初高中英语衔接重点语法快速入门之句子成分和结构解析

句子成分及句子结构这两句话的翻译正确吗？Howareyou？怎么是你?Howoldareyou?怎么老是你?不可以完全按照中文的表达习惯学习英语哦！我们需要了解中英文表达习惯的差异。Howareyou？你好吗?Howoldareyou?你几岁啦?什么是句子呢？我，是句子吗？你，是句子吗？我爱你，是句子吗？请思考：我，是句子吗？你，是句子吗？我爱你，是句子吗？句子是指由词和词组通过句法构成的、能够表达完整意思的语言单位。那么，句子成分又是什么呢？Iloveyou.主语：I谓语：love宾语：you句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语，同位语和宾补。概念须知：I

met

mybest

friendTomatthestationyesterday.我昨天在这个车站遇到了我最好的朋友Tom.组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestation

yesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓地点状语↓时间状语句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾补句子的次要成分：定语、状语、同位语主语(subject)1.主语是句子陈述的对象。2.一般在句首。3.一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。1.WestudyinNo.7MiddleSchool.2.Theclassroomisveryclean.3.ToteachthemEnglishismyjob.4.Surfing,divingandswimmingareallwatersports.5.Fourplusfouriseight.6.Whathehassaidistrue.7.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.代词名词不定式动名词数词主语从句（the+adj表示一类人）谓语(verb)1.表示主语的动作行为。2.必须由动词充当。3.一般在主语后面。(1)简单谓语：

是由动词或动词短语构成的。Westudyhard.Heoftenlistenstomusic.实义动词系动词情态动词助动词（V.）(2)复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词+动词原形”构成。HecanspeakEnglish.Wehavefinishedthetask.Ididseeheryesterday.宾语

(object)1.表示动作的对象（动宾）；介词涉及的对象（介宾）2.用在及物动词或介词后面。Sheisplayingthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.Weenjoy

livinginthecountryside.Heisinterestedinpainting.3.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Pleasepassme

thebook.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhim

theirmonitor.Theysawanexhibition（展览）yesterday.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Hepretendednottoseeme.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.名词代词数词（the+adj表示一类人）不定式动名词短语宾语从句找出下列句子的宾语。宾语补足语(objectcomplement)在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明。Imademyroombeautiful.Icanseeherdancingthere.Hehadhiscarwashed.Sheaskedmetolendhermybike.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Wekeepthedogout.WecallherMadam.形容词现在分词过去分词不定式介词短语副词名词状语(adverbial)1.修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子。2.表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步，伴随等。Lighttravelsveryquickly.Waitaminute.I'vedoneithundredsoftimes.Igothome,tiredandthirsty.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.副词名词数词形容词介词短语找出下列句子的状语。表语(predicative)1.说明主语的身份、类属、状态或特征。2.位于系动词后面（最常见的系动词是be）。1.Heisyoung.2.Iamateacher.3.Everybodyishere.4.MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.5.Nowtheyareathome.6.ThebookiswhatIneed.8.Hishobbyisswimming.形容词名词副词不定式短语介词短语从句动名词定语(attributive)“……的”用来修饰名词或代词,类似于形容词的修饰作用。1.Heisacleverboy.2.Hisfatherworksinashoefactory.3.Thereare54studentsinourclass.4.DoyouknowBetty’ssister?5.HisspokenEnglishisgood.6.Thegirlinredishissister.7.Iwanttohavesomethingtodrink.8.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.9.Doyouknowthemanwho'sstandingthere?（形容词）(物主代词)(数词)(名词所有格)(过去分词)(介词短语)(现在分词短语)(从句)(不定式)(名词)同位语（apposition）1.对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。2.在句中和前面的名词指同一人、同一物，同做一种句子成分。1.Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.2.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.3.Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.4.Thenewsthatheisillworriesus.名词反身代词数词从句插入语（parenthesis）插入语指的是对一句话所做的附加解释。其作用是，补足句意，包括说话者的态度，或引起听话者的注意。以下句子带有常见的插入语：1.Thatwillbeagoodbeginning,Ihope.2.We'llhavetotakeanumbrella,

I'mafraid.3.Ihavenomoney,yousee.4.Heisabadguy,youknow.5.Mr.Smith,Ithink,isatleast50yearsold.6.This,Isuppose,willgiveyousomeideaofthesituationinChina.Ex.分析下列句子成分1.Everyonelaughedhappily.2.Mybrother,Jim,waselectedmonitor.3.Thereisariveratthefootofthehill.4.Heboughthissonsomebooks.5.TheyounggirlwithlongblackhairisKate.6.Ismellthecake.7.Thecakesmellsgood.8.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthebusstop.八种基本句型基本句型简称主语+谓语SV主语+谓语+宾语SVO主语+系动词+表语SVP主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语SVOO主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语SVOC主语+谓语+状语SVA主语+谓语+宾语+状语SVOA存现句Therebe基本句型（1）主语+谓语s+v谓语动词特点：不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语）Thesunrises.（rise-rose-risen

是vi，不能带宾语.）基本句型（2）主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V.+O.

）该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组.

Hehasreadthisbookbefore.基本句型（3）主+系+表表语说明主语的身份、性质、特征和状态，通常在系动词后。1.Myuncleisaprofessor.2.Helookedtired.1.Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.A.theoldmanB.isC.feelingD.tired2.Hisjobwastopaintthewall.A.hisjobB.wasC.topaintthewallD.paint请选出下列句子中的表语基本句型（4）主+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语常跟双宾语的动词有：bring,give,lend,hand,offer,show,teach,make,tell,write,ask,buy

He

asked

me

aquestion.人间物直[温馨提示]常跟双宾语的动词:①需借助于to的动词:bring,

give,

lend,

hand,

offer,

pass,

promise,

return,

send,

show,

teach,

tell,

write等;②需借助于for的动词:buy,

call,

cook,

choose,

draw,

find,

get,

make,

order,

save,

spare等。及物动词带双宾语通常有以下两种结构：

1.及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语2.及物动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语请划出句子中的直接宾语,间接宾语。1.Pleasetellusastory.2.Mybrotherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.3.Mr.LiisgoingtoteachusMathsnextterm.4.Hereisapen,giveittoTom.5.Didheleaveanythingforme?基本句型（5）主+谓语+宾语+宾补宾补是补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：1.Thesunkeepsuswarm.2.Iheardhimsinging.3.Youmustgetyourhaircut.

三室:see,lookat,watch,两厅:hear,listento一感觉:feel注意：notice,observe让make:let,make,haveleave/want/get/find/keep[温馨提示]常跟宾补的动词:基本句型（6）主语+谓语+状语Hetalkedtoomuch.基本句型（7）主语+谓语+宾语+状语Ihadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.基本句型（8）

存现句Thereisalottoexploreatseniorhigh.therebe结构特点:there

be…意思是“有”,表示“某地有某物”。there

be…属倒装结构,后面的名词是句子的主语。There

be

中的be

有时可以是lie,

stand,

used

to

be,

seem

to

be,

appear

to

be

等。There

are

two

people

waiting

outside.

主语主谓宾、定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。主干成分主谓宾，枝叶成分定状补。定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。句子成分划分口诀一、写出五种句子结构的英语符号：1:_____+______(主+谓)2:_____+_____+______(主+系+表)3:______+_______+________(主+谓+宾)4:________+________+________+________（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）5：________+__________+_______+__________（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）SVSVPSVOSVOOSVOC1)Puttheunderlinedsentencesintothetable.WepracticeAlberEinsteinsaid,“Ifyouwanttoliveahappylife,tieittoagoal.”Iagree.Goalsareimportantinmanyways.Settinggoalsgivesyouafocusinlife.Bysettinggoalsnow,youaredecidingwhatyouwanttoachieveinthefuture.Thenyouknowwhereyouaregoinginlifeandcanworkhardtogetthere.Settinggoalsalsohelpsyoudevelopgoodhabits.Torealizeyourgoals,youneedtohaveagoodplan,manageyourtimewellandpayattentiontodetails.Thesehabitswillbehelpful.Finally,settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Whenyouachieveagoal,youseetheresultofyourhardworkandknowhowmuchprogressyouhavemade.Agoalisadreamthatneedsaction.Asaresultofyouraction,yourdreamwillcometrueandhopefullyyouwillliveahappylife.SubjectVerbIagree.SubjectVerbPredictiveSubjectVerbObjectSubjectVerbIndirectobjectDirectobjectSubjectVerbObjectObjectcomplement

Thesehabitswillbehelpful.Youwillliveahappylife.Settinggoalsgivesyouafocusinlife.Settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Matchthesentencesbelowwiththecorrectstructures.a.SV b.SVPc.SVO d.SVOOe.SVOC f.SVAg.SVOA

1.Weathermattersagreatdeal.()2.Schoolmealsarefreshandhealthy.()3.Ourschooloffersstudentsabalanceddiet.()4.Abalanceddietkeepsthebodyhealthy.()5.Studentshavefreshfruitandvegetables.()fbdecPractice

6.AmylikeswatchingEnglishfilmsverymuch.()7.Englishlearningisinteresting,meaningfulandpractical.()8.FocusingonusingEnglishmakesEnglishlearningmoreeffective.()9.Thespeechbegan.()10.SheacquiresagoodknowledgeofEnglish.()gbeacMatchthesentencesbelowwiththecorrectstructures.a.SV b.SVPc.SVO d.SVOOe.SVOC f.SVAg.SVOAPractice【实战演练】Ⅰ

指出画线部分所作的句子成分1.The

aged

are

well

taken

care

of

in

the

village.________主语2.He

managed

to

finish

the

work

in

time.________宾语3.His

wish

is

to

become

a

scientist.________表语4.Great

changes

have

taken

place

in

China

since

1980.谓语5.He

noticed

a

man

enter

the

room._______________宾语补足语6.Would

you

tell

me

youradvice?_____________________________________________me作间接宾语,your

advice作直接宾语7.I

opened

the

window

to

let

some

fresh

air

in.________状语8.I'll

never

forget

the

day

when

I

worked

together

withyou.

________定语Ⅱ

选出下列句子属于哪种句子结构①SV

②SVO

③SVP

④SVOO

⑤SVOC

⑥SVA

⑦SVOA

⑧There

be…1.Time

flies.______①2.He

enjoys

reading.______②3.The

sun

keeps

us

warm.______⑤4.The

dinner

smells

good.______③5.The

red

sun

rises

in

the

east.______⑥6.There

are

45

students

in

our

class.______⑧7.This

is

an

English-Chinese

dictionary.______③8.I

want

to

have

a

cup

of

tea

very

much.______⑦9.Would

you

please

pass

me

the

dictionary?______④10.She

cooked

her

husband

a

delicious

meal.______④①SV

②SVO

③SVP

④SVOO

⑤SVOC

⑥SVA

⑦SVOA

⑧There

be…将下列五种基本句型构成的句子译为汉语。1.Iaskedhertoopenthewind