集装箱租赁合同操作实务

集装箱租赁合同操作实务

集装箱租赁合同是规定租箱人与租箱公司双方权利、义务和费用的协议和合同文本。租箱人在签署合同之前一般要与租箱公司(或其代理人)商定租箱方式，数量,租金,交、还箱期，地点，租、退箱费用,损害修理责任及保险等事宜。租箱合同的主要条款一般有4个方面内容。交箱条款交箱条款主要是制约租箱公司的条款，是指租箱公司应在合同规定的时间和地点将答合合同条件的集装箱交给租箱人。其内容主要有：(1)交箱期。是指租箱公司将箱子交给租箱人的时间。为了给双方都提供一些方便，交箱期通常规定一个期限,一般为7—30天。(2)交箱量。为了适应市场上箱，货供求关系的变化，合同中对交箱量有两种规定方法，一种是规定的交箱数量(或最低交箱量)；另一种是实际交箱量(可高于或低于前者)。(3)交箱时箱子状况。租箱公司交给租箱人的箱子应符合有关国际公约与标准的规定，同时租和相人还箱时应保证箱子保持和接近原来的状况。为了保证这一点,双方在提箱时箱子的状况是通过双方签署的设备交接单来体现的。在具体操作中,规定租箱人雇用的司机和箱子所在堆场的箱管员,门卫可作为双方代表签署设备交接单。还箱条款租箱合同中的还箱条款主要是制约租箱人的条款，是指租箱人应在租用期满后，按合同规定的时间，地点将状况良好的箱子还给租箱公司。其主要内容为：(1)还箱时间。指规定的还箱日期。如超期还箱，合同一般通过对超期天数加收租金方式解决；如果可能提前还箱，则要求事先订立提前终止条款，定有该条款时，租箱人可提前还箱；如未订立此条款，即使是提前还箱，租箱人仍需补交提前日数的追加租金。(2)还箱地点。租箱人应按合同规定或租箱公司另用书面形式确认的具体地点还箱。在订立合同时，租箱人应尽量使还箱地点与箱子最终使用地点一致或接近，这样可以减少空箱运输费用。(3)还箱时箱子状况。租箱人在还箱时应保证箱子外表状态良好，即保证箱子保持提箱时双方签订的设备交接单上说明的状况。该条款一般规定如果还箱时外表有损坏，租箱人应承担修理责任与费用。租箱合同中一般还规定还箱期满若干天(有的是30天)后，租箱人仍未还箱，租箱公司将作为箱子全损处理。租箱人应按合同规定的金额支付赔偿金，在租箱公司未收到赔偿金前，租箱人仍需按实际天数支付租金。损害修理责任条款租箱人还箱时，应按设备交接单上记载的状况还箱，如有损坏，则应负责将箱子修理好后还箱，或承担修一时费用。如租箱时在合同中订立损害修理(DamageProtectionPlan,DPP)条款并按规定付费，则租箱人对租箱期内所造成的损坏在一定程度上不负修理责任，可将未修理的箱子退还租箱公司。不论箱子在租箱期内是否损坏，DPP费用一律不予退还。DPP条款从某仲意义上讲，相当于租箱人对租箱期内集装箱的损害进行了保险(但不是向保险公司投保)。但租箱人必须了解，DPP费用一般只保箱子的部分损害，不承担全损和共同海损等责任。习惯上只负责比箱子当时价值低一些的一个因定限额之内，由租箱公司承担；如超过此限额则，则超过部分仍需要租箱人承担。DPP费用一般按租箱天数收取。租金及费用支付条款租箱人应按时支付合同中规定承担的各种费用及租金，这是自由使用集装箱和具有某些权利和减少责任的前提，不按时支付费用和租金，则构成违约，租箱公司有权采取适当的行动直至收回集装箱。租箱合同的租金与费用支付条款主要包括下列内容：(1)租期。租期一般理解为从交箱之日起至还箱之日止的一段时间。(2)租金计算方法。租金按第箱天计收。租用天数计算一般从交箱当日起算至租箱公司接受还箱的次日为止。在超期还箱情况下，超期天数按合同规定的租金另行支付(通常比正常租金高一倍)。如合同中定有提前终止的条款，租箱人支付提前终止费用(一般相当于5-7天租金)后，租期到集装箱进入还箱堆场日终止。(3)租金支付方式。一般租金支付方式有两种，按月支付或按季支付。租箱人应在收到租金付通知单后，在规定时间内(一般为30天)支付。如延则需按合同规定的费率加付利息。(4)交、还箱手续费。租箱人应按合同规定支付交、还箱手续费。该费用主要用来抵偿因在堆场交、还箱所产生的费用(装卸车费、单证费等)，其数额或由合同规定，或按交、还箱所在堆场的费用确定。租箱合同中除上述条款外，一般还有设备标志更改条款及其他有关租箱责任，义务，保险和转租等条款。珠江口水域航行注意事项

珠江口水域,海事部门规定的地理覆盖范围为113°32′00″E～114°24′00″E与21°55′00″N～22°20′00″N连线内水域。在航海的实践中，往往从蒲台岛开始至马友石灯船之间的水域称之为珠江口水域。此段水域是水上交通繁忙区域，从2004年6月1日起实行珠江口水域船舶定线制。《定线制》有多航路交叉，水道纵横交错，港口密集，在该水域有多条船舶航路产生多种方向的交叉。大濠水道定线制有四条分道通航段，加上现有的香港大屿山快速船东段分道通航段，共有5条分道通航段的航路交叉，交通流状况复杂。为了解决多条航路交叉的问题，避免船舶交叉碰撞，设立了第三警戒区，警戒区内设有半径为80米的“安全岛”，要求船舶穿越警戒区时，围绕“安全岛”逆时针航行。担杆水道定线制与香港东博寮水道分道通航航路也形成交叉，第二警戒区就是为解决两条分道通航航路的交叉而专门设置的。在警戒区中心设置灯船，为了使船舶易于辨明大濠水道定线制警戒区“安全岛”的位置，在警戒区中心设置1艘安装有雷达应答器的灯船。现以船舶西行为例，过蒲台岛之后，由东博寮水道进入香港水域的船只多为大型船舶，由于受到龙鼓洲西水道水深的制约，驶往深圳赤湾港的大型船舶也借道东博寮水道由龙鼓水道进港。所以，驶经东博寮水域外侧时，要严格遵守珠江口水域船舶定线制的规定，行驶在自己的航线上，遇有从东博寮水道驶出的大型船舶，应根据1972年国际海上避碰规则进行避让，必要时慢车等让，同时可以保持香港海事的12频道守听，密切注意出口船舶的动态。这里也是海事高发水域，具体原因也就是交叉船舶互相争行，因为西行船是规则上规定的让路船，所以应主动避让出口船，以免出现紧迫局面。在遇有香港水域涨潮时，停泊在担杆列岛内侧的锚泊船也要依次进港，应特别注意其抢头。驶过东博寮水域之后，应当注意东行往南丫岛抛锚的船舶，及早与之联系，确定会让意图。有些西行船舶在过外伶仃岛之后，向左转向进入桂山锚地或外伶仃岛的大型船舶锚地抛锚，追越时要尤其谨慎，做到提前联系，取得对方同意后方可追越。再往西船舶驶经东南报告线。即以桂山引航锚地中心点(22°07′54″N/113°46′50″为圆心，半径10海里，从担杆水道(22°08′54.5″N/113°57′30″E)至东澳岛西南方附近水域(22°00′16″N/113°40′00″E)的圆弧线。在实践中，我把他设为一个经度：即113度57分东经，船舶应当用VHF09频道向桂山交管报告自己的信息和动态。进入大濠水道东南段的第四分隔带北侧通航分道，航向306度，转向进入前可把大鸦洲灯桩为参照，同时应注意从第四分隔带南侧出口东行的船船，进入第三警戒区时，将航路1号灯船(即我们习惯称的桂山灯船)置于左舷，靠警戒区右侧半圆航行进入第五分隔带东侧通航分道，航向348度，再经大濠水道北段驶往广州或珠江三角洲其他港口，通过第五分隔带北侧端部时，应将航路2号灯浮(红白竖条相间球形望板，装雷达反射器(3米标))置于左舷。在第三警戒区航行时，应注意从第三分隔带东侧通航分道进口的船舶，以及经第六分隔带、大屿山快速船分道两侧通航分道穿越第三警戒区的高速客船。在由分流角驶入珠江水域的过程中，会与进入深圳的船舶航向形成交叉，此时应当确定会让意图，谨慎避让。此外在渔汛期，还要注意在航道中穿越的拖网渔船。·航运操作

分油机常见故障

1.分离筒达不到规定转速原因：制动器未松开；摩擦离合器内混入油脂，摩擦片打滑或损坏；电动机或电气设备故障。2.不能进油或分油过程断油(1)由于泵或管路的问题不能产生足够低的吸入压力，油泵传动齿轮锥销折断；泵严重磨损，间隙太大；泵转速太低；吸如管漏气；油柜已空。(2)泵吸入压力过低：油柜油位太低；供油泵前滤器堵塞或管路不通；油温太低，粘度太大。3.出水口跑油(1)水封水未能建立或受到破坏：起动时水封水未加或加得太少；进油阀开得太猛，水封被破坏；转速不足使水封压力不够；分离盘片间脏堵。(2)油水分界面外移至分离盘:外重力环内径过大；油未加热至要求值，密度大。4.排渣口跑油：(排渣口未能封闭)(1)滑动圈不能上移堵死密封水腔泄水口。分离筒上小空堵塞不能泄水；滑动圈下方弹簧失效；滑动圈上方塑料堵头失严。(2)滑动底盘下部缺密封水高置水箱无水；工作水系统管道或控制阀堵塞或严重漏泄；滑动底盘周向密封圈失效漏泄。(3)滑动底盘与分离筒盖不能贴紧滑动底盘上端面密封环失效；传动齿轮和轴承过度磨损使立轴下沉。5.不能排渣缺少压下滑动圈的开启工作水：高置水箱无水；工作系统管道或控制阀堵塞或严重漏泄，有关工作水孔脏堵不通；滑动全周向密封失效。6.出现异常振动或噪声分离筒安装不正确，紧固件松动或与机盖，配水盘摩擦，传动机械因缺油或油质差而觉坏；轴承过度磨损而使立轴下沉，供油泵卡阻或损坏；摩擦离合器损坏或过度磨损，质量不均匀，排渣不净；分离筒内积渣不均。提单操作

一、打制订舱单。1.订舱单用下货纸根据货主提供的委托单制作。需要填制的项目有：SHIPPER、CONSIGNEE、NOTIFY、POR、MARKS＆NOS、QUANTITY、DESCRIPTIONOFGOODS、GROSSWEIGHTINKILOS、MEASUREMENT、TOTAL。2.打制完上述内容后，注明运输条款。在订舱单的右上角打上代理人的电话、传真，并加盖代理人方章，送至配载的船公司。二、收到货主正式单据后进行审单。1.单证必须齐全。货主必须提供的单据有：合同副本（售货确认书、形式发票）、正本装箱单至少一份、正本发票至少一份、正本出口收汇核销单，出口货物如需海关监管条件还必须提供相应证件。2.如果货主提供的单据已缮制好，可以从以下方面审核：A、合同、委托与装箱单、发票上显示的尺码、重量是否一致。B、合同、委托与装箱单、发票上显示的金额以及币种是否一致（合同金额不小于发票金额）。C、合同、委托与装箱单、发票上显示的发票号是否一致。D、合同、委托与装箱单、发票上显示的合同号是否一致。E、正本单据不许有任何涂改。F、合同不能是手写，否则用打字机重新缮制。3.如果货主提供的单据空白，可按下列项目缮制：A、装箱单主要填制的内容为麦头、发票号码、合同号、装货港、卸货港、品名、规格、数量、毛重、净重。B、发票主要填制的内容为唛头、合同号、发票号、装货港、卸货港、货物描述、数量、单价、总价。三、转报关单据。接到船公司集港通知后，取回下货纸。在集港前一天下午3时前，电话同港务局货运科做集港计划，制下货小条（一式三联）。A、转至报关行的单据有，装箱单、发票、合同、委托报关协议、报关单、下货纸、联系单（一式两联）、海关监管条件涉及的证件，上述单据各1份。B、编号为1、2、3的单据必须由货主提供。C、委托报关协议（副本也可以），用规定格式加盖出口单位公章，填上相应内容。D、下货纸。在前述订舱单的基础上，在相应的位置补充船名、航次、提单号，货物描述需用中文加以标识，报关只需提供装货单收货单留底联，每一联的右上角都应加盖代理人方章。下货纸装货单应盖有该条船船代的签章。E、联系单。联系单是代理人与报关行联系的单据，上面列明代理人转给报关行何种单据及份数，将单据转至报关行前，应填好一式两联的联系单，单据转至报关行后，其中一联应有报关行相关人员的签字，以备存档。F、合同、装箱单、发票、报关单、许可证、商检证转至报关行前应有留底。四、确认提单。A、缮制提单前应注意货主有无特殊要求，一般情况下，货主都会在委托中注明。B、如要求在提单中显示“SHIPPEDONBOARD”签单时，应注意上、下签章(其中之一应签在SHIPPEDONBOARD旁边)。C、如果涉及倒签、预借，应事先与船公司确认好是否能接受，如果可以接受，应填制好保函传真给货主，让其加盖公章，返回后再由代理人提供给相关船公司。贸易操作

租赁需办理的手续

一、以租赁方式引进设备，其报批手续同一般技改引进项目相同，需报请有关上级批准立项。二、引进单位将上述批件或其复印本提交租赁公司，经审查同意后即可受理。三、根据引进单位自行选择或上租的推荐，决定国外制造厂商，进行询价，组织技术洽谈和商务谈判，对金额较大或技术性很强的项目，组织赴国外考察，谈妥后，由上租同国外制造厂签订购货合同，并与承租人签订租赁合同。四、设备价款由上租筹措外汇支付，设备由制造厂直接交货给承租人，在设备到货后，由承租单位在规定期限内分期以外汇偿付租金，因此在建立项目时承租单位应对按期支付的外汇金额做出妥善安排。五、为保证租金的按期偿付，承租单位在提出租赁委托书的同时，应向上租提交其主管局（公司）或当地金融机构出具的经济保证书，担保承租单位按期偿付租金。六、租赁期满，承租人依照合同规定的象征性价格，将设备购为己有。海牙－维斯比规则（English）

Hague-VisbyRulesArticleIDefinitionsIntheseRulesthefollowingexpressionshavethemeaningsherebyassignedtothemrespectively,thatistosay,(a)"carrier"includestheownerorthechartererwhoentersintoacontractofcarriagewithashipper;(b)"contractofcarriage"appliesonlytocontractsofcarriagecoveredbyabillofladingoranysimilardocumentoftitle,insofarassuchdocumentrelatestothecarriageofgoodsbywater,includinganybillofladingoranysimilardocumentasaforesaidissuedunderorpursuanttoacharter-partyfromthemomentatwhichsuchbillofladingorsimilardocumentoftitleregulatestherelationsbetweenacarrierandaholderofthesame;(c)"goods"includesgoods,wares,merchandiseandarticlesofeverykindwhatsoever,exceptliveanimalsandcargowhichbythecontractofcarriageisstatedasbeingcarriedondeckandissocarried;(d)"ship"meansanyvesselusedforthecarriageofgoodsbywater;(e)"carriageofgoods"coverstheperiodfromthetimewhenthegoodsareloadedontothetimetheyaredischargedfromtheship.ArticleIIRisksSubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleVI,undereverycontractofcarriageofgoodsbywaterthecarrier,inrelationtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofsuchgoods,shallbesubjecttotheresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesandentitledtotherightsandimmunitieshereinaftersetforth.ArticleIIIResponsibilitiesandLiabilities1.Thecarriershallbebound,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,toexerciseduediligenceto(a)maketheshipseaworthy;(b)properlyman,equipandsupplytheship;?maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.2.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleIV,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.3.Afterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,orthemasteroragentofthecarrier,shall,ondemandoftheshipper,issuetotheshipperabillofladingshowingamongotherthings(a)theleadingmarksnecessaryforidentificationofthegoodsasthesamearefurnishedinwritingbytheshipperbeforetheloadingofsuchgoodsstarts,providedsuchmarksarestampedorotherwiseshownclearlyuponthegoodsifuncovered,oronthecasesorcoveringsinwhichsuchgoodsarecontained,insuchamannerasshouldordinarilyremainlegibleuntiltheendofthevoyage;(b)eitherthenumberofpackagesorpieces,orthequantity,orweight,asthecasemaybe,asfurnishedinwritingbytheshipper;?theapparentorderandconditionofthegoods:Providedthatnocarrier,masteroragentofthecarriershallbeboundtostateorshowinthebillofladinganymarks,number,quantity,orweightwhichhehasreasonablegroundforsuspectingnotaccuratelytorepresentthegoodsactuallyreceivedorwhichhehashadnoreasonablemeansofchecking.4.Suchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescribedinaccordancewithparagraphs3(a),(b)and?.However,prooftothecontraryshallnotbeadmissiblewhenthebillofladinghasbeentransferredtoathirdpartyactingingoodfaith.5.Theshippershallbedeemedtohaveguaranteedtothecarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofshipmentofthemarks,number,quantityandweight,asfurnishedbyhim,andtheshippershallindemnifythecarrieragainstallloss,damagesandexpensesarisingorresultingfrominaccuraciesinsuchparticulars.Therightofthecarriertosuchindemnityshallinnowaylimithisresponsibilityandliabilityunderthecontractofcarriagetoanypersonotherthantheshipper.6.Unlessnoticeoflossordamageandthegeneralnatureofsuchlossordamagebegiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliverythereofunderthecontractofcarriage,or,ifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.Thenoticeinwritingneednotbegivenifthestateofthegoodshasatthetimeoftheirreceiptbeenthesubjectofjointsurveyorinspection.Subjecttoparagraph6bisthecarrierandtheshipshallinanyeventbedischargedfromallliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofthegoods,unlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.Thisperiodmay,however,beextendedifthepartiessoagreeafterthecauseofactionhasarisen.Inthecaseofanyactualorapprehendedlossordamagethecarrierandthereceivershallgiveallreasonablefacilitiestoeachotherforinspectingandtallyingthegoods.6.bisAnactionforindemnityagainstathirdpersonmaybebroughtevenaftertheexpirationoftheyearprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphifbroughtwithinthetimeallowedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.However,thetimeallowedshallbenotlessthanthreemonths,commencingfromthedaywhenthepersonbringingsuchactionforindemnityhassettledtheclaimorhasbeenservedwithprocessintheactionagainsthimself.7.Afterthegoodsareloadedthebillofladingtobeissuedbythecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrier,totheshippershall,iftheshippersodemands,bea"shipped"billoflading,providedthatiftheshippershallhavepreviouslytakenupanydocumentoftitletosuchgoods,heshallsurrenderthesameasagainsttheissueofthe"shipped"billoflading,butattheoptionofthecarriersuchdocumentoftitlemaybenotedattheportofshipmentbythecarrier,master,oragentwiththenameornamesoftheshiporshipsuponwhichthegoodshavebeenshippedandthedateordatesofshipment,andwhensonotedthesameshallforthepurposeofthisArticlebedeemedtoconstitutea"shipped"billoflading.8.Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlossordamagetoorinconnectionwithgoodsarisingfromnegligence,faultorfailureinthedutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisArticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanasprovidedintheseRules,shallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.Abenefitofinsuranceorsimilarclauseshallbedeemedtobeaclauserelievingthecarrierfromliability.ArticleIVRightsandImmunities1.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthinessunlesscausedbywantofduediligenceonthepartofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy,andtosecurethattheshipisproperlymanned,equippedandsupplied,andtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarriedfitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraph1ofArticleIII.Wheneverlossordamagehasresultedfromunseaworthiness,theburdenofprovingtheexerciseofduediligenceshallbeonthecarrierorotherpersonclaimingexemptionunderthisarticle.2.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom(a)act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,mariner,pilotortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship;(b)fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier;?perils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(d)actofGod;(e)actofwar;(f)actofpublicenemies;(g)arrestorrestraintofprinces,rulersorpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;(h)quarantinerestrictions;(I)actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,hisagentorrepresentative;(j)strikesorlock-outsorstoppageorrestraintoflabourfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral;(k)riotsandcivilcommotions;(l)savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;(m)wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,qualityorviceofthegoods;(n)insufficiencyofpacking;(o)insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;(p)latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;(q)anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrier,orwithoutthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.3.Theshippershallnotberesponsibleforlossordamagesustainedbythecarrierortheshiparisingorresultingfromanycausewithouttheact,faultorneglectoftheshipper,hisagentsorhisservants.4.AnydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeaninfringementorbreachoftheseRulesorofthecontractofcarriage,andthecarriershallnotbeliableforanylossordamageresultingtherefrom.5.(a)Unlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwiththegoodsinanamountexceeding666.67unitsofaccountperpackageorunitor2unitsofaccountperkilogrammeofgrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.(b)Thetotalamountrecoverableshallbecalculatedbyreferencetothevalueofsuchgoodsattheplaceandtimeatwhichthegoodsaredischargedfromtheshipinaccordancewiththecontractorshouldhavebeensodischarged.Thevalueofthegoodsshallbefixedaccordingtothecommodityexchangeprice,or,iftherebenosuchprice,accordingtothecurrentmarketprice,or,iftherebenocommodityexchangepriceorcurrentmarketprice,byreferencetothenormalvalueofgoodsofthesamekindandquality.?Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thenumberofpackagesorunitsenumeratedinthebillofladingaspackedinsucharticleoftransportshallbedeemedthenumberofpackagesorunitsforthepurposeofthisparagraphasfarasthesepackagesorunitsareconcerned.Exceptasaforesaidsucharticleoftransportshallbeconsideredthepackageorunit.(d)TheunitofaccountmentionedinthisArticleistheSpecialDrawingRightasdefinedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund.Theamountsmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphshallbeconvertedintonationalcurrencyonthebasisofthevalueofthatcurrencyonthedatetobedeterminedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththemethodofvaluationappliedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundineffectatthedateinquestionforitsoperationsandtransactions.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinamannerdeterminedbythatState.Nevertheless,aStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFundandwhoselawdoesnotpermittheapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheprecedingsentencesmay,atthetimeofratificationoftheProtocolof1979oraccessiontheretooratanytimethereafter,declarethatthelimitsofliabilityprovidedforinthisConventiontobeappliedinitsterritoryshallbefixedasfollows:(I)inrespectoftheamountof666.67unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,10,000monetaryunits;(ii)inrespectoftheamountof2unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,30monetaryunits.Themonetaryunitreferredtointheprecedingsentencecorrespondsto65.5milligrammesofgoldofmillesimalfineness900.TheconversionoftheamountsspecifiedinthatsentenceintothenationalcurrencyshallbemadeaccordingtothelawoftheStateconcerned.ThecalculationandtheconversionmentionedintheprecedingsentencesshallbemadeinsuchamannerastoexpressinthenationalcurrencyofthatStateasfaraspossiblethesamerealvaluefortheamountsinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticleasisexpressedthereinunitsofaccount.Statesshallcommunicatetothedepositarythemannerofcalculationortheresultoftheconversionasthecasemaybe,whendepositinganinstrumentofratificationoftheProtocolof1979orofaccessiontheretoandwheneverthereisachangeineither.(e)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinthisparagraphifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewithintenttocausedamage,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.(f)Thedeclarationmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraph,ifembodiedinthebilloflading,shallbeprimafacieevidence,butshallnotbebindingorconclusiveonthecarrier.(g)Byagreementbetweenthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandtheshipperothermaximumamountsthanthosementionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphmaybefixed,providedthatnomaximumamountsofixedshallbelessthantheappropriatemaximummentionedinthatsub-paragraph.(h)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymis-statedbytheshipperinthebilloflading.6.Goodsofaninflammable,explosiveordangerousnaturetotheshipmentwhereofthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierhasnotconsented,withknowledgeoftheirnatureandcharacter,mayatanytimebeforedischargebelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutcompensation,andtheshipperofsuchgoodsshallbeliableforalldamagesandexpensesdirectlyorindirectlyarisingoutoforresultingfromsuchshipment.Ifanysuchgoodsshippedwithsuchknowledgeandconsentshallbecomeadangertotheshiporcargo,theymayinlikemannerbelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutliabilityonthepartofthecarrierexcepttogeneralaverage,ifany.ArticleIvbisApplicationofDefencesandLimitsofLiability1.ThedefencesandlimitsofliabilityprovidedforintheseRulesshallapplyinanyactionagainstthecarrierinrespectoflossordamagetogoodscoveredbyacontractofcarriagewhethertheactionbefoundedincontractorintort.2.Ifsuchanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrier(suchservantoragentnotbeinganindependentcontractor),suchservantoragentshallbeentitledtoavailhimselfofthedefencesandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrierisentitledtoinvokeundertheseRules.3.Theaggregateoftheamountsrecoverablefromthecarrier,andsuchservantsandagents,shallinnocaseexceedthelimitprovidedforintheseRules.4.Nevertheless,aservantoragentofthecarriershallnotbeentitledtoavailhimselfoftheprovisionsofthisArticle,ifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionoftheservantoragentdonewithintenttocausedamageorrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.ArticleVSurrenderofRightsandImmunities,andIncreaseofResponsibilitiesandLiabilitiesAcarriershallbeatlibertytosurrenderinwholeorinpartalloranyofhisrightsandimmunitiesortoincreaseanyofhisresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesundertheRulescontainedinanyoftheseArticles,providedsuchsurrenderorincreaseshallbeembodiedinthebillofladingissuedtotheshipper.TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotbeapplicabletocharter-parties,butifbillsofladingareissuedinthecaseofashipunderacharter-partytheyshallcomplywiththetermsoftheseRules.NothingintheseRulesshallbeheldtopreventtheinsertioninabillofladingofanylawfulprovisionregardinggeneralaverage.ArticleVISpecialConditionsNotwithstandingtheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticles,acarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandashippershallinregardtoanyparticulargoodsbeatlibertytoenterintoanyagreementinanytermsastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierforsuchgoods,andastotherightsandimmunitiesofthecarrierinrespectofsuchgoods,orhisobligationastoseaworthiness,sofarasthisstipulationisnotcontrarytopublicpolicy,orthecareordiligenceofhisservantsoragentsinregardtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofthegoodscarriedbywater,providedthatinthiscasenobillofladinghasbeenorshallbeissuedandthatthetermsagreedshallbeembodiedinareceiptwhichshallbeanon-negotiabledocumentandshallbemarkedassuch.Anyagreementsoenteredintoshallhavefulllegaleffect.ProvidedthatthisArticleshallnotapplytoordinarycommercialshipmentsmadeintheordinarycourseoftrade,butonlytoothershipmentswherethecharacterorconditionofthepropertytobecarriedorthecircumstances,termsandconditionsunderwhichthecarriageistobeperformedaresuchasreasonablytojustifyaspecialagreement.ArticleVIILimitationsontheApplicationoftheRulesNothinghereincontainedshallpreventacarrierorashipperfromenteringintoanyagreement,stipulation,condition,reservationorexemptionastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierortheshipforthelossordamageto,orinconnectionwiththecustodyandcareandhandlingofgoodspriortotheloadingonandsubsequenttothedischargefromtheshiponwhichthegoodsarecarriedbywater.ArticleVIIILimitationofLiabilityTheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotaffecttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierunderanystatuteforthetimebeinginforcerelatingtothelimitationoftheliabilityofownersofvessels.ArticleIXLiabilityforNuclearDamageTheseRulesshallnotaffecttheprovisionsofanyinternationalConventionornationallawgoverningliabilityfornucleardamage.ArticleXApplicationTheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallapplytoeverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentStatesif:(a)thebillofladingisissuedinaContractingState,or(b)thecarriageisfromaportinaContractingState,or?thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbythebillofladingprovidesthattheseRulesorlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract,whatevermaybethenationalityoftheship,thecarrier,theshipper,theconsignee,oranyotherinterestedperson.

中国对外技术贸易政策

一.在技术贸易中，遵守国际规范和国际惯例，依法保护知识产权，维护合作各方的合法权益。引进、借鉴别国的先进技术与经验，推动本国经济的发展；积极鼓励开拓技术出口市场，以广泛参与国际分工，逐步使中国的技术密集型产业成为国际技术产业链条的重要一环。二.以多种灵活方式开展对外技术贸易。在技术引进方面，采取的方式包括许可证贸易、合作生产、合作设计、技术服务、顾问咨询、进口关键设备及成套设备等，并根据具体情况确定引进方式。技术进口的重点是为改造现有企业服务，鼓励引进产品的设计、工艺、制造和生产管理技术。在技术出口方面，鼓励出口成熟的工业化技术。三.加快科工贸结合，建立新型科研开发体制。要加快科工贸结合的步伐，增加科研与开发的投入，增强引进的消化、吸收、创新能力，逐步使科研开发实现由国家主导型向企业主导型转变，建立有利于引进技术改良和商品化的科研开发体制，使引进的技术发挥更大的效益。四.注重技术的先进性与适用性相结合，经过消化、吸收能获得较好的经济效益和社会效益。技术的先进性是指技术具有较长的生命力，其产品具有竞争能力；技术的适用性是指技术的水平与国内的总体技术水平相协调，能够尽快掌握、实施。五.多渠道筹集资金，支持对外技术贸易的发展。在技术引进方面，积极争