世界银行 -几内亚比绍-人力资本审查

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HumanCapitalReview

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WORLDBANKGROUP

Guinea-Bissau

HumanCapitalReview

WORLDBANKGROUP

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Coverphoto:WorldBank.

Editinganddesign:NitaCongress

Contents

Acknowledgments v

Abbreviations vi

Executivesummary vii

1Introduction 1

Countrycontext 1

Methodologyanddata:alife-cycleapproach 2

2Assessinghumancapitalacross

thelifecycleinGuinea-Bissau 5

Accumulationofhumancapitalinearly

childhood(ages0–5) 5

Accumulationofhumancapitalamong

school-agechildrenandyouth(ages6–18) 16

Utilizationofhumancapitalandproductivity

(ages19–60+) 29

3Humandevelopmentsystems

requiredtostrengthenhuman

capital 44

Fragilityandgovernance 44

Financingforhumancapital 46

Humanresources 50

Dataforinformeddecision-makingand

planning 53

Climatechange 54

4Keyrecommendations 57

References 59

Box

3.1Fragmentationindecision-making

highlightedduringCOVID-19 45

Figures

1.1Life-cyclelens:health,skills,and

productivityateachlifestage 3

2.1Trendsinchildmortalityrate,2001–21 6

2.2Childmortality,2021 6

2.3Topcausesofdeathinchildrenunderage

fiveinGuinea-Bissau 6

2.4TopcausesofDALYsinchildrenunder

agefiveinGuinea-Bissau 6

2.5Globalcomparisonofnotstuntedrates,

circa2020 10

2.6Wealthinequalitiesinchildstuntingin

Guinea-Bissau,2018–19 10

2.7Comparisonofadjustednetattendance

ratesforyearbeforeprimaryschool 13

2.8WorldBank’sInvestingintheEarlyYears

ConceptualFramework2016 14

2.9Guinea-Bissaupopulationstructure,

1990–2043 16

2.10Out-of-schoolratesforchildreninGuinea-

Bissau,byageanddemographic 17

2.11Contributingfactorstoout-of-school

incidenceandloweducationalattainment

inGuinea-Bissau 18

2.12RepetitionratesinGuinea-Bissau 18

2.13Expectedyearsofschool,circa2020 20

2.14Trendsingrossenrollmentratesandthe

GenderParityIndexbylevelofeducation

inGuinea-Bissau,2014–18 22

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Guinea-BissauHumanCapitalReview

2.15Disparitiesingrossenrollmentrates

acrossGuinea-Bissau 23

2.16Leadingcausesofdeathinchildrenages

5–14inGuinea-Bissau,1990and2019 26

2.17LeadingcausesofDALYsinchildrenages

5–14inGuinea-Bissau,1990and2019 26

2.18Leadingcausesofdeathinchildrenages

5–14inGuinea-Bissaudisaggregatedby

sex,1990and2019 27

2.19Distributionofprofessions/employmentin

Guinea-Bissau(%) 31

2.20DistributionofGuinea-Bissauworkersby

sector 31

2.21Percapitaconsumptionbyprofession/

employmentcategoryinGuinea-Bissau 32

2.22UnemploymentratesinGuinea-Bissauby

sexandhighestlevelofeducationattained 33

2.23HoursworkedinGuinea-Bissaubylevelof

educationandworkerlocation 34

2.24Mainproblemsfacedbyenterprisesin

Guinea-Bissau 35

2.25PersonalremittancesreceivedinGuinea-

Bissau 36

2.26Servicesandownedgoodsbywelfarelevel 39

2.27Socialprotectiontargetingandpovertyin

Guinea-Bissau 40

2.28Socialprotectiontargetingby

consumptioninGuinea-Bissau 40

2.29Survivalrateofindividualsage15yearsin

Guinea-Bissauanditspeers 41

2.30Top10causesofDALYsamongpeople15

yearsandolderinGuinea-Bissau 41

2.31MaternalmortalityratioinGuinea-Bissau

anditspeers,2000–17 42

2.32LifeexpectancyatbirthinGuinea-Bissau

anditspeers,2015–20 42

2.33Age-standardizedmortalityratein

Guinea-Bissauanditspeers,2000–19 43

3.1EffectsofCOVID-19oneducationand

healthinGuinea-Bissau 46

3.2Sharesoftotalgovernmentspendingby

function,2020 46

3.3SocialassistancepackagesinGuinea-

Bissau,2020–21 47

3.4DonorfundingfornutritioninGuinea-

Bissau,2012–21 48

3.5EmploymentinGuinea-Bissau,2017and

2023 50

3.6Humanresourcesplanninginthehealth

andeducationsectors 52

Tables

2.1Priorityhealthcarestrategiesshownto

preventmostdeathsamongchildren

underagefive 9

2.2PreschoolnetenrollmentratesinGuinea-

Bissau(%) 13

2.3Socialassistanceprogramstargeting

earlyyearsinGuinea-Bissau,2020–21 15

2.4Summaryofkeyprimaryeducation

outcomesinGuinea-Bissau(%) 19

2.5Interventionstoimproveteachingand

learning 21

2.6Girls’marital,childbearing,and

educationalstatus,2018–19 24

2.7Adolescentbirthratebyresidence,

region,mother’seducation,andwealth

quintile 28

2.8Examplesofsocialassistanceprograms

targetingschool-agechildrenandyouth 29

2.9CashtransferprogramsinGuinea-Bissau,

2018–22 38

3.1Floodriskassociatedwithschoolsand

populationcount,byregion2021 55

Acknowledgments

ThemainauthorsofthereportareYemdaogoTougma(TaskTeamLeaderandSeniorEconomist,Health),OpopeOyakaTshivuilaMatala(Co–TaskTeamLeaderandSeniorHealthSpecialist),EmilyE.Gardner(Co–TaskTeamLeaderandSeniorEducationSpecialist),TeegwendeValeriePorgo(HealthSpecialist),andGermanDanielCaruso(SeniorEconomist,HumanCapitalProject).OtherauthorsincludeSilviaConi(SeniorSocialProtectionSpecialist),DjenifferZamyLimaMelo(YoungProfes-sional),YannTapsoba(Consultant),NuriaGarrigaLlavina(Consultant),JosepVicentPuigGomez(Consultant),JavierLovelleVarela(Consultant),NdohAshkenSanogo(ExtendedTermConsultant),MichelleAshwinMehta(NutritionSpecialist),Jona-thanKwekuAkuoku(NutritionSpecialist),YannisArvanitis(SeniorGovernanceSpecialist),HalimatouHimaMoussaDioula(ExtendedTermConsultant),PaulaTavares(SeniorPrivateSectorDevelopmentSpecialist),PatrickJohnMcCartney(Economist),SeringTouray(Economist),SylvestreBea(SeniorWaterSpecialist),BirgitEmbalo(Consultant),YaoThibautKpegli(Consultant),KhadidjaMalloumBoukar(Consultant),andAboubacarSidibe(Consultant).

ThereportwasdevelopedunderguidanceprovidedbyKeikoMiwa(CountryDirector),GastonSorgho(PracticeManager,WesternandCentralAfricaRegion),Anne-LucieLefebvre(ResidentRepre-sentativeforGuinea-Bissau),andRebekkaGrun(HumanDevelopmentPracticeLeader,WesternandCentralAfricaRegion).TheWorldBankteamisindebtedtothequalityassuranceteams,peerreviewers,andotherreviewersfortheirvaluablefeedbackthroughoutthepreparationofthisreport.

TheWorldBankteamwouldliketothankthestaffoftheGeneralDirectorateoftheEconomy,theNationalInstituteofHealth,andtheMinistryofEducationfortheirexcellentcollaboration.Theteamwouldliketoalsothanktherepresentativesofthefollowingnongovernmentalorganizationsanddevelopmentpartnersfortheircontributions:UNICEF,theWorldHealthOrganization,theWorldFoodProgramme,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,andtheInstitutoMarquêsdeValleFlôr.

v

vi

Abbreviations

CECOMECentralDrugPurchasingAgency

(CentraldeComprasdeMedicamentosEssenciais)

DALYdisability-adjustedlifeyear

EHCVMHarmonizedSurveyonHouseholdLiving

Standards(EnquêteHarmoniséesurleConditionsdeViedesMénages)

GDPgrossdomesticproduct

HCIHumanCapitalIndex

HIV/AIDShumanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquired

immunodeficiencysyndrome

IDAInternationalDevelopmentAssociation

INSSNationalSocialSecurityInstitute(Insti-

tutoNacionaldeSegurançaSocial)

MMFSSMinistryofWomen,Family,andSocial

Solidarity(MinistériodaMulherFamíliaeSolidariedadeSocial)

AlldollaramountsareUSdollarsunlessotherwiseindicated.

MICS

NGO

PASEC

SAB

TVET

UNICEF

WASH

MultipleIndicatorClusterSurveynongovernmentalorganization

ProgramfortheAnalysisofEducationSystems(Programmed’analysedes

systèmeséducatifsdelaConfemen)

Bissauautonomoussector(SectorAutó-nomodeBissau)

technicalandvocationaleducationandtraining

UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’sEmergencyFund

water,sanitation,andhygiene

Executivesummary

Humancapitalcomprisestheknowledge,skills,andhealthpeopleaccumulateovertheirlives,enablingthemtorealizetheirpotentialasproduc-tivemembersofsociety.Humancapitalisacentraldriverofsustainablegrowthandpovertyreduc-tion.ItismeasuredusingtheHumanCapitalIndex(HCI),whichquantifiesthecontributionofhealthandeducationtotheproductivityofthenextgener-ationofworkers.TheHCIquantitativelyillustratesthekeystagesinachild’shumancapitaltrajectoryandtheconsequencesfortheproductivityofthenextgenerationofworkers.MeasurementoftheHCIinvolvesthreecomponents:(1)survivalfrombirthtoschoolage,measuredusingunder-fivemortalityrates;(2)expectedyearsoflearning-adjustedschooling,whichcombinesinformationonthequan-tityandqualityofeducation;and(3)overallhealth,whichiscapturedbytwoproxies:adultsurvivalrates,definedasthefractionof15-year-oldswhosurviveuntilage60,andtherateofstuntingforchil-drenunderagefive.

ThisreportpresentsthefindingsofastudytoanalyzeGuinea-Bissau’sHCIindicatorsanditshumancapitalpoliciesacrossthreesectors—health,education,andsocialprotection.Thereporthighlightsadeepanalysisofsociodemographicvari-ablessuchasage,sex,income,andgeographicaldisparities,basedontheavailabledata.Itidentifiescriticalgapsandconstraintsinthedevelopmentofhumancapitalandprovidespolicyrecommenda-tionsforimprovinghumancapitaloutcomes;thesewillinformupcomingWorldBankoperationsinthecountry’ssocialsector.

Thestudyentailedseveralactivitiesandmethod-ologies:

■DiscussionswithGuinea-Bissauauthoritiesaroundthehumancapitalagenda

■Aworkshoptoidentifygovernmentprioritiesforthehumancapitalreviewtoensurealignmentwiththegovernment’shumancapitalvisionandfacilitatedisseminationoftheresultingreport

■Adeskreviewoftheliterature,existinganalyt-icalwork,anddataspecifictoGuinea-Bissau

Duringtheworkshop,consultationswithstake-holdersconductingtheirownassessmentofhumancapitalinGuinea-Bissauweremade;thesefindingswerecomparedwiththepreliminaryresultsofthisstudy.

Thereviewwasguidedbythelife-cycleapproach.

Thisisinlinewiththe2020WorldBankHCIupdateandtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation’sIDA20approachtoandfocusonhumancapital.ThereviewexaminedHCIindicatorsacrossallstagesofthelifecycle,highlightinginvestmentsinhealth,education,andsocialprotectionandtheircontributiontohumancapitalaccumulation,use,andprotectionacrossagegroups.Thisprocessisusefulinidentifyingnecessaryactionsateachstepofthelifecycletobuildanddevelophumancapital.

Investmentsinhealth,nutrition,andeducationarekeyfortheaccumulationofhumancapital—aperiodspanningages0to18years—toenableindivid-ualstoreachtheirfullpotentialasfutureworkers.

ThecurrentmetricsoftheHCIinGuinea-Bissaurevealirreversiblelossestohumancapital,leadingtoreducedeconomicproductivity.Earlymortalityhasimproved,andthesurvivalrateofchildrenfrombirthtoschoolage(fiveyearsold),asmeasured

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usingunder-fivemortalityrates,was94.4percentin2018.Therateoflivebirthshasalsoimprovedsince2001,droppingfrom116deathsper1,000livebirthsto56deathsper1,000in2018.However,nearly33percentofchildrenbetweentheagesof6and11haveneverattendedschool,andprimaryschoolcompletionratesarelow(27percentonaverage)mainlyduetohighrepetition.Whiletherateofstuntingforchildrenundertheageoffiveis27.7percentoverall,thismasksimportantsocio-economicandregionaldisparities.Boththesurvivalrateofchildrenunderagefiveandschoolperfor-mancearedirectlyaffectedbymalnutrition,whichalsohasadirectimpactonlaborproductivity.Forty-threepercentoftheworking-agepopulationsufferedfromstuntingbeforetheageoffive.

AlthoughthemortalityrateinGuinea-Bissaudecreasedfrom18.7to13.6per1,000person-yearsbetween2000and2019,theadultsurvivalrateisalow83percentandmaternalmortalityishigh.

Theadultsurvivalrateishigheramongwomen(86percent)thanmen(79percent).In2019,themostsignificanthealthburdensamongindividualsage15yearsandolderwereHIV/AIDS,followedbytuberculosisandroadinjuries.Aparticularareaofconcernamongwomenisthematernalmortalityrate,whichwasestimatedat667per100,000livebirthsin2017.Thisrateiscloselylinkedtofemalegenitalmutilation;52percentofgirlsandwomenages15to49yearsand29.7percentofgirlsunderage14havebeensubjectedtothepractice.Thehighadolescentbirthrate—84birthsper1,000womenbetweenages15and19—isalsothoughttobeassociatedwithearlymarriage.Thirtypercentofgirlsmarrybeforetheyturn18,whichdragsdownschoolcompletionrates.

Guinea-Bissau’seconomyreliesheavilyonagri-cultureastheprimaryeconomicsectorandonself-employment.Theformermakesthecountrysusceptibletoshocksandexternalfactors;thelatterishighlyinformalandlaborintensive.Thecoun-try’sunfavorablebusinessenvironmentresultsina

relativelysmallprivatesectorthatfailstosupportcapital-intensivelabor(sincefirmsfaceobstaclesintermsofaccesstofinance,informality,corrup-tion,andlackofadequateinfrastructure)andofferslimitedemploymentopportunities.Evenhighlyeducatedindividualsstruggletofindhigh-qualityemploymentopportunitiesinGuinea-Bissau.Thispatternbecomesmorepronouncedwhentakinggenderintoaccount,andleadstotheemigrationofmanyeducatedindividuals.Jobscreatedarepredominantlyoflowquality,andofferlowwages.Asignificantportionofthelaborforceisengagedininformalsectoractivities,whichlackjobsecurity,stability,andaccesstoessentialbenefits.

Thecombinationoflowwagesandlimitedjobopportunitieshasledtoawidespreadpovertycrisis,whichisworseinruralareasandlargelyunmitigatedbysocialprotection.Asof2018,21.7percentoftheGuinea-Bissaupopulationlivesinextremepoverty,whichlimitsinvestmentinhumancapitalforchil-drenandleadstointergenerationalimpacts.Inaddition,therearesignificantdisparitiesbetweenurbanandruralareas.Regardlessoflabormarketstatus,povertyratesarehigherinruralareasthanurban.Thepovertyrateamongworkersinruralareasis60.0percent,comparedwith23.5percentinurbanareasin2018.Asubstantialdisparityalsoexistsineducationalattainmentbetweenurbanandruralareas.SocialprotectionmechanismsinGuinea-Bissauhavelimitedcoveragerelativetothesizeofthepopulationgroupstheyaimtoassist.Thecoverageofcontributorysocialprotectiondevicesisextremelylow,mainlyduetothesmallsizeoftheformalsectorintheeconomy.Socialassistanceprogramsareextremelylimited—complementarydonorfinancingisessential—causinglowcoverage,fragmentation,andthepotentialforduplication.Theavailabilityofstatesocialassistanceisconstrained,anditstrugglestoreachthepooresthouseholdsinruralareas,wheretheincidenceofpovertyishigher.

Cross-cuttingconstraintssuchasclimatechal-lenges,gender,fragility,andgovernancehinderthe

Executive

summary

ix

strengtheningandpreservationofhumancapital.

TheeffectsofclimatechangearealreadyvisibleinGuinea-Bissau,withnotableimpactsincludingsealevelrise,temperatureincrease,changingprecipita-tionpatterns,shortercoolseasons,longerdroughtspells,andheatwaves.Thesechangeshavenegativeconsequencesforhumancapitalacrossmultipledimensionsalloverthecountry,particu-larlyinvulnerablecommunities.Climatechangedramaticallyaffectsareassuchasfoodsecurity,cleanwaterandsanitation,health,andeducation.GenderinequalityispervasiveinGuinea-Bissau,withmajorimplicationsforwomen’sandgirls’health,education,andeconomicopportunities.Factorscontributingtofragilityandgovernancechallengesincludeanongoingpoliticaltransformationdrivenbyelitefragmentationandnoninclusiveinstitutionsandpoorpublicadministration;anendemiclackofgovernanceanddysfunctionalinstitutions,leadingtofragmentationindecision-makingandweakplan-ningandcoordination;andlackofhumanresources.

Toimprovehumancapitalandaccelerateeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,Guinea-Bissaumustprioritizeeffortstoensurechildren’shealthandeducation.Astrategytoachievethisgoalinvolvesthefollowingactions:(1)sustainedeffortstoimproveaccesstoqualityhealthcareandenhancethequalityofcareinordertodecreasethehighmaternalandneonatalmortalityrates;(2)furtherprogressinimprovingnutritionforpregnantwomen

andchildrenundertheageoffivetopreventnegativeeffectsontheirphysicalandcognitivedevelopment;(3)expandedintegratedearlychild-hooddevelopmentprogramstoincreasechildren’sreadinessforelementaryschool;(4)greateraccesstoqualitybasiceducationthroughimprovedteacherperformanceandtheavailabilityofteachingandlearningmaterials;(5)incomesupporttovulner-ablehouseholdsthroughcashtransfers,alongwithaccompanyingmeasurestoincreasehouseholds’abilitytoinvestinhealthandeducationandtocopewithshocks;and(6)economicinclusionmeasurestosupportunemployededucatedyouthtopromoteself-employmentandforpoorhouseholdsinruralareastofosterdiversificationbypromotingoff-farmincome-generatingactivities,throughapackageoftraining,cashstart-upgrants,andcoaching.

Governmentleadershipandinstitutionalalignmentandcoordination,aswellastargetedmechanismstoreachprioritygroups,areessential.Theseeffortsareinterconnectedandinvolvemultisectoralinter-ventions,raisingtheriskofduplicationandwastedresources.Toachievetheseobjectives,thegovern-mentshould(1)reactivatetheNationalCouncilforSocialProtection(CNPS)tofacilitatestrongcoordi-

nationamongstakeholders;(2)increaselocalandcommunityparticipationinservicedelivery;and(3)establishanationalsocialregistry.

1Introduction

Countrycontext

Humancapitalaccountsfortwo-thirdsoftotalwealthgloballyandremainsacentraldriverofinclusiveeconomicgrowth(Lange,Wodon,andCarey2018).

Humancapitalistheknowledge,skills,andhealthpeopleaccumulateovertheirlives,enablingthemtorealizetheirpotentialasproductivemembersofsociety.CountrieslikeSingaporehavedemon-stratedthateconomicgrowthcanbeaccelerated,equityenhanced,andpovertyalleviatedbybuildinghumancapitalthroughrobustinvestmentsineduca-tion,health,andsocialsafetynetsystems—utilizinghumancapitalinconcertwithothertypesofcapitalinvestments(WorldBank2021c).

Healthy,well-educatedpeoplefreeofpovertypromotepositivesocialexternalitiessuchassocialcohesionandenvironmentalprotection(WorldBank2021b).TheWorldBankHumanCapitalIndex(HCI)capturestheimpactofhumancapitalonfuturegrowthprospectsandisausefulstartingpointforconsideringhumancapitalchallenges.The2020HCIshowsthat,worldwide,beforetheCOVID-19pandemic,achildcouldexpecttoattainanaverageof56percentofhisorherpotentialproductivityasafutureworker(WorldBank2021b).Seriousdisparitiesinhumancapitaloutcomesexistsacrosshigh-andlow-incomecountriesandarelargelydrivenbygapsinaccesstoqualitysocialservices.Consequently,achildborninalow-incomecountrycanexpecttoattainonly37percentofhisorher

potentialproductivity,versus70percentforachildborninahigh-incomecountry(WorldBank2021b).

Guinea-Bissau’spoliticalandsocioeconomiccontextsinceindependencein1974hasnotbeenconducivetobuilding,protecting,andutilizinghumancapital.ThesmallWestAfricanstatewithapopulationofapproximately1.9millioncontinuestograpplewithloweconomicgrowth,highlevelsofpoverty,andlong-standingpoliticalinstabilityandfragility.Sinceindependence,pervasivefragility—drivenmostlybyconflictsandpoliticalturmoil—hasbeenconducivetoneitherstabilitynorgrowth,withdevastatingconsequencesfortheeconomyandhumandevelopment.Percapitaincomeremainslow,withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)percapitaof$832.70in2022,showingonlymarginalgrowthoveraspanof40years;the1981GDPpercapitawas$606.

PovertycontinuestobewidespreadinGuin-ea-Bissau,increasingby2.8percentagepointsbetween2018and2021.Datafromthe2018–19and2021–22HarmonizedSurveysonHouse-holdLivingStandards(EHCVM)showthatpovertyincreasedfrom47.7percentin2018to50.5percentin2021—theequivalentofmorethan80,000additionalpoor.ThesurveysindicatethatothermeasuresofpovertyalsoincreasedinGuin-ea-Bissauoverthe2018–21period.Thepovertygap(whichmeasurestheextenttowhichindividualsonaveragefallbelowthepovertyline)increasedfrom

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Guinea-BissauHumanCapitalReview

13.7percentin2018to15.2percentin2021.Simi-larly,thepovertyseverityindex(whichputsmoreweightonthepooresthouseholds,measuredbysquaringthepovertygap)alsoincreased,from5.2to6.2overthesameperiod.Theriseintheseindica-torsillustratesanincreasingintensityofpovertyinGuinea-Bissauduringtheperiod.RecoveryfromtheCOVID-19pandemichasbeenconstrainedbyaddi-tionalshocks—notablyspillovereffectsfromthewarinUkraine,resultingindisruptionsinglobalsupplychainsandrisingfoodprices.

Despiteavolatilepoliticalsituation,Guinea-Bissaudemonstratedawillingnessforstrategicreformsandinvestmentstodriveeconomicrecoveryfollowingthepandemicandtobuildresilienceagainstfutureshocks.Givenitscentralroleinfosteringsustainedeconomicgrowth,improvinghumancapitaloutcomeshasemergedasacorepillarofthegovernment’spost-COVIDdevelopmentstrategy.

ThisGuinea-Bissauhumancapitalreviewwasdevel-opedtoinformthehumandevelopmentprioritiesoftheWorldBank’sengagementinthecountryunderthenewCountryPartnershipFrameworkFY2024–28.Thestudyhastwomainobjectives:

■ToconductadiagnosticofhumancapitaloutcomesinGuinea-Bissauacrossthehealth,education,andsocialprotectionsectors,andidentifyexistinggapsandconstraintsinhumancapitaldevelopment,protection,andutilization.

■ToproposepolicyrecommendationstothegovernmentofGuinea-Bissauthatwillenablethecountrytoachievethehumancapitalaspi-rationssetoutinitsNationalDevelopmentPlan2020–2030.

Methodologyanddata:alife-cycleapproach

ThisreportanalyzeshumancapitaloutcomesinGuinea-Bissauusingalife-cycleapproach.Asshownin

figure1.1

,itlooksatkeychallengesandoutcomesatdifferentpointsinhumancapitaldevelopmentandutilization.BothquantitativeandqualitativemethodswereusedtoassesshumancapitalchallengesandsolutionsinGuinea-Bissauandtocomparethemtothecountry’sregionalpeers,structuralpeers(fragileandnonfragilecountrieswithsimilarstruc-turalcharacteristics;i.e.,Burundi,theCentralAfricanRepublic,TheGambia,andSierraLeone),andaspirationalpeers(countriessettingagooddevelopmentprecedent;i.e.,LaoPeople’sDemo-craticRepublic,Rwanda,andTajikistan).1

Theworkwasco-shapedbystakeholders.SeveralstrategicdiscussionswereheldwithGuinea-Bissauauthoritiesregardingthecountry’shumancapitalagenda.Atthestudy’slaunch,aWorldBankteamengagedwithkeystakeholderstopresentthehumancapitalreviewconcept,includingtheHCI,anditsobjectivesinGuinea-Bissau.Aworkshopwasheldtoidentifythegovernment’shumancapitalpriorities.Duringthissession,anationalfocalpointforhumancapitalwasidentifiedtofacilitatecoor-dinationacrosssectors,aidindatacollection,andensurethestudy’salignmentwi