指向主旨概括的阅读理解解题法讲义-高考英语二轮复习

指向主旨概括的阅读理解解题法练习阅读理解篇章从体裁上可以分为应用文、说明文和记叙文三大类，而这三大类虽然文体不同，但都蕴含着各自的主题，也就是中心话题。中心话题在说明文和应用文的位置往往是在语篇前面，而记叙文的中心话题则往往在语篇最后，为了方便记忆，我们也可以说说明文和应用文往往采取开门见山的形式引出主题，而记叙文则往往使用盖棺定论的形式来引出主题。引出说明文、应用文主题的手法往往有直白法、事例法、提问法、反衬法和综合法这四种手法，而记叙文的主题手法却相对单一，那就是升华法，画龙点睛升华主题。确定每篇文章的主题相当重要，因为一旦确定了语篇主题，那么把控语篇结构的难度就会大大降低，更不用说把握细节内容和衔接部分，所以，确定说明文、应用文和记叙文的主题，就如同点亮每一篇语篇的灯，照亮全篇文章的所有角落。下面结合浙江省绍兴会稽联盟20232024学年高二上学期期末联考英语试题四篇语篇材料，通过确定每一篇语篇的主题来解答相应的主题概括题，从而帮助我们了解主题概括题的设题特点以及解题具体思路。ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.语篇体裁：应用文语篇主题：

4mostamazingpalaces引出手法：事例法配套试题：1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.命题特点：此题采取侧面考查的方法，因为主题是“神奇宫殿”，那么哪些人会对它们感兴趣呢？我们可以根据语篇后面的信息推出正确答案。解题思路：我们可以采用推理判断，看出此题正确答案为B，因为语篇只是一般性的应用文,并非专业性非常强的专业报告,所以可以排除C和D，而A项更加不符合题目语境。BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.语篇体裁：

记叙文语篇主题：sweet引出手法：升华法配套试题：7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.命题特点：此题采取正面考查的方法，因为主题是“没有电子设备打扰的交谈非常甜蜜”，换句话说，免除电子设备打扰的交谈会让我们收获很多，这样我们可以很容易推出正确答案。解题思路：我们可以通过采用词义转换，看出此题正确答案为D，因为harvest和sweet都是同义词，都带有褒义红色意义，而且选项D在范围上也符合语境。CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”Otherpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兑取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.语篇体裁：

说明文语篇主题：

donotthink（opposition）引出手法：

反衬法配套试题：9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparenting命题特点：第9题是正面考查SusieWalton的观点，选择正确答案的根据是文章第二段第一句的主题句，也就是黑色贬义的反对内容，第11题是侧面考查，主要要求考生能够根据主题内容推理判断作者的写作意图。解题思路：第9题我们只需要进行词义转化就可以解答，根据SusieWalton反对因为孩子做家务而给他们奖励的观点，换一种说法也就是她认为做家务应该是孩子们应尽的责任，所以正确答案为C。第10题相对更难一点，在解答的时候我们必须立足全局，根据作者在对一种常见的育儿方式提出自己的质疑这一中心看出，选项D是唯一正确的答案。DMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持续的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“lab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsustainably.3RLabislocatedinXuhuidistrict,Shanghai.Itoffersexhibitions,activitiesandgoodsthatshowcasethe3Rprinciple.Thekeytoasustainablelife,accordingtoVincentT.M.Fong,the32yearoldfromHongKongwhocreatedthelab,istomakeitalongtermpromise.

“Asustainablelifeshouldbesustainableitselfinthefirstplace.Youcan’tleadasustainablelifeonawhim.Smallandfortablechangesareexactlywhatyouneed,”Fongsaid.Thelabregularlyhostsuglyfruitmarkets,offeringthesestrangefruitswhichareoftenthrownawaybytraditionalmarketsandconsumersataquiteattractiveprice.

“They’rethrownawaysimplybecauseoftheirappearance.Buyingfruitregardlessofhowtheylookreducesfoodwastesignificantlyinourdailylife,”Fongmented.Awatertankwithtwotypesofstrawsisanotherequipmentinthelab.“OnetypeismadefromnormalplasticswidelyusedinourdailylifewhiletheotherisfromPHA,anewreplacementforplastics,andthewaterissourcedfromtheSuzhouRiver,”

explainedNiLi,anemployeeofthelab.VisitorscanseehowthePHAstrawsdegrade(降解)intoathinlayerinjustonemonth,whiletheothersremainunchanged.“Leadingasustainablelifedoesnotnecessarilymeansacrifice,”saidFong.Consuminguglyfruitandusingdegradableplasticsaresmallchangesthataregoodfortheenvironmentandeasytostickto.Onlyinthiswaycanthe3Rprinciplebeepartofourlives,headded.Afterworkingthereforsixmonths,Ni,whowasn’tmindfulofthe3Rprinciplebeforearrivingatthelab,nowuseshercupeverytimeshebuysacoffee.

“Thejobhasreshapedmylife,”Nisaid.语篇体裁：

说明文语篇主题：

lab引出手法：

反衬法配套试题：15．WhatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphaboutNi?A．Sheavoidsgoingtotraditionalmarkets.B．Shehasdevotedlesstimetoherhobbies.C．Shehasgotridofafewbadhabits.

D．Sheisleadingalowcarbonlifenow.命题特点：此题采取侧面考查的方法，因为根据语篇最后一段红色褒义内容Thejobhasreshapedmylife以看出Ni很受这个实验室的影响，因为受到它的影响而改变了自己的生活方式，所以我们可以根据这项信息推出正确答案。解题思路：我们可以采用推理判断，看出此题正确答案为D，因为无论从色彩、范围和内容角度上来看，只有D项与最后一段内容Thejobhasreshapedmylife相匹配。顺利解答好主旨概括题后，细节理解题、词义猜测题和推理判断题都会迎刃而解，所以，在解答各种体裁的阅读理解语篇时，确定主题和解答好主旨概括题是盘活全盘棋子的关键举措。

指向主旨概括的阅读理解解题法练习学案ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”Otherpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兑取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparentingDMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持续的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“lab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsust