高考英语一轮复习 考点十八 科普研究类练习（含解析）-人教版高三英语试题

考点十八科普研究类A限时8分钟Couldthedevice,smartphoneorPC,whichyou'reusingaffectthemoraldecisionsyoumakewhenusingit?Totestit,researcherspresentedmultipledilemmastoasamplesetof1,010people.Theparticipantswereassignedadeviceatrandom.Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic“trolley(有轨电车)problem”：Arunawaytrolleyisheadedtowardsfivepeopletieduponasetoftraintracks.Youcandonothing,resultinginthedeathsoffivepeople,orpushamanoffabridge,whichwillstopthetrolley.Thepracticalresponseistokillonemantosavefivelives,which33.5percentofsmartphoneuserschose,comparedto22.3percentofPCusers.“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma，”DrAlbertBarque­Duran,theleadauthorofthestudy,toldCityUniversityofLondon.“ThiscouldbeduetotheincreasedtimepressureoftenpresentwithsmartphonesandalsotheincreasedpsychologicaldistancewhichcanoccurwhenweusesuchdevicescomparedtoPCs.”Asforwhytheresearchersstartedthisstudy,DrBarque­Durannoted,“Duetothefactthatoursociallives,workandevenshoppingtakeplaceonline,itisimportanttothinkabouthowthecontextswherewetypicallyfacemoraldecisionsandareaskedtoengageinmoralbehaviorhavechanged,andtheimpactthiscouldhaveonthehundredsofmillionsofpeoplewhousesuchdevicesdaily.”It'sclearthatweneedmoreresearchonhowourdevicesaffectourmoraldecision­makingbecausewe'reusingscreensatanever­increasingrate.篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文。你所使用的手机或电脑设备是否影响你的道德决策？为此，研究者对1,010位参与者做了研究。1．Whydidtheauthormentionthetrolleyproblem?A．Tointroduceadifficultproblemtoreaders.B．Tointroducetheaimofcarryingoutthestudy.C．Toshowanexampleofthequestionsinthestudy.D．Toshowthedifficultyindealingwithdilemmas.答案：C推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic‘trolley(有轨电车)problem’”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究的问题中的一个例子。故选C。2．Howdothesmartphoneusersofthestudybehaveindealingwithemotionaldilemmas?A．Calmly. B．Cruelly.C．Hesitantly. D．Enthusiastically.答案：A细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma”可知，对于情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定地处理。故选A。3．DrAlbertbelievesthatcomparedwithPCs,smartphones________.A．helppeoplebearmorepressureB．helppeoplemakedecisionsquickerC．makepeoplefeelmorementallydistantD．makepeoplestayhappiertosolveproblems答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到心理上的疏远。故选C。4．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Shoppingonlinehasagreateffectonmakingmoraldecisions.B．ThepeopleusingsmartphonesaremorethanthoseusingPCs.C．PeoplewhooftenusesmartphonesorPCsalwaysmeetwithdilemmas.D．Itiscommonforpeopletobeinvolvedinmakingmoraldecisionsindailylife.答案：D推理判断题。A、B、C三项文中均未提及。而文中多处出现moralproblems,moraldecisions，故D项正确。B限时8分钟Overthepastcoupleofdays,onourlocalFreecyclepagetherehavebeenalotofwantedposts,allfromthesameperson,basicallyaskingforeverythingyou'dneedtosetupahousefromscratch.Oneofthethingstheyaskedforwasaqueen­sizedbed.Atthattimewejusthappenedtohaveanextraone,soImessagedthem.Theyimmediatelycameintheafternoon.Thepeoplewhocame,twoladiesandaman,areactuallyfriendsofanotherwomannamedJennywhoownedayoungboy.Thiswomanhasescapedfromadangerous,violentrelationshipandthesefriendsofhersarehelpingherandhersonstartoveragain,witheverythingfromfurnituretotoothbrushesontheirlistofneeds.Whiletheywerehere,Ialsogavethemoneofoursparebookcaseandsomecoffeecups.Ievenaskedthemtokeepintouchincasetheyneededanythingelse—Ihaveawayofconnectingpeoplewiththings.Iofferedthewomanacupboardwehadaswell;herfriendsjustneededtoseeiftherewasaplaceoraneedforitintheirfriend'snewhome.Iwassoexcitedtomeetthoselovingpeople,whowereobviouslywillingtohelptheirfriends.Itwasclearhowprotectivetheyfeltofthiswomanandherboy,howmuchtheylovedherandwantedhertohaveahappyandsafelife,andtospendevenafewminuteswithpeoplelikethatisanexperienceI'llrememberforalong,longtime.Aquickthank­youtoallwhohavesentmoredonationsoverthelastcoupleofdays,aswellaslovelymessagesofthanksandblessings.Sometimesit'shardtokeepupwithitall,butit'saproblemI'mhappytohave.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者通过物品利用网站帮助了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和她的孩子。5．Whatwerethepeoplewhoarrivedattheauthor'sintheafternoongoingtodo?A．Promotesomeproductscustomersneeded. B．Fetchthebedtheauthorwouldgiveaway.C．Recyclesecond­handfurniture. D．Helprepairtheauthor'sfurniture.答案：B细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Oneofthethingstheyaskedforwasaqueen­sizedbed.Atthattimewejusthappenedtohaveanextraone,soImessagedthem.Theyimmediatelycameintheafternoon.”可知，作者多一张大号床，所以下午来到作者家的人是去取作者要赠送的床。故选B。6．Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor?A．Warm­hearted. B．Mean. C．Narrow­minded. D．Intelligent.答案：A推理判断题。根据第三段中“Whiletheywerehere,Ialsogavethemoneofoursparebookcaseandsomecoffeecups.Ievenaskedthemtokeepintouchincasetheyneededanythingelse—Ihaveawayofconnectingpeoplewiththings.”可知，除了大床之外，作者还将其他多余的东西赠给了他们，可见作者是一个热心肠的人。故选A。7．Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,wecaninferthat________.A．theauthordoesn'tliketospendtoomuchtimewiththosepeoplelikeJenny'sfriendsB．Jennyandherboywillhardlygethelpfromtheauthor'sfriendsC．theauthorwasdisappointedwiththoseonlysendingmessagesofthanksandblessingsD．Jennyandherboywillhaveanewstartwiththehelpofpeople答案：D推理判断题。从最后两段，我们可以推断，在人们的帮助下，珍妮和她的儿子将有一个新的开始。故选D。8．Thesuitabletitleforthetextshouldbe“________”．A．Nopains,nogainsB．GodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselvesC．Manyhandsmakelightwork D．Wherethereiswill,thereisaway答案：C标题判断题。Nopains,nogains“不劳则无获”；Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves“自助者天助”；Manyhandsmakelightwork“众人拾柴火焰高”；Wherethereiswill,thereisaway“有志者，事竟成”。文章介绍了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和孩子在朋友和陌生好心人的帮助下也将有一个新的开始。所以本文最佳标题是“众人拾柴火焰高”。故选C。C限时8分钟Whenyouthinkofbatteries,you'lllikelythinkaboutthempoweringupremotecontrols,cellphones,flashlightsandtoys.Butsomepeoplecarryabatteryaroundintheirbodytopowerapacemaker(起搏器).Itisn'treallypleasantandeasytocarrybatteriesbecausetheyneedtobereplacedsooftenandtheycanleakpoisonouschemicals.Abattery­poweredpacemakermaybecomeathingofthepast,thankstoanewtechnologydevelopedbyUCLAresearchers:Abiologicalsupercapacitor(超级电容器),whichisthinnerthanseveralhairs.TeamsofresearchersatUCLAandtheUniversityofThosetraditionalpacemakersaresixtoeightmillimeters(毫米)thick.Theyaremuchbigger.Thenewsupercapacitor,which,duetoitslackofbattery,isonlyonemicrometer(微米)thick.This“little”featurecouldbenefitthenewpacemaker'senergyefficiency,researchersstated.Also,unlikeotherbatteriesusedinmedicaltreatments,thesupercapacitorcanbendandtwistinthebodywithoutsufferingdamage.Thoughthey'venotbeenwidelyusedinthemedicalworld,supercapacitorshavetheabilitytoserveasasaferandmoreefficientmedicaldevicethanthetraditionalbattery­operateddevices,theresearchersbelieve.“Inordertobeeffective,battery－freepacemakersmusthavesupercapacitorsthatcanget,storeandtransportenergy.However,commercialsupercapacitorsaretooslowtomakethemwork”，saidMaherEl­Kady,aUCLAresearcherandco­authorofthestudy.“Ourresearchfocusedonthecustom­designedsupercapacitortocaptureenergyeffectively,andfindingawaytomakeitexisttogethersuccessfullywiththehumanbody.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种可以借助身体发电，不再需要电池供电的新型起搏器。9．Whatdoweknowabouttraditionalpacemakers?A．Theyareverypopularwithusers.B．Theyarethinnerthanseveralhairs.C．Theycandoharmtotheusers'bodies.D．Theyarereallyconvenienttocarryaround.答案：C细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Itisn'treallypleasantandeasytocarrybatteriesbecausetheyneedtobereplacedsooftenandtheycanleakpoisonouschemicals.”可知，这种靠电池供电的起搏器经常需要更换，它们会泄漏有毒化学物质，可能会对人体产生伤害。故选C。10．Whatisspecialaboutthenewsupercapacitor?A．Ithaselectrodesontheoutside.B．Itismadefromakindofproteinmaterial.C．Ithelpssavethecarriers'moneyandenergy.D．Itcantransformtheenergyfromthebody.答案：D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Butwhatmakesthedevicedifferentisthatitispoweredbyanenergyharvesterthatchangesbodyheatandmovementinthebloodintoenergy.”可知，这种新型超级电容器的特殊之处在于它能够转化来自身体的能量。故选D。11．Whichofthefollowingmakesthenewpacemakerenergy­efficient?A．Thesmallsize.B．Thesmallbattery.C．Theenergyharvester.D．Thebendingandtwistingcharacters.答案：A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thenewsupercapacitor,which,duetoitslackofbattery,isonlyonemicrometer(微米)thick.This‘little’featurecouldbenefitthenewpacemaker'senergyefficiency,researchersstated.”可知，这种新型起搏器因为体积小，所以节能和高效。故选A。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ANewPacemakerthatDoesn'tNeedtoUseBatteriesB．ABattery­PoweredPacemakerIsHarmingPeople'sBodyC．PeopleTodayAren'tWillingtoUsetheTraditionalPacemakerAnyLongerD．UCLAResearchersAreCommittedtotheCauseoftheMedicalEquipment答案：A标题判断题。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一种可以借助身体发电，不再需要电池供电的新型起搏器。故选A。D限时7分钟“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou？”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupatUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves，”hesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(涟漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowaves，”Taylorsaid.“Wavesareoneofnature'swaysofpicking_“Theresourceishuge，”saidJanetSwainoftheWorldwatchInstitute.“Wewillneverrunoutofwavepower.”Besides,waveenergydoesnotcreatethesamepollutionasotherenergysources,suchasoilorcoal.OceanscoverthreequartersoftheEarth'ssurface—thatwouldmakewavepowerseemidealforcreatingenergythroughouttheworld,thoughtherearesomeweakpointsyettoovercome.Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney.Shealsosaidthatitseffectsonseaanimalsarestillunknown.Whatismore,wavepowercouldaffectfishingandboattraffic.Traditionalsourcesofenergylikeoilandgasmaysomedayrunout.“DemandforenergytopowerourTVsandcomputers,driveourcars,andheatandcoolourhomesisrisingrapidlythroughouttheworld，”Swainsaid.Inthefuturewhenyouturnonalight,anoceanwavecouldbeprovidingtheelectricity!篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了有关海洋波浪能源的应用前景及存在的问题。13．Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto________.A．testthereaders'knowledgeaboutwavesB．drawthereaders'attentiontothetopicC．showJamieTaylor'simportanceD．invitethereaderstoanswerthem答案：B推理判断题。作者在问题后谈到了波浪能源的相关内容，所以文章开头的两个问句是为了引起读者的注意，从而引出文章主题。故选B。14．Theunderlinedphrase“pickingup”isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．startingagain B．speedingupC．improving D．gathering答案：D词义猜测题。本句中的“andthensendingitoffonajourney”是关键信息，it指代energy,send...off意为“把……发散出去”，由此可知，前一动作是收集能源的过程。故pickingup在此意为“收集”，与gathering同义。故选D。15．Itcanbeinferredthatsomedaywemightnotworryabout________.A．ourpowersupply B．ourboattrafficC．airpollution D．oursupplyofseafish答案：A细节理解题。由第二段前两句可知，资源很庞大，所以将来终有一天我们不必再为电力供应担忧。neverrunoutof“永远不会用完”是关键信息。故选A。16．Wecanmakebetteruseofwaveenergyifwe________.A．shortenitsjourneytothousandsofhomes B．buildmoresmallpowerstationsontheoceansC．reducethecostofturningitintoelectricpower D．quickenthestepsofproducingelectricity答案：C细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney.”可知，波浪能源仍耗资很多。由此可知，如果我们能降低波浪能源的发电成本，我们将会更好地利用波浪能源。故选C。A限时8分钟(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee­spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow­costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic­likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.篇章导读：本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。1．Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A．Toreducepressureonkeys.B．Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C．Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D．Tocutthecostofe­spaceprotection.答案：D推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。故选D。2．Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A．Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B．Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C．Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D．Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.答案：C推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities...”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客。故选C。3．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It'llbeenvironment­friendly.B．It'llreachconsumerssoon.C．It'llbemadeofplastics.D．It'llhelpspeeduptyping.答案：B细节理解题。根据题干“研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望”可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句话“该团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场”。故选B。4．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Aguidebook.C．Anovel. D．Amagazine.答案：D推理判断题。根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段第一句中的“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow­costdevice...”，尤其是其中的关键词“Researchers”“low­costdevice”等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。故选D。B限时8分钟(2019·北京高考)Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging，”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”Andwhydoesthatmatter?Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。调查表明，由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。5．Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A．Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B．Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C．Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D．Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.答案：B段落大意题。文章第一段点题：由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。第二段介绍由于光从生物体反射的方式，这些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案；气候变化又使得这些浮游植物在某些区域加速生长而在其他地方有所减少，导致海洋表面的颜色变化。由此可知前两段讲了海洋颜色变化的原因，故B项正确。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.答案：A词义猜测题。画线词后一句提到，气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点并能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们要生长不仅仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养。由此可知，这些浮游植物对海洋变暖很敏感，故A项正确。7．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B．Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.C．Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.D．Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.答案：D推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到这些浮游植物是海洋食物链的基础，如果某些种类的浮游植物消失了，会影响能存活的鱼的类型，从而影响海洋食物链，并结合文章第四段倒数第二句可知浮游植物多的区域海水会变得更绿，故D项正确。8．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.B．Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.C．Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.D．Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.答案：C主旨大意题。文章主要论述了随着气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿，即气候变化对海洋有影响，故C项正确。C限时10分钟(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)LearningNewVocabularyDuringDeepSleepSleepingtimeissometimesconsideredunproductivetime.Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage?Sleepresearchtodatefocusedonthestabilizationandstrengtheningofmemoriesthathadbeenformedduringpreviouswakefulness.However,learningduringsleephasrarelybeenexamined.Thereisconsiderableevidenceforwake－learnedinformationundergoingrevisionbyareplayinthesleepingbrain.Thereplayduringsleepstrengthensthestillweakmemorytracesandembeds(嵌入)thenewlyacquiredinformationinthepreexistingstoreofknowledge.Ifthereplayduringsleepimprovesthestorageofwake－learnedinformation,thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexaminedwhetherasleepingpersonisabletoformnewsemanticassociationsbetweenplayedforeignwordsandtranslationwordsduringthebraincells'activestates,theso－called“Up－states\”.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.Whenwereachdeepsleepstages,ourbraincellsprogressivelycoordinatetheiractivity.Duringdeepsleep,thebraincellsarecommonlyactiveforabriefperiodoftimebeforetheyjointlyenterintoastateofbriefinactivity.Theactivestateiscalled“Up－state\”andtheinactivestate“Down－state\”.Thetwostatesalternate(交替)abouteveryhalf－second.Newevidenceforsleep－learningchallengescurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.Theconceptofsleepasanencapsulated(被概括的)mentalstate,inwhichweareseparatedfromthephysicalenvironmentisnolongerreasonable.“Wecoulddisprovethatcomplexlearningbeimpossibleduringdeepsleep，\”saysSimonRuch,co－first－author.“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequencesdeepsleepcanbeappliedtotheacquisitionofnewinformationwillbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears，\”saysKatharinaHenke.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeispartoftheInterfacultyResearchCooperation(IRC).Thirteenresearchgroupsinmedicine,biology,psychologyandinformationsciencearepartoftheIRC.Theaimoftheseresearchgroupsistogainabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsinvolvedinsleep,consciousnessandcognition.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项研究论证了在深度睡眠中学习新词汇的可能性。9．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．“Up－state\”and“Down－state\”appearinturnduringdeepsleep.B．“Up－states\”isanothernameforthebraincells'activestates.C．Semanticassociationsareimportantforlanguagelearning.D．Thebraincells'activestatesarecentralforsleep－learning.答案：D推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexamined...theso－called‘Up－states’.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.”可知，研究小组研究了睡觉的人能否在脑细胞活跃状态下，在被播放的外来词和翻译词之间形成新的语义联系。结果证明他们的想法是合理的。据此可推知，当大脑处于“Up－states”时，可以进行语言学习。在这个过程中，大脑细胞的活跃状态起着主要作用。故答案是D。10．Whatwillresearchersdowithinseveralyearsaccordingtothepassage?A．Makestudyinthefollowingfieldssuchasmedicineandbiology.B．Separateusfromthephysicalenvironment.C．Applydeepsleeptoinformationlearning.D．Discovertheconceptofsleep.答案：C细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词researchers和withinseveralyears定位到文章的第四段。根据该段中的“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequences...willbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears”可知，在未来几年，在新信息的获得方面深度睡眠能运用到何种程度以及会有何种结果将是研究的主题。故答案是C。11．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Tointroduceanewwayofvocabularylearning.B．Togainabetterunderstandingofthemechanisms.C．Tochallengecurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.D．Toexplainthepossibilityofvocabularylearningduringdeepsleep.答案：D推理判断题。第一段提出问题“Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage？”(是否可以更有效地利用睡眠时间，例如用于学习一种新语言？)；第二段回答该问题“thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep”(对新信息的初始处理，在睡眠期间也应该是可能的)；第三段通过研究提出证据证明了第二段的猜想。最后两段进行了补充说明。据此可知，本文是为了说明在深度睡眠中，学习新的词汇是可能的。故答案是D。12．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Anovel.B．Aguidebook.C．Ascientificresearchwebsite.D．Adiary.答案：C推理判断题。根据本文中出现的“Sleepresearchtodatefocusedon”“Thereisconsiderableevidence”“Theresearchgroup”“Theaimoftheseresearchgroups”并结合文章主旨(在深度睡眠中学习新词汇方面的科学研究)可以推断出，本文可能出自一个科研网站，故选C。D限时12分钟(2018·北京高考)Plastic­EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co­authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon­carbonbond,isthereaswell，”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofBertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。最新科学研究发现大蜡螟幼虫能利用体内的酶来分解塑料，这是一种分解塑料的新方法。13．Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A．Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B．Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C．Theycanconsumeplastics.D．Theywindupinlandfills.答案：C细节理解题。根据第二段前两句可知，蠕虫能消耗塑料。故选C。14．AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto________.A．identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB．findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC．confirmtheresearchfindingsD．increasethebreakdownspeed答案：B细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，DeBruyn说，下一步将找出分解的原因。这种酶是蠕虫自身产生的，还是肠道微生物产生的？即根据JenniferDeBruyn的说法，下一步将找出这种酶的来源。故选B。15．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight________.A．helptoraisewormsB．helpmakeplasticbagsC．beusedtocleantheoceansD．beproducedinfactoriesinfuture答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，她希望通过某种工业生产程序使用这种化学物质，而不是简单地“把数百万条虫子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，将来这种化学制品可能由工厂生产。故选D。16．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B．Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C．Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D．Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco­balance.答案：C主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了研究发现蠕虫能分解塑料，即一种分解塑料的新方法。故选C。E限时10分钟(2019·山东师范大学附中高三第二次模拟考试)Ifyouaskmostpeoplewhatwatertasteslike,they'llprobablytellyouthatwaterhasnotasteandtheymaygiveyouafunnylook.Butifyouwereafruitfly,askinganotherfruitfly,thatquestionmighthaveadifferentanswer.Toafruitfly,waterhasataste.Scientistswanttoknowhowthefruitflyknowswaterbeca