英语国家社会文化之美国经济USeconomy

US

ChapterEconomy

Brainstorm

Do

you

know

any

American

company

or

brand?

What

are

they

famous

for?Colonial

period

NorthSouth

IndustrialRevolutionAdamSmithwasaScottishsocialphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.TheWealthofNations,isconsideredasthefirstmodernworkofeconomics.Smithiswidelycitedasthefatherofmoderneconomicsandcapitalism.TwoGreenhouses

forIndustrialGrowthinU.S.Politicalleaders’decisions

AlexanderHamilton

&protectivetariffImmigrationpopulationfromEuropesensitivewithrevolutionAmericanindustrialdevelopment’sneeds --skilledartisans,laborscarce --newmethodwelcomedFiveMajorDevelopmentsIntroductionofthefactorysystemthefirstfactoryinU.S.,1793

by

SamuelSlaterCottonclothfactoryTheNortheasternregion:themanufacturingcenterTheSouthernregion:cottonplantbaseTheresult:US-amajorcottonproducerwyy7IndustrialRevolution

8SlaterMill

wyy9ACottonOfficein1873

2.

MassproductionMassproductionistheproductionoflargeamountsofstandardizedproducts,includingandespeciallyonassemblylines.the"Americansystem"ofmassproduction---EliWhitneymadecottonproductionmoreefficientbyinventingamachine—thecottonginwyy12---beganmanufacturingriflesinanewwayEliWhitneyGunFactory

14---1913,theauto-makerHenryFordintroducedthe"movingassembly"line.

---conceptsof"scientificmanagement"helpedtolowerthecostsofproductionstillfurther.wyy15AnAssemblyLine

16---Lowercostsmadepossiblebothhigherwagesforworkersandlowerpricesforconsumers.FiveMajorDevelopmentsNewtechnologyinindustrialtaskssteamengine—replacewaterturbinesSteamboats;locomotives;textileindustry,after1860Inventionsin19th&20thcenturyResult:economicactivitiesincreasedThe19thCentury:can

you

name

these

inventions?The20thCenturyFive

MajorDevelopmentsNewformsofbusinessorganizationsthefirstAmericancommercialbank,1780s1863,standardpapercurrencyCorporationvs.soleproprietorshipandthepartnershipOnedistinguishedfeatureofcorporation:limitedliability(Co.Ltd.)LimitedliabilityItisaconceptthatthevalueofaperson'sinvestmentinacompanyorpartnershipwithlimitedliability.Ifacompanywithlimitedliabilityissued,thentheplaintiffs(原告)aresuingthecompany,notitsownersorinvestors.Ashareholder(股东)inalimitedcompanyisnotpersonallyliableforanyofthedebtsofthecompany,otherthanforthevalueoftheirinvestmentinthatcompany.usuallythatperson‘sdividends(股息)inthecompanybeingzero,sincethecompanyhasnoprofitstoallocate.Bycontrast,soleproprietors(独资经营者)andpartnersingeneralpartnerships(普通合伙企业)areeachliableforallthedebtsofthebusiness(unlimitedliability).5.Railroads

&

westward

expansiontheconstructionofrailroadsbeginninginthe1830smarkedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates.

Question

Can

you

think

of

any

reasons

why

America

has

developed

into

the

rich

and

affluent

country?Any

opportunities?

Advantages?Principal

idea

in

economy:

FreeEnterpriseKey

conceptsCapitalismLaissez-faireEconomicfreedomStockexchangeCapitalismCapitalismisaneconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproductionareprivately

ownedandoperatedforprofit,usuallyincompetitivemarkets.privatepropertypowerrelationswagelabor

classLaissez-faireItisFrenchandliterallymeans"letdo",butitbroadlyimplies"letitbe",or"leaveitalone."Ineconomics,laissez-fairedescribesanenvironmentinwhichtransactionsbetweenprivatepartiesarefreefromstateintervention,includingrestrictiveregulations,taxes,tariffsandenforcedmonopolies.Economicfreedom&freemarketThefreemarketviewpointunderstandseconomiclibertyasthefreedomtoproduce,tradeandconsumeanygoodsandservicesacquiredwithouttheuseofforce,fraudortheft.embodiedin:theruleoflawpropertyrightsfreedomofcontractexternalandinternalopennessofthemarkets,freedomofeconomicinitiative.stockexchangeAstockexchangeisanentitythatprovidesservicesforstockbrokersandtraderstotradestocks,bonds,andothersecurities.NotallbusinessessellstockPubliclimitedcompany&privatecompanyCan

you

think

about

Problemswiththedevelopmentofcapitalism?LargeurbanpopulationExploitationonworkersDiscriminationinhiringmonopolygovernment

roleBefore

1945:

Little

interferenceQuestion:

what

is

the

problem

caused

by

“Laissez

faire”

concept?First

change

and

government

actionGreat

Depression1929

stock

market

crashFranklin

Roosevelt-New

DealQuestion:

what

was

New

Deal

era

about?

What

were

the

changes?

Other

government

interferenceRead

and

discussWhat

were

the

government

policies

during

1960s

and

1970s?

Why

?What

were

the

government

policies

during

1980s?Why?Challenges

in

recent

timeInternetbubbleCanyoudefine?Whatis“dotbubble”?Housing

bubbleWhat

is

housing

bubble?How

it

started?Discussion

Do

you

think

China

is

experiencing

similar

challenges?

Why?Pretend

you

are

the