schaefers.2A11ol-年龄和性别社会分层

GroupingbyGender,Age,CommonInterestandClassChapter11WhatPrinciplesdoPeopleUsetoOrganizeSocieties?Besideskinshipandmarriage,peoplegroupthemselvesbyage,commoninterest,gender,andclassorsocialrankwithinasocietytodealwithproblemsnotconvenientlyhandledbymarriage,thefamilyand/orhousehold,descentgroup,orkindred.GroupingbyAgeAgeGrade:Categoriesbasedonage(usuallyofthesamesex)widelyusedmeansoforganizingpeopleinsocieties,includingthoseofEuropeandNorthAmerica.(i.e.infant,boy,girl,youngman,youngwoman,man,woman,senior,elder)–also-(freshman,sophomore,junior,seniorincollege.)Aspecifictimeisoftenrituallyestablishedformovingfromayoungertoanolderagegrade.AgeSets—peoplebornaroundthesametimewhomovethroughage-gradecategoriestogether.(i.e.GenerationsareAgeSets.The“babyboomer”generation(AgeSet)movedthroughtheagegradesof:infants,toddlers,youngmen/women,men/women,seniors,together.)(i.e.everyonebornintheyear“1990”wouldbeanAgeSettoo,goingthroughsimilaragegradesasabove).AgeGrouping:Tiriki

EthnographicExamplefromNyanzaProvince,KenyaSevennamedagesetspassthroughfoursuccessiveagegrades.GoogleMaplink:://maps.google/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Nyanza+Province,+Kenya&sll=-8.010276,-53.102417&sspn=1.528474,2.90863&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Nyanza+Province,+Kenya&ll=-0.527336,34.453125&spn=12.324284,23.269043&t=p&z=6Eachagesetembracesa15-yearspanandopenstoacceptnewinitiatesevery105years.Inprinciple,thesystemresemblesourcollegeclasses.AgeGrades

EthnographicExfromKenya

(Serengetiarea)MaasaisubclansofwesternKenyaattheopeningparadeoftheelaborateeunotoceremony,markingthecomingofageofmorans(warriors).Attheendoftheceremony,thesemenwillbeinthenextagegrade—junioradults—readytomarryandstartfamilies.Alsohavea3-dayinitiationceremonyintoanelderhoodagegrade:

(10min)GroupingbyGenderSeparatesmenandwomentovaryingdegreesindifferentsocieties.Ex:DivisionofLaborandspheres(fromCh.8):Flexible/IntegratedDualSexSegregatedInsomesocieties,theymaybetogethermuchofthetime.Inothersocietiestheymayspendmuchtimeapart,eventotheextremeofeatingandsleepingseparately.Gender-basedGroups

EthnographicExampleGenderissuesaresymbolicallyworkedoutinmythologiesandceremonialdancesamongtheYawalapitiwholiveontheTuatuariRiverinBrazil’supperXinguregionOwnershipofthesacredtrumpets,areguardedbythetribesmenandtraditionallywomenwereforbiddentoseethem.GroupingbyCommonInterestCommon-interestassociationsareformedtodealwithspecificchallengesoropportunities.Membershipmaybevoluntaryorcompulsory.Common-interestassociationshavebeenafeatureofhumansocietiessincetheappearanceofthefirstfarmingvillages(i.e.guilds,philosophicalschools)severalthousandyearsago,buttheyarenowlinkedwithrapidsocialchangeandurbanization,withmanycommoninterestgroupsnowonline.Theyincreasinglyassumerolesformerlyplayedbykinshipgroupswesawinthepreviouschapter(i.e.providingthesocialstructureforaculture/sub-culture).Whatcommoninterestgroupsdowehaveinourculture?GroupingbyClassandSocialRank

Stratification

Stratificationisthedivisionofsocietyintotwoormoresocialclassesofpeoplewhodonotshareequallyinbasicresources,power,orprestige.Suchahierarchicalsocialstructureischaracteristicofalloftheworld’ssocietieshavinglargeandsimilarpopulationswithacentralpoliticalcontrol.Stratifiedsociety:dividedintocategoriesofpeoplewhodonotshareequallyinresources,influence,orprestige.Egalitariansociety:hasasmanyvaluedpositionsaspersonscapableoffillingthem.GroupingbyClassandSocialRank

CasteSystemsCaste:Asocialclassinwhichmembershipisdeterminedbybirthandfixedforlife.Childrenautomaticallybelongtotheirparents’caste.Example,India

Dalits,knownas“untouchables”inIndia’straditionalcastesystem,light100“candlesoffreedom”atthe2004WorldSocialForumheldinMumbai.Areweastratifiedsociety?

Homelessmensleepingonsidewalks—oneinIndia,oneintheUnitedStates.OutcastgroupssuchasIndia’suntouchablesareacommonfeatureofstratifiedsocieties.IntheUnitedStates,13%ofthepopulationisinpovertyaccordingtothe2004U.S.Census.IntheUnitedStates70%ofwealthisinthehandsof10%ofthepopulation.OurstratificationmaynotbeasexplicitasIndia’scastesystem,butdowehavelevelsand….whatarethey?Wehaveegalitarianideals–i.e.TheAmericanDream,butrealityissometimesdifferent….why?DowehaveatypeofUntouchableswhowouldbebarredfromholdingcertainsocietalpositions?Ouractionsandreactionstowardsothersmayholdtheanswer…WaysofExpressingSocialClassWhattypesofClassindicatorsdowefindinU.S.language?VerbalevaluationWhatpeoplesayaboutotherpeopleintheirsociety.PatternsofassociationWhointeractswithwhom,how,andinwhatcontext.SymbolicindicatorsActivitiesandpossessionsindicativeofclassposition.DifferencesinlifechancesHigh-statuspeoplegenerallylivelongerandinbetterhealththanpeopleoflowstatus.Butnotallsocietiesarestratifiedoregalitarian,someareopencla