2024版新教材高中物理第五章原子核微点16核反应类型的判断课时作业新人教版选择性必修第三册

微点16核反应类型的推断1．“两弹一星”可以说长了中国人的志气，助了中国人的威历．下列核反应方程中，属于探讨“两弹”的基本核反应方程的是()①eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())7N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He→eq\o\al(\s\up1(17),\s\do1())8O＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H②eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n→eq\o\al(\s\up1(90),\s\do1(38))Sr＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(136),\s\do1())54Xe＋10eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n③eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1())90Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(④eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))nA．①②B．③④C．②④D．②③2．下列核反应为人工核转变的是()A．eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n→eq\o\al(\s\up1(140),\s\do1())54Xe＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(94),\s\do1(38))Sr＋2eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))nB．eq\o\al(\s\up1(19),\s\do1())9F＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He→eq\o\al(\s\up1(22),\s\do1(10))Ne＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))HC．eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))nD．eq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(11))Na→eq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(12))Mg＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(－1))e3．下列关于核衰变和核反应的类型的表述正确的是()A．eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n是α衰变B．eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())6C→eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1(7))N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(－1))e，是β衰变C．eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1())90Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(D．eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())7N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n→eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())6C＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H，是轻核聚变4．关于下列核反应说法正确的是()A．eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n，此反应放出能量，所以结合能降低B．eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())7N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He→eq\o\al(\s\up1(17C．eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n→eq\o\al(\s\up1(144),\s\do1())56Ba＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(89),\s\do1(36))Kr＋3eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n，此反应是核裂变，质量亏损，放出能量D．eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1())90Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He，此反应是α衰变，4个eq\o\al(\s\up1(5．[2024·江苏泰州中学高二阶段练习]有四个核反应方程如下①eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n→eq\o\al(\s\up1(95),\s\do1(38))Sr＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(138),\s\do1())54Xe＋3X1②eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋X2→eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n③eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1())92U→④eq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(12))Mg＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He→eq\o\al(\s\up1(27),\s\do1(13))Al＋X4下列说法正确的是()A．①是核裂变B．X2为eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))HC．③是人工核反应D．X4为中子6．[2024·辽宁沈阳东北育才学校高二期中]下列关于核反应方程及其表述均正确的是()A．eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(89),\s\do1(36))Kr＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(144),\s\do1())56Ba＋2eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n为重核裂变反应B．eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1())90Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(C．eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n为轻核聚变反应D．eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(27),\s\do1(13))Al→eq\o\al(\s\up1(30),\s\do1(15))P＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H为原子核的人工转变7．[2024·四川德阳五中高二阶段练习]下列核反应方程正确的是()A．铀核发生α衰变的核反应是eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1())93Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(B．轻核聚变反应方程eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))H→eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋X中，X表示中子C．铀核裂变的一种核反应方程eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1())92U→eq\o\al(\s\up1(144),\s\do1())56Ba＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(89),\s\do1(36))Kr＋2eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))nD．14C发生β衰变的核反应方程式为eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())6C→eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())5B＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(微点16核反应类型的推断1．答案：C解析：“两弹”是指原子弹和氢弹，原子弹是铀核裂变eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1(92))U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))neq\o\al(\s\up1(90),\s\do1(38))Sr＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(136),\s\do1(54))Xe＋10eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n氢弹是轻核聚变eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))Heq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n，故选C.2．答案：B解析：依据核裂变定义可知，eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1(92))U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))neq\o\al(\s\up1(140),\s\do1(54))Xe＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(94),\s\do1(38))Sr＋2eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n为核裂变，故A错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(19),\s\do1(9))F＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))Heeq\o\al(\s\up1(22),\s\do1(10))Ne＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H为人工转变原子核的过程，用快速粒子穿透核内部，将核转变为另一个核的过程，故B正确；依据核聚变的定义可知，eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))Heq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n为核聚变，故C错误；依据变更过程可知，eq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(11))Naeq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(12))Mg＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(－1))e为原子核发生β衰变的过程，故D错误．故选B.3．答案：B解析：eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))Heq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n是轻核聚变，故A错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1(6))Ceq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1(7))N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(0),\s\do1(－1))e是β衰变，故B正确；eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1(92))Ueq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1(90))Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He是α衰变，故C错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1(7))N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))neq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1(6))C＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H是原子核的人工转变，故D错误．故选B.4．答案：C解析：eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(1))Heq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n是核聚变，此反应放出能量，所以结合能变大，故A错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(14),\s\do1())7N＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))Heeq\o\al(\s\up1(17),\s\do1())8O＋X此反应是原子核的人工转化，X是质子，故B错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1(92))U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))neq\o\al(\s\up1(144),\s\do1(56))Ba＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(89),\s\do1(36))Kr＋3eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n此反应是核裂变，质量亏损，放出能量，故C正确；eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1(92))Ueq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1(90))Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He此反应是α衰变，半衰期是大量放射性原子衰变的统计规律，对个别的放射性原子没有意义，故D错误．5．答案：A解析：重核分裂成质量较小的核的反应为重核的裂变，①是核裂变，A正确；依据质量数守恒和核电荷数守恒，知eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))Heq\o\al(\s\up1(3),\s\do1(2))He＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n，所以X2为eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H，B错误；原子核放出α粒子或β粒子，变成另一种原子核的变更称为原子核的衰变，依据质量数守恒和核电荷数守恒，知eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1(92))Ueq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1(90))Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He，③是α衰变，C错误；依据质量数守恒和核电荷数守恒，知eq\o\al(\s\up1(24),\s\do1(12))Mg＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))Heeq\o\al(\s\up1(27),\s\do1(13))Al＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(1))H，X4为质子，D错误．6．答案：C解析：重核裂变反应方程为eq\o\al(\s\up1(235),\s\do1(92))U＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))neq\o\al(\s\up1(89),\s\do1(36))Kr＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(144),\s\do1(56))Ba＋3eq\o\al(\s\up1(1),\s\do1(0))n，A错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(238),\s\do1(92))Ueq\o\al(\s\up1(234),\s\do1(90))Th＋eq\o\al(\s\up1(4),\s\do1(2))He为α衰变，B错误；eq\o\al(\s\up1(2),\s\do1(1))H＋eq\