongway,beingabletoseethelightinlifeandresolveproblemsquickly.(这关乎你在一个团队中的合作的能力。快乐会有很大的帮助，能够看到生活中的光明并迅速解决问题)”可知，乐观、能干、合作的女性可以被选为团队成员。故选A项。4.推理判断题。由最后一段中“Inheropinion,Antarcticatourismhasboomedsignificantlyinthepastcoupleofdecades,buttherearen’tlegallyenforcedlimitsontourism,whichhopestobearegulatedindustry.(在她看来，南极旅游业在过去几十年里蓬勃发展，但旅游业没有法律强制限制，希望成为一个受监管的行业)”可知，Ballantyne认为南极旅游业应该受到法律监管，可得出极地旅游渴望改善管理。故选B项。Passage5(2024高三上·江苏扬州·期末)WhenJean-PhilippeMichel,acareercoach,workswithsecondaryschoolstudents,hedoesn’tusetheword“profession”.Ratherthanencouraginghisyoungclientstochooseaprofession,say,architectorengineer,heworksbackwardsfromtheskillsthateachstudentwantstoacquire.Decidingtheskillsyouwanttouseleadstoacareerthat’smoretargeted—andthusmorelikelytobringyousatisfaction.“Theyneedtoshiftfromthinkingaboutjobsandcareerstothinkingaboutchallengesandproblems,”Michelsays.“Thepurposeistohelpteenagersplanfora“portfoliocareer”,whichismadeupofnumerousmicro-jobsandwillbebetterreceivedinthenextdecade,”saysMichel.“Insteadofidentifyingyourjobroleordescription,youwillbeconstantlyaddingskillsbasedonwhatisgoingtomakeyoumoreemployable,”saysJeanneMeister.co-authorofTheFutureWorkplaceExperience.Moretraditionalcompaniesareofferingvariousprojectopportunitiestotheirownemployees.Workersareencouragedtochoosetheirnextprojectsbasedontheirskills,orskillstheywanttodevelop,whichcanmeanworkingindifferentpartsofthecompany.Forcompanies,thepayoffforexperimentingwithinternalproject-basedopportunitiesmeansworkersarelesslikelytojumpfromonecompanytothenext.Micro-jobscaninspireasenseofbelongingandautonomywithinacompany,whichinturnmightkeepstafffromjob-hopping(跳槽)tothecompetition“Butwhenitcomestobuildingalong-termcareer,therearedisadvantagestocreatingaportfolioofwork,”sayexperts.Ifyouconstantlyhopfromoneprojecttothenext,thechangecanbejarringandleaveyouwithoutaclearpathtosuccess.“Withfewerpromotionsandchangestojobtitles,itcanbemoredifficulttofeellikeyou’resucceedingevenifyou’reregularlycompletingprojects,”sayscareercoachMichel.Ofcourse,itcantakecompaniesyearstochangefromtraditionalmentalitytowhatboostsprofessionalgrowth.1.WhydoesMichelavoidusingtheword“profession”withhisstudents?A.Tohelpthemrealizewhattheywanttobe.B.Toencouragethemtochooseadreamjob.C.Toenablethemtomastersurvivalskills.D.Toguidethemtofocusmoreonchallenges2.Whatistheadvantageofportfoliocareertoemployees?A.Itwillmakethemmorepopularwithcolleagues.B.Itwillequipthemwithmorecompetitiveskills.C.Itwilldiscouragethemfromswitchingjobs.D,Itwillhelpthemenjoyastableworkingstate.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“‘jarring”inparagraph6mean?A.Unpleasant. B.Significant. C.Permanent. D.Unavoidable.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsportfoliocareer?A.Supportive. B.Objective. C.Doubtful. D.Intolerant.【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是职业组合。1.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句““Theyneedtoshiftfromthinkingaboutjobsandcareerstothinkingaboutchallengesandproblems,”Michelsays.(“他们需要从思考工作和职业转变为思考挑战和问题，”米歇尔说)”可知，米歇尔避免在学生面前使用“职业”这个词，以引导他们更多地关注挑战。故选D项。2.细节理解题。根据第四段中第二句“Workersareencouragedtochoosetheirnextprojectsbasedontheirskills,orskillstheywanttodevelop,whichcanmeanworkingindifferentpartsofthecompany.(鼓励员工根据自己的技能或想要发展的技能选择下一个项目，这可能意味着在公司的不同部门工作)”可知，员工在不同部门工作，会学到新的技能。故选B项。3.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Ifyouconstantlyhopfromoneprojecttothenext,thechangecanbe(如果你经常从一个项目跳到下一个项目，这种变化可能会)”及下文“leaveyouwithoutaclearpathtosuccess.(让你没有一条通往成功的清晰道路)”可知，如果你不断地变换项目，这会让你没有清晰的成功之路，所以这种变化可能会令人不安。由此可知，划线词意为“令人不安的，令人不悦的”，与Unpleasant“令人不快的，不舒服的”意思接近。故选A项。4.推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在文中既说明了职业组合的优点：更容易被雇佣、减少跳槽；又在第六段中提到了其缺点：员工缺少明确的成功路径。由此推知，作者对职业组合的态度是客观的。故选B项。Passage6(2024高三上·江苏·阶段练习)Catfisheffectistheeffectthatastrongcompetitorhasincausingtheweaktobetterthemselves.Actionsdonetoactivelyapplythiseffectinanorganizationaretermedcatfishmanagement.InNorway,livesardinesareseveraltimesmoreexpensivethanfrozenones,andarevaluedforbettertextureandflavor.Itwassaidthatonlyoneshipcouldbringlivesardineshome,andtheshipmasterkepthismethodasecret.Afterhedied,peoplefoundthattherewasonecatfishinthetank.Thecatfishkeepsswimming,andthesardinestrytoavoidthispredator(捕食者).Thisincreasedlevelofactivitykeepsthesardinesactive,thus,increasingtheirsurvivalrategreatly.Catfisheffecthasbeenoneofthehottesttopicsinhumanresourcesmanagement.Therefore,Iwillkeeptheexplanationshortandsweet.Whenanoutsiderjoinsawell-establishedteamasacompetitor,hecausestheweaktobettertheirperformance.Thismethodismeanttomotivateeachoftheteammatestofeelthecompetitioninordertokeepupthecompetitivenesslevelofthewholeteam.However,addingacatfishintheteamcanalsobringinthedownsideinthegroup’sdynamics.Theteamwouldgobacktothestormingstage.Under-performerswouldbecomemorenegativeaboutthechangethatthecatfishtriedtoimplement(实施)becausetheywouldseeitasathreat.Thefailedattemptofimplementationofchangingwillcreateunder-performanceintheteamasawhole,whichwillleadtoagreatermanagementchallenge.Thekeyemployeeorbackboneemployeewillfeeldemotivatedbecausetheopportunitytogetamoreseniorjobhasdecreased.Iftherearetoomanycatfishinthecompany,thiswouldgenerateastressfulworkenvironment.Theemployeewouldconstantlyworryiftheyarebeing“preyed”bythecatfish.Thementalburdenwouldcreateaharmfulcorporatecultureandincreasethedistrustbetweenemployees.Ahighstandardisrequiredonthecatfish.Thecatfishwouldeventuallyturnintoaleadingroleintheteam.Lackinleadershipskillfromthecatfishwouldleadtoabiggerchaosintheworkplace.Worstsituationwouldbesettingupabadleadershiprolemodeltofurtheranunhealthycompetitiveenvironment.1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themagictrickofcatchingsardines. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Theexactoriginofthelegend. D.Thegreatwisdomofacatfish.2.Whatmayacatfishmeantobackbonesofthecompany?A.Unfaircorporateculture. B.Violentworkenvironment.C.Greatmanagementchallenge. D.Reducedpromotionchance.3.Whichmightbethesolutiontothedownsideofacatfish?A.Qualifyingacatfishforaleadingrole. B.Settingupaharmoniousrelationship.C.Creatingalesscompetitiveworkplace. D.Stoppingacatfishenteringacompany.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsaddingacatfishinthecompany?A.Subjective. B.Pessimistic. C.Objective. D.Doubtful.【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了鲶鱼效应及其在组织中的应用，包括对团队竞争性的提高和潜在的负面后果，强调了鲶鱼在团队中的领导角色的重要性。1.主旨大意题。根据第二段“InNorway,livesardinesareseveraltimesmoreexpensivethanfrozenones,andarevaluedforbettertextureandflavor.Itwassaidthatonlyoneshipcouldbringlivesardineshome,andtheshipmasterkepthismethodasecret.Afterhedied,peoplefoundthattherewasonecatfishinthetank.Thecatfishkeepsswimming,andthesardinestrytoavoidthispredator(捕食者).Thisincreasedlevelofactivitykeepsthesardinesactive,thus,increasingtheirsurvivalrategreatly.(在挪威，活沙丁鱼比冷冻沙丁鱼贵好几倍，而且口感和味道更好。据说只有一艘船能把活沙丁鱼带回家，船长对他的方法保密。他死后，人们发现鱼缸里有一条鲶鱼。鲶鱼一直在游，沙丁鱼试图避开这个捕食者。这种增加的活动水平使沙丁鱼保持活跃，从而大大提高了它们的存活率)”可知，文章第二段主要讲的是鲶鱼效应的潜在逻辑。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thekeyemployeeorbackboneemployeewillfeeldemotivatedbecausetheopportunitytogetamoreseniorjobhasdecreased.(关键员工或骨干员工会感到失去动力，因为获得更高职位的机会减少了)”可知，公司的骨干员工或关键员工会因为晋升机会减少而感到动力不足。故选D。3.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ahighstandardisrequiredonthecatfish.Thecatfishwouldeventuallyturnintoaleadingroleintheteam.(鲶鱼的质量要求很高。鲶鱼最终成为了团队中的主角)”可知，通过提高鲶鱼的领导资格和标准，可以缓解其带来的负面效应。故选A。4.推理判断题。根据整篇文章的论调既讨论了鲶鱼效应的积极作用，也探讨了其可能产生的负面影响，展示了对鲶鱼管理策略的平衡看法。这体现了作者试图从客观的角度去评价这种效应及其在企业管理中的应用。由此推知，作者对在公司增加一条鲶鱼持客观的态度。故选C。Passage7(2024高三上·浙江·阶段练习)T