地球的基本知识课件

Introduction

绪论

1thedefinitionofcivilengineeringgeology

土木工程地质的基本概念

2Thepositionofengineeringgeologyinthecivilengineeringcoursesystem(

工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置)3themainsubstanceaboutengineeringgeology(工程地质学研究的具体内容)

4theimportanceofGE(学习意义)

5Demands(requirements)（要求）Themaintopicsinintroduction

绪论中的主要内容thedefinitionofengineeringgeology

（工程地质学的基本概念）

(1)Engineeringgeologyisaboutapplyingallbranchesofthegeosciences(地质学)toassurethesafety,efficiency,andeconomyofengineeringandenvironmentalprojects.

（2）EngineeringGeologyisdevotedtotheinvestigation（勘察）,studyandsolutionoftheengineeringandenvironmentalproblemswhichmayariseastheresultoftheinteractionbetweengeologyandtheworksandactivitiesofmanaswellastothepredictionandthedevelopmentofmeasuresforpreventionormediationofgeologicalhazards（地质灾害）(3)Whicharemainlyconcernedwiththegeologicalproblemsencounteredincivilengineering.Itsmaintasksistoinvestigateandevaluatethegeologicalengineeringproblems,providethebasicinformationfortheplan,designandconstructionofthecivilengineering.2Thepositionofengineeringgeologyinthecivilengineeringcoursesystem(

工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置

Corecourse（基础课程）

→

Differentialandintegral

→algebra

→probabilityandstatistics

→

engineeringmath

→Physics→ChemicalTechnologicalcorecourse（专业基础课程）

→

Surveying

→engineeringmapping

→materials→surveying

→

engineering（工程测量）

→engineeringgeology(工程地质)→soil(rock)mechanics（岩土力学）

→

theoreticalmechanics→materialmechanics→structuremechanics→elasticorplastic（弹塑性）

→hydrolicmechanics（水力学）Specializedcourse（专业课程）

→concretestructure（砌体结构

→steelstructure（钢结构）

→roadengineering（道路工程）

→thedesignofroadsurvey（道路勘测设计）→bridgeengineering(桥梁工程)

→trafficengineering(交通工程)→foundationengineering(基础工程)

→constructiontechnology(building…)施工技术→engineeringmanagementandbudgetestimation→engineeringbiddingrehabilitation(building、brigde、road…)（工程招投标）3

themainsubstanceaboutengineeringgeology(工程地质学研究的具体内容)ThepurposeofstudyingGEistoprovidegoodgeologicalenvironmentforengineeringortoevaluateandforecasttheengineeringgeologicalproblemsthatmayoccurredintheperiodoftheservicetime（服务期）ofthebuilding.onthisbase,togivetheeffectiveengineeringpreventionmethods.◆thestudyabouttopographyandlandforms

（地形地貌）◆thestudyaboutthefundamentalengineering

properties(physicalandmechanics)ofsoilsandrock(岩土工程性质）◆geologicalstructure（地质构造）

GeologicalEnvironment(GeologicalCondition)

地质环境和地质条件的含义4

theimportanceofGE(学习意义)◆hydrogeology(水文地质：地下水条件)◆theanalysesofengineeringgeologicalproblems

（工程地质问题分析）

◆theengineeringinvestigation（工程勘察）5Demands(requirements)（要求）

1tomasterthebasicconceptaboutEG

2tocomprehendthemaingeologicalproblems

occurredinengineering.knowingthathowthe

problemshappened,howcanwepreventit.

3

classdiscipline

4

finishthehomeworkontimeChapter1Thebasicinformationofearth

第一章地球的基本知识SECTION1-1

Innerstructureofearth

第一节地球的内部结构

ThisregionisthincomparedtotheotherlayersintheEarth.

Itvariesinthicknessfrom10kmdeepto65kmdeep.

Thecrustismadeupoflighterrocksthat"float"ontopofthemantle.

This

layerincludesthecontinentsaswellastherockundertheoceans.

wehavebuiltmanydeepminesbutNONEhaveyetreachedthemantle!TheCrust(地壳)软流圈岩石圈上地慢有关岩石圈(lithosphere)StructureoftheEarth‘scrustandtopmostlayeroftheuppermantle（上地慢）.Thelithosphere（岩石圈）consistsoftheoceaniccrust,continentalcrust,anduppermostmantle.Beneaththelithosphereistheasthenosphere（软流圈）.Thislayer,whichisalsopartoftheuppermantle,extendstoadepthofabout200kilometers.Sedimentarydepositsarecommonlyfoundattheboundariesbetweenthecontinentalandoceaniccrust.Thisregionliesunderthecrustandisapproximately2900kmthick.

Themantleismuchdenserthanthecrust(whichiswhythecrustfloatsontop)andhasatexturemuchliketar.

Therockinthisregionisrichincompoundsmadefromiron,magnesium,andsiliconwhichaccountsforwhyitisdenserthanthecrust.TheMantle（地幔）Thisregionisdividedintotwoparts.

TheouterpartiscalledtheOuterCore.

Itisabout2100kmthickandmadeofliquidnickelandiron.

TheinnerpartiscalledtheInnerCoreanditistherealcentreoftheEarth.

Thispartisabout2800kmindiameterandismadeofsolidironandnickel.TheCore:SECTION1-2PlateStructureTheory

第二节板块构造理论1PacificPlate(太平洋板块)

2NorthAmericanPlate（北美板块）

3SouthAmericanPlate

（南美板块）4EurasianPlate（欧亚板块）

5AfricanPlate（非洲板块）

6IndoAustralianPlate（澳印板块）

7AntarcticPlate（南极州板块）

1PacificPlate2NorthAmericanPlate

3SouthAmericanPlate4EurasianPlate

5AfricanPlate6IndoAustralianPlate

7AntarcticPlate

板块构造理论板块的形成（大陆漂移）德国气象学家阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳（AlfredWegener）

海底扩张理论（TheoryofOceanFloorSpreading）海底扩张的证据（沉积物的年龄）海底扩张的结果（喜马拉雅山的形成）

海沟的形成岩石循环的概念SECTION1-3:TheconceptofGeologicalAction（function）第三节地质作用的概念1Whatisgeologicalaction（基本定义）

meantheactionsthatmakealterationforthecomposition，structure,shapeoftherockcyclebecauseofthenaturaldynamics.

CrustmovementSunnaturaldynamicsWindglaciergravitationwater2

TheclassificationoftheGeo.Action

（地质作用分类）

(1)

outer-dynamicsgeologicalaction(外动力地质作用)

dynamicsourceisfromthesun,gravity,attractionforcebetweensunandmoon.

▶Weathering（风化作用）

→theRockisdestroyedattheplacewhereitwasformedbecauseoftheouterdynamics.

▶Erosion（剥蚀作用）

→Rockbody岩体isseparatedfromitsmotherrock

（母岩）becauseofthewater,wind,glacier.

▶Carrying(搬运作用)→theprocessthatrockiscarriedfromoneplacetoantherplace.Becauseof…

▶

Sedimentation（沉积作用）

→theprocessinwhichthecarryingmaterials

sink

to

thebottomofgroundwhenthepower

ofgravityofthematerialsis