北京师范大学

北京师范大学研究生公共英语2017~2018学年春季学期 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期1Theword“scientist"enteredtheEnglishlanUniversityhistorianandphilstudiesthestructureandbehavioroftexperiment.Youcouldmaketheacontemporaries.Butevenifthetermdidn'texistbeforetheTofindtheveryfirstscientist,wemusttravelbathemostancientoftheancientGreeks,allmathematics,yetheleftnowrittenrecordandmayhavwhoreceivedcreditformanygreatachievementsbutwhomayPtolemy(themisguidedastronomerwhoputEarthatthecenterofthecosmos).Butalloftmen,althoughgreatthinkers,reliedonmakingargumathematiciansandphilosophersworkingintheMiddleEastdecadeslawsofrefractionandstudiedanumberofnaturalphenomena,suchasrainbowsandeclipsyetitremainsunclearwhhisGreekpredecessors.It'salsonotclearwhetherhehademergedfroIt'salmostimpossibletodeterminewheamongscientists.What'seasiertoitoauthorBrianClegg,amodernscientismathematicsasafundamentaltoolcommunicate.Inothercentury—ChristiaanHuygens,RobertHooke,IsaacNewton—satisfiedmostoftheserequiYouprobablythinkofGalileoGalileiatthementionofRenaissancescience,anWhathesawthroughthelensesofh 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期2experimentation.AndyetGalileoowesmuchtoanotherseminaHisnamewasWilliamGilbert,aratGalileo,GilberthadbeenbusypracticingthescientificmethodinhissayaboutGilbertandAlthoughGalileoisoneofthetoweringfiguresinscience,knownbynametoeveryeducatedpersontoday,andGilbertislesswellknowntdateand,chronologicallyspeakingatleast,dItwasGilbert'sinvestigationsintothenatureofmafirstmodernscientist.Thisworkculminatedin“DeMagnete,MagneticisqueCorpMagnoMagneteTellure”("OntheMagnet,MagneticBodies,andtheGreatMagnetoftheEarth"),thefirstsignificantbookaboutphysicalsciencepublishedinEngland.Inthebook'spreface,Gilbertdescribedtheneedfor“sureexperimentsanddemonstratedarguments”insteadof“conjecturesandtheopinionsofphilosophicalspeculators.”Healsodiscussedtheneedtoconductexperiments“carefully,skilfullyanddeftly,notheedlesslyandbunglingly.”Thescientistfollowedhisownadvice.Gilbert'sbookredetailthatanotherpersoncouldreplicatehisworkandverifyhisresults.Thisresearchledtimportantdiscoveriesaboutmagnetism.ThelearnedfellowalsoturnrepeatedmanyofitsexperimentinaffirmationatGilbert'sideasaboutexperimentatihimselfwouldapplyinhisgroundbreakingworkbethefounderofthescientificmethod?ThtheclaimthatWilliamGilbertwasthefiManysciencebooksidentifyFthatmakehimthefirsttechniquesofscientificinquiry,buthewasmoreofaphilosopherthananexperimenter.Wicommitmenttoconductingrigorous,repeatableexperimentsison 31.MichaelFaradaywasanandelectrochemistry.Hismaindiscoveriesincludetheprinciplesunderlyingelectromagneticinduction,diamagnetismandelectrolysis.AlthoughFaradayreceivedlittleformaledwasoneofthemostinfluentialscienttheelectromagneticfieldinp2.ChristiaanHuygenswasaprominentDutchmathematicianandscientist.Heisknownparticularlyasanastronomer,physicist,probabilistandhorologist.Huygensscientistofhistime.HisworkincludedearlytelescopicsdiscoveryofitsmoonTitan,theinventionofthependulumtimekeeping.Hepublishedmajorstudiesofmechanicsandoptics(haviinfhuentialproponentsofthewavetheoryoflight),andpioneeredworkongamesofchance.3.RobertHookewasanEnglearliestGregoriantelescopesandobservedtherotationsofMarsandmicroscopicobservationsoffossils,Hookewasanearlyproponentofbiologiinvestigatedthephenomenonofrefraction,deducingthewavetheoryoflighsuggestthatmatterexI.Preview:DefinDirections:Writeadefinityouranswerinthetext.Towhatextentisyourdi.Directions:SkimtTheClassicalEra(8thcenturyBCE—5thc → —OtherancientGreekthinkers,suchasEuclidandPtol 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期4→achievedmuchinmathematicsa→provedordisprovedhypothesesbywayofTheMiddleAges(5thcenturyAD—15thc ,includingal-Khwar→discoveredthelawso→studiedsuchnatural—Reasonsthatal-Haythamwasnotthefirstscient—GalileoGalilei→overturnedAristotle'sid→explainedcomplex→borntoaprominentlocalfa→popularizedthemethodsandtechniquesofscientificinqui→moreof—ReasonsthatGilbertwasclaimedasthefirstm→describedinhisworkth 5→inthatGalileoreadDeMagneteandrepeatedmanyof→committedto(oneofthehallmarksofmodernscience)Directions:ReadthetextagainanddecidewhetherthefolloifthetextconfirmsthestatementifthetextcontradictsthestatementNotGivenifitisimpossibletoknowfromthetext MichaelFaraday,twoico 3.TheRenaissancehasdefeatedtheinfluenceofmysticismwhichwasprevalentduringthe 5.WilliamGilbertmademanyimportantdiscoveriesaboutmagnetismwhichmade 6.Galileousedthescientificmethodtorections:CompletethefollowinftheanswersinExerciseIIto .Mathematiciansandphilosophersbeforethattimewerenotmodernscientistsinthattheygainedtheiractheywere,tovariousextent,influencedbyscientistmakesscientificdiscoveorsheisawareofthesignificanceof book'spreface,hesuggestedthatinsteadof 6 ,anddirectlyinfluencedGathefounderof,thoughsomescholarFrancisBacon.ThefactthatBaconwashallmarksofmodernscienceisthecommitmenttoisevidenceoftheargumentthatGilbertwastAmerica'sLackingLanguageSkEducatorsfromacrossintheinterestofworldlanguages.ItwasLanguageAdvocacyDaHillthatisaimedatgarneringmorefAsIsatinsessionsandcongressionalconferencerotheseeducators'voices.EachyearasnationalbudgetprtheForeignLanguageAssistanceProgram.AndthenumberoflanguageenrollmentsinhighereducationintheU.2013,roughly198,000U.S.collegestudentsweretakhand,werestudyingBengali.Yet,globally,193millionpeoplespeakBengali,while75speakFrench.Infact,ArneDuncan,theU.S.educationsecretary,notedbackin2010majority—95percent—ofalllanguageenrollmentswereinaEuropeanlanguage.ThiEducationisdominatedbydisputesoverpriorities,largelybecauseofpoliticsfunding.Somepeople,forexample,thinkartsinstrucsomebelievethatsportsdon'tbelonginemphasisonmathcouldbeholdingstudentsbainvestment—whetherit'ssomethingtwithintherealmoflanguage,advocatesclashoverwhichonesshouldtakeprecedence. Lessthan1percentofAmericanadultstoday 7studiedinaU.S.classroom.That'snotewthecountry—93percent—offeredforeignlanguages,accordingcases,asRichardBrecht,whooverseestheUniversityofMaryland'sCenofLanguage,saidonThursday:“Itisn'tthatpeopledon'tthinklanguageeducationimportant.It'sevenaboutcoresubjects,suchasmath.FiveyearsaAlgebra;now,Ineedacalculatortheaccounting,bookkeeping,research,andbudgetstrategizingrequiredinmydayjob.Likemath,language-learningisshowntaforeignlanguageisanunddeputyleadingtheDOE'slanguage-educationMeanwhile,theJointNationalCommitteeforLanguagesindustry—whichincludescompaniesthatprovidethan200,000Americans.TheseemployeeseKirstenBrecht-Baker,thefounderofGlobalProfessionalSearch,recentlytoldmeaboutwhatshecalls“theglobalwarfortadomestically.“Itcananymore,"shesaid.“Theyhavetocommunicateinthelanguage.”TheJointNationalCommitteeforLanguagesadvocatesforintewithsubjectsrangingfromengineeringtopoliticalscience—anything,realasidedishthat'sexButstudents,especiallythoseincollege,areofabroadbecauseofstringentreqButperhapseducationalinstitutionscanaddressthischallengebyvarietyofsubjectsaretaughtintwolanguages,therebyeliminatingtheanguageinstructor.Attheelementarylevel,theseprogramsapkids’learning.BillRivers,oneofthecountry'smostprominentlanguagesignificantevidencethamathbyfourthgrade—regardlessoftheirraceorsocioeconomicstatdual-languageprogramsarecost-effectivebecausetheytypicallydon'trequireextthelanguageinstruction;asciencetextbook,forexample,wouldsimplybepublanguage.Thatmeansdistrictsbuythesamenumberofmaanguageelement.Thesamegoesforthenumberofteachersneeded—thoughthoseteachersneed 8gooddealofvariability—andfocuseshavetendedtochangeovertime.JanetIkeda,aJapanese-languageprofessorwhomImetonThurestablishedprogramsforwhatIcallthe'languageduShe'sright.AmericanslearnclanguagesduringtheColdWLanguageAssociationhastrackeddataoversevendecadesshowingtanddomesticdevelopmentsonlanguageeducation.Butthesepop-upprogrlearningthe“languagedujour"today,it'sboundtobethe"languagAndthenthere'stheproblemofteachershortages.Evenifschoolsembracethevariousbeneftsofforeign-languageinstruction,findingqualified,experienced,andengaging,bilingualdon'thavethepoolofteacherstoteachit,"shesaid."And,ifthestudentsaren'tlearningthelanguageandbecomingproficient,theywon'tbecometeachers.” Today,schoolsarehavingahardenoughtimefindinginstructorsinlanguages.Infact,theaverageproficiencyoflanguageteachersisbelowthatneededbythemilitary,Hansonsaid.Buteffortstorecruitqualifideficitoftenfacetheadditionalobstacleofdevelopingprogramsfocuslanguages.ThelistofthatmanyAmericanshaveprobablyneverevenheardofbeforworldwhospeakJavanesethaspeakLahndathanwhoThecountryhasfacedshorEnrollmentshavebeenpersistentlylow,ashaveproficiencylevels;thesamegoesfornon-Wlanguageofferings.AndwithEnglishasalinguafrancaoftradeandinternationabilingualismhasbecomelessandlessofapriority.True,mBut19millionAmericansandbillionsofpeoplegloba“It'snotanice-to-have,"Riverssaid."Languagesareaneed-to-have.”1.BengaliisthenationalandofficiallanguageofPeople'sRepublipeopleinWestBengal.Itisalsooneofspeakers,Bengaliistheseventhmostspokennativelanguageinthewo2.MultivariableCalculus,alsoknownasmultivariatecalculus,istheextensionofcalcvariabletocalculusinmorethanonevariable.Thereisthedfunctionsinvolvingmultiplevariablesratherthanjustone. 93.LinearAlgebraisthebranchofmathematibetweensuchspacwithpropertiescommontoallvectors4.DujourisaFrenchphrasethatmeans“oftheday.”Saspecialitemonaparticularday.Forexample,oursoupdujomeanshappeningorpopularataparticulartime,e.g.,Lo5.Lahnda,alsoknownasLahndi,isagroupofnorth-westernIndo-AryanlanguagespokeninPakistaniPunjabandinpartsof6.Alinguafrancaisalanguageusedforcoi.Directions:Beforereadingthea.“Itisn'tthatpeopledon'tthinklanguageeducationimportant.It'spossible.’b.Only7percentofcollegestudentsinAmericaareenrollc.“It'snotanice-to-have,languagesareaneed-to-have.”i.Directions:Readthetextandtrytofindanswerstoth1.WhatisthepurposeofLanguageAdvocacyD 3.WhathasFriedmanlearnedfromherma5.Whatlanguagesarethedefaultofferingii.Directions:ReadthetextagainanddecideNotGivenifthetextconfirmsthestatementifthetextcontradictsthestatementifitisimpossibletoknowfromthetext 1.Americansdonotthinkl wasteoftime. 4.Languageproficiencyishardtoacquireandmaintainbecauselearnin 5.InAmericanschools,II.IdentifyingandDirections:CompletethefollowintheanswersinExerciseIItoIn“America'sLackingLanguage determined,languageeducat havebeenpersistentlylow,sosubjectmatters.Somebelievethatlanguageisas numberofandknowingaforeignlanguageis 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期tackletheabove-mentionedchprogramsbecausesuchpro andbecausetheyareof.Theaverageproficiencyoflanguageteachersisbelowpar.Bes·WhyStudyHumanities?WhatITellEngineeringFreshWhat'sthepointofthehumanities?Ofstudyingphilosophy,history,literatureand"soft”consistingofacademic,corporatquestioninabignewreporttoCongress.Thereportisintendedtocouandsupportforthehumanities,whichapublicdiscourse,amoreadaptableandcreativeworkforhumanitiesandsocialsciencesaretheheartofthematter,nationalmemoryandcivicvigor,culturarequireoursupport.”Ifindthisabitgrandiose,andobscure.IhavemyownhumbledefenseofthehumwhichIcameupwithacoupleofyearsago,whenIstfreshmenatStevensInstShakespeare,Descartes,Hobbes,Locke,Kant,Mill,Marx,Nietzsche,WilliamKeynes,Eliot—youknow,GreatestHitsofWesternCivilization.dayofclassIaskmywary-lookingstudents,"Howmrequired?"AfterIassurethemthattheywon'thurtmyfeelings,almostallraisetheirhands.science,physics,pre-med,finance,digitalmusicproduction,etc.Theydon'tseethepointof 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期readingallthisoldimguesswhyStevensinflictsthiscourseonthem,someoneusuallysayswell-rounded.”Idon'tcareaboutthat.”ThenIgivetheWeliveinaworldincreasinglydomiwriterbecauseIthinkscienceisthemostexciting,dynamiandIwantedtobeapartofthat.Also,Ihavetwocollege-agekids,pursuedcareersinscience,engineeringormedicine.Icscienceandmathastheycan,becausethoseskpreciselybecausescienceissopowerfulthatweneedthehumanitiesnowmorethaneverscience,mathematicsandengineeringclasses,you'regivenfaYourprofessorssay,"ThisisThehumanitiesaresubversive.Theyunderminetheclaimsofallauthorities,whetabouthumanity,aboutwhatweare,wherewecamefrom,anSciencehasreplacedreligionasourmainsourceofanswerstothesequestions.ScienceButthehumanitiesremindusthatwehaveTheyalsotellusthatevbecauseofscienceandtechnology!Soincertainimportantways,humansresistthekindofexplanationsthatsciensomeridiculouslybigquestionsinthisclass.Like,whatistruthanAlso,howdowedecidewhethersomethingiswrongorrightAlso,whatisthemeaningoflife?Whatisthepointoflife?Shouldhaptofindyourownanswertothesequestions.Socsaidwisdommeansknowinghowlittleyouknow.SocrateswwhathesaysaboutwiIfIdomyjob,bytheendofthiscourseyou'llquestionallauthorYou'llquestionwhatyou'vebeentoldaboutthenatureofreality,aboutthepurposeoflifwhatitmeanstobeagoodperson.Becausethat,forme,isthepointofusfrombeingtrappedbyourowndesireftime,andIhim,butI'malwaysprovoked totheHumanitiesbeingtoteachusahealthyskepticism,woftheconsequencesofsuchaneducation;butifthisisnecessary,learningsciencealonewedonotlearntheimportance,ornecskepticism,'somethingstrangeseriouslythestudyofthehistoryofscience,forinstance,wimodernperioddowntotheearljustificationofstudyoftheHumanities,history,literature,philosophyandtherest,isnotfundamentallydifferentthanthejulanguageinwhichweexpressourknowledgeofphysicalforcesobeyssomewhatdrulestothatinwhichweexprethattheoneislessknowledge,orlogicathekindofknowledgetobegainedbyclosestudyofShakespeare,Thucydides,orPlato,as'impractical'surelygoestoshowamisunderUnlessyoucanshowgoodreasontobelieveSocronlyreliablefoundationforagoodlife.”Iresponded:“Garry,you'rerightthatscienceifproperlyweneedthehumanitiestofosterahealthyanti-dogmatism.”governance,andtheanalysisofpoliticalactivities,politicalthoughtsandpoliticalbehavior.Itdealsextensivelywiththetheoryandpracticeofpoliticswhichiscommonlythoughtofasdeterminingthedistributionofpowerandresources.2.SophoclesisoneofthreeancientGreektragedianswhoseplayshavesurvived.SophocleswroteAntigone,TheWomenofTrachis,OedipustheKing,Electra,PhiForalmost50years,Soofthecity-stateofAthensthattookplaceduringthereligiousfestivalsofthDionysia.Hecompetedin30competitions,won18,andwasneverplace.Aeschyluswon14competit3.ThucydideswasanAthenianhistorianandgeneral.HisHistoryofthePeloponnesianWarbeendubbedthefatherof"scientifichistory"becauseofhisstrictsta 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期II.ReadingforSpecificIi.Directions:Readthetextagainandcompleteth“Grandiose"and"Obscure”Reasons:—Heartof—Steward → ofdemocracy:asourceof → → Author's“humble"defGivinguncertainty:f J ii.Directions:TherearesomewordsappearingbothinthetextandintheeareVieWreStear00faSSumpt0nkeepad00rSSaemnenceamdipditubXmaSheep0mp0usereSp0ndParhngueneatTappoTmeSmobednere0bSCureadV0eriSreStrVeeSiecauthorteStrVeI0ubareguahumantieSudibraryeaIundermneearngdsC0urSeVtaauStifiCati0nateye2.Whatdoesthe"matter"inthetitleoftheCommissionon4.Whatdoes“theproblem”inpara.4refart5.Inpara.7,Horganarguesthatweneedthehumanitiesnowmorethaneverpreciselybecause 7.AccordingtoDobbis,scientifictwentiethcenturywereliberalstudies.Whatpointdoeshetrytomakeii.Directions:ReadthetextagainanddecideNotGivenifthetextconfirmsthestatementifthetextcontradictsthestatementifitisimpossibletoknowfromthetext 3.NeitherofHorgan'stwochildren t 5.Scienceshouldbeourmainsourceofanswersto 6.Thehumanitiesareallaboutteachinghowtoans 《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期Asthefallsemesterends,I'mbmodingonceagainoverthecontradictionsofteaching“criticalthinking.”especiallyasappliedtoscience.BelowisaneditedversionofanessayIwroteforTheChronicleofHigherEducationwhenIwasinas-JohnHorganIwanttogivemystudentsthebenefitofmyhard-wonknowledgeofscience'sfallibility.Earlyinmycareer,Iwasaconventionalsciencewriter,easilyiFieldssuchasphysics,nespaceships.Sciencewasan“endlessfrontier,”asphysicistVannevarBush,afounDoubtgraduallyunderminedmyfaith.Scientistsandjournalists,Irealized,oftenpresentedthepublicwithanoverlyoptimisticpictureofscience.Byrelentlesslytoutingscientific“advances”—fromtheoriesofcosmiccreationandtheoriginoflifetothelatesttreatmentsfordepressionandcancer—andbyoverlookingallthearwheels,wemadescienceseemmorepotentandfast-movingthanitreallyis.w,Iurgemystudentstodoubttheclaimsofphysicistfexplainingtheoriginandstructureofthecosmos.Someoftheseoptimistsfamultiversetheories,whichcannotbthree-poundlumpoftissue—thebrain—generatesperceptions,thoughts,memories,eself-awareness.SomeenthusiastsassertthatscientistswillsoonrethoroughlythattheywillbeabletobuildartificialbrainsmuchmorepowerfulthaBalderdash!Itellmyclasses(orwordstottheoriesabouthowthebrainabsorbs,storesandprocessesinformation,butresearchersrenoideahowthebrainworks.Andartificial-intelligenceadvocatdecadesthatrobotswillsoonbeassmartasHAMaybe,justmaybe,Isuggest,fieldssuchasparticlephysneurosciencearebumpingupagainstinsurmountablelimits.Thebigdiscoveriesthatcanhavebeenmade.Whosayssciencehastosolveskeptics,includingadissectionofepidemiologyandclinicalTaubesinTheNewYorkTimes.Headvisesreaderstodoubtdramaticclaimsaboutthebsomenewdrugordiet,especiallyiftheclaimisnew.“Assumethatthefirstreportoassociationisincorrectormeaexposedtheflinsinessofmostpeer-revspectacularresults(thelarnovelandexcitingbiologicalstories)maybepreferentiallypublclaimsarealsomorelikel Thecherryonthisice-creamsundaeofdoubtiofexpertiseinsoftsciences,suchaspolitics,history,andconomics.Inhis2005bookExpPoliticalJudgment,Tetlockpresentstheresultsofhis20-yearstudyoftheabilityof284“experts”randomguessing,or"dLikeloannidis,Tetlockfoundacorrelationbetfallibility.ThemorewrongtheexpertagainstYaleundergraduates.Sixtypercentofthetime,researchersplacedfoodontheleftsideofamoreoftenontheleftsideofthefork,therofthetime.Yalestudents,discerningillusorypatternsofleft-rightplacement,gue52percentofthetime.Yes,theratsbeatbeto“discover"patternsintheworldthataren'tactuSohowdomystudentsrespondtomyskepticalteaching?Spushback,especiallytomysuggestionthattheeraover.“OnascalefromtoddlerknowledgetoultimateenlightthateverythingisknownorclosetobeingknownifitisincomparabletoanyOtherstudentsembbiomedical-engineeringmajor,wrote:“Iamskepticalofthemethodsusedtocollectdataonclimatechange,theanalysisofthisdata,andtheprethelessonthatcorrelationdoereasoning.“HowdoweknowthereInasimilarvein,somestudenneverreallyknowanythingforcertain,andhencethatalmostallourcurrenttheorieswbeoverturned.JustasAristotle'sphysEinstein's,soourcurrenttheoriesofphysicswillsurelybereplacedbyradicallydifferentones.Afteroneespeciallydoubt-riddledcropofpapers,Irespondeffect).Science,Iledoubt,embodiedbyquantummechanics,genera