任务精读：爆破炸药及性能（双语）课件讲解

隧道施工技术爆破炸药及性能TunnelConstructionTechnologyBlastingExplosivesandProperties爆破炸药及性能目录TableofContentsBlastingExplosivesandProperties隧道工程常用的炸药1ExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering炸药的性能2ExplosiveProperties起爆材料3InitiationMaterials课程小结4Summary隧道工程常用的炸药ExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering0160%以上10%-15%

目前在隧道爆破施工中使用最广的是硝铵类炸药。硝铵类炸药品种极多，但其主要成分是硝酸铵。

在无瓦斯坑道中使用的铵梯炸药，简称为岩石炸药，2号岩石炸药就是最常用的一种；在有瓦斯坑道中使用的炸药，简称为煤矿安全炸药。爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringAtpresent,ammoniumnitrateexplosivesarewidelyusedintunnelblastingconstruction.Therearemanyvarietiesofammoniumnitrateexplosives,butthemaincomponentisammoniumnitrate.AN-TNTcontainingexplosiveusedingas-freegalleryisreferredtoasrockexplosive,andNo.2rockexplosiveisthemostcommonlyusedtype;Explosivesusedingallerywithgasarereferredtoascoalminesafetyexplosives.有30mm、35mm、40mm等，长度为150mm;Thecartridgediameterof32mm,35mmand40mm,etc.,andlengthof150mm;一般为22mm、25mm，长度为200mm～600mm，可按爆破设计的炸药品种、装药结构和用药量来选择使用。Thediametersofperimetersmoothblastingexplosivesaregenerally22mmand25mm,withalengthof200mm~600mm.Theycanbeselectedaccordingtothetype,chargingstructureanddosageofexplosivesinblastingdesign.直径周边光爆炸药药卷Perimetersmoothblastingexplosivesdiameter直径药卷Cartridgediameter隧道爆破使用的炸药一般均由厂制或现场加工成药卷型式Explosivesusedfortunnelblastingaregenerallymanufacturedbyfactoriesorprocessedintocartridgesonsite爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering

适用于一般岩石爆破，煤矿爆破主要成分是硝酸铵与梯恩梯的混合物。铵梯炸药：AN-TNTContainingExplosive:爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringItissuitableforgeneralrockblastingandcoalmineblasting,withthemixtureofammoniumnitrateandTNTasthemaincomponent;

这一类炸药适用于露天或水下深孔爆破硝酸铵等炸药+水+敏化剂+胶凝剂=浆状炸药浆状炸药+交联技术=水胶炸药浆状炸药和水胶炸药：SlurryExplosiveandWater-gelExplosive:爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringSuchexplosivesaresuitableforopen-airorunderwaterdeep-holeblasting.

Ammoniumnitrateandotherexplosives+water+sensitizer+gellingagent=slurryexplosiveSlurryexplosive+cross-linkingtechnique=water-gelexplosiv

浆状炸药和水胶炸药：SlurryExplosiveandWater-gelExplosive:含水量较大、抗水性强、密度较高、爆温较低、威力较大、原料广、成本低和安全度高。爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringHighwatercontent,strongwaterresistance,highdensity,lowexplosiontemperature,highpower,widerawmaterials,lowcostandhighsafety.

其适用于硬岩爆破硝酸铵、硝酸钠水溶液与碳质燃料通过乳化作用，形成的乳脂状混合炸药。乳化(乳胶)炸药：Emulsion(Latex)Explosive:爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringItisapplicabletohardrockblasting.Itisacreamyexplosivemixtureformedbyaqueoussolutionofammoniumnitrate,sodiumnitrate,andcarbonaceousfuelthroughemulsification.爆破效率比浆状及水胶炸药更高

Higherblastingefficiencythanthatofslurryexplosiveandwater-gelexplosive抗水性强Strongwaterresistance,原料来源广Widesourceofrawmaterials,生产成本低Lowproductioncost,安全度高Highsafety,环境污染小Lowpollutiononenvironment,爆炸稳定性好Goodexplosionstability爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering

一般只在水下、硬岩爆破主要成分是硝化甘油。抗水性强、密度高、威力大、猛度高。硝化甘油炸药NitroglycerinExplosive爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineeringIngeneral,suchexplosivesareonlyusedforblastingunderwaterandinhardrock,withthemainingredientofnitroglycerin.Strongwaterresistance,highdensity,highpowerandhighbrisance.

但机械感度高、安全性差、价格昂贵、保存期短、容易老化而性能降低，甚至失去爆炸性能。爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering硝化甘油炸药NitroglycerinExplosiveHighmechanicalsensitivity,poorsafety,expensiveprice,shortstorageperiod,easyagingandreducedproperty,evenloseofexplosiveproperty.铵梯炸药AN-TNTContainingExplosive铵油炸药ANFOexplosive水胶炸药Water-gelexplosive乳化炸药Emulsionexplosive

黑火药Blackpowder爆破炸药及性能隧道工程常用的炸药BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivesCommonlyUsedinTunnelEngineering炸药的性能ExplosiveProperties02

感度Sensitivity炸药在外界起爆能作用下发生爆炸反应的难易程度，也就是炸药爆炸对外能的需要程度。根据外能形式的不同，炸药感度表现为热敏感度、火焰感度、机械感度和爆轰感度。爆速DetonationVelocity炸药爆炸时的化学反应速度称为爆速。一般地，密度越大的炸药其爆速也越高。爆破炸药及性能炸药的性能BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivePropertiesThedifficultyofexplosionreactionofexplosiveundertheactionofexternalinitiationenergy,isthedegreetowhichexternalenergyisrequiredforblastingofexplosives.Dependingontheformofexternalenergy,thesensitivityofexplosivesischaracterizedbythermalsensitivity,flamesensitivity,mechanicalsensitivityanddetonationsensitivity.Thechemicalreactionrateduringexplosionofexplosiveiscalledthedetonationvelocity.Generally,thehigherthedensity,thehigherthedetonationvelocity.

威力DetonationPower炸药爆炸时对周围介质做功的能力。炸药的威力越大，其破坏能力越强。猛度Brisance炸药爆炸后对与之接触的局部固体介质的破碎程度，这种局部破坏表现为固体介质的粉碎性破坏程度和范围的大小。爆破炸药及性能炸药的性能BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosivePropertiesThecapabilityofexplosivetodoworkonsurroundingmediawhenitexplodes.Themorepowerfultheexplosive,themoredestructiveitisThedegreeoffragmentationofthelocalsolidmediumincontactwiththeexplosiveafterdetonation.Suchlocaldamageismanifestedbythedegreeandextentofcrusheddamageofsolidmedium.

指炸药经起爆后，能否连续、完全爆炸的能力。Thecapabilityofexplosivetodetonatecontinuouslyandcompletelyafterinitiation.炸药稳定爆炸，且爆速最大时的装药密度称为“最佳密度”。工程爆破中，为保证装药能稳定爆炸而不发生断爆或拒爆，在施工现场加工药卷时应注意使药卷密度保持在最佳密度范围内。

Thechargedensityatwhichtheexplosivedetonatesstablywiththemaximumdetonationvelocityiscalledthe"optimumdensity".Duringengineeringblasting,inordertoensurethatthechargecanexplodestablywithoutinterruptionormisfire,whenprocessingcartridgesontheconstructionsite,attentionshouldbepaidtokeepingthecartridgedensitywithintheoptimumdensityrange.最佳密度OptimumDensity爆炸稳定性ExplosionStability爆破炸药及性能炸药的性能BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosiveProperties

在柱状装药时被动药卷能发生殉爆的最小直径Φmin。临界直径越小，则其爆炸稳定性越好。TheminimumdiameterΦminofthepassivecartridgethatcancauseinduceddetonationduringcolumncharging.Thesmallerthecriticaldiameter,thebettertheexplosionstability.临界直径CriticalDiameter爆破炸药及性能炸药的性能BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosiveProperties

在钻孔柱状装药中，在某个药卷中装入起爆雷管的称为主动药卷，主动药卷爆炸后能引起临近的药卷（称为被动药卷）爆炸，这种现象称为“殉爆”。当主动、被动药卷采用同性质炸药的等直径药卷时，则用被动药卷能发生殉爆的最大距离来表示被动药卷的殉爆能力，称为“殉爆距离”。Inthecolumnchargingofborehole,thecartridgewithdetonatoriscalledtheactivecartridge,theexplosionofwhichmaycausetheexplosionofanadjacentcartridge(calledpassivecartridge).Thisphenomenoniscalled"induceddetonation".Whentheactiveandpassivecartridgesareequal-diametercartridgesofexplosiveswiththesameproperty,themaximumdistanceatwhichthepassivecartridgecanundergoinduceddetonationisusedtoindicatetheinduceddetonationcapabilityofthepassivecartridge,whichiscalled"induceddetonationdistance".殉爆距离InducedDetonationDistance爆破炸药及性能炸药的性能BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesExplosiveProperties起爆材料InitiationMaterials03起爆材料包括实施爆破时激发炸药所需要的一系列起爆和传爆材料，如导火索、雷管、导爆索、继爆管、塑料导爆管等。塑料导火索Plasticblastingfuse爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsTheinitiationmaterialconsistsofarangeofinitiationanddenotationtransmissionmaterialsrequiredtoactivatetheexplosiveforblasting,suchasblastingfuse,detonator,detonatingcord,relaydetonatorandplasticdetonatingtube,etc.1.导火索与火雷管1.Blastingfuseandplaindetonator导火索是用来点燃火雷管的配套材料，它能以较稳定的速度连续传递火焰给火雷管，并使火雷管在火焰作用下爆炸的传爆材料。通过导火索燃烧后喷出火星引爆的雷管，称火雷管。火雷管是最简单的一种雷管。塑料导火索Plasticblastingfuse爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterials

Theblastingfuseisasupportingmaterialusedtoignitetheplaindetonator.Itcancontinuouslytransmitflametotheplaindetonatoratarelativelystablespeed,andmaketheplaindetonatorexplodeundertheactionofflame.Adetonatordetonatedbysparksfromblastingfuseburningiscalledaplaindetonator.Plaindetonatoristhesimplesttypeofdetonator.1.管壳1.Detonatorshell2.加强帽2.Reinforcingcap3.正起爆药3.Primaryprimer4.副起爆药4.Secondaryprimer5.聚能穴5.Energygatheringgroove6.导火索6.Blastingfuse爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterials起爆器材联结Connectionofinitiatingequipment

雷管按其起爆能量的大小分为十个等级，称为雷管号数。雷管号数愈大，起爆能力愈强。装药较多时，应选用大号数雷管。隧道工程中常用的是8号和6号雷管。爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterials

Detonatorsaredividedintotengradesaccordingtotheirinitiationenergy,whichiscalleddetonatornumber.Thelargerthedetonatornumber,thestrongertheinitiatingability.Largedetonatornumbershallbeselectedincaseofalargeamountofcharging.No.8andNo.6detonatorsarecommonlyusedintunnelworks.BlastingfusePlaindetonatorExplosive

电雷管是在火雷管中加设电发火装置而成的。它是用导电线传输电流使装在雷管中的电阻丝发热而引起雷管爆炸的。电雷管可分为即发电雷管和迟发电雷管。爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsElectricdetonatorisformedbyaddinganelectricignitiondeviceintheplaindetonator.Itusesconductivewirestotransmitelectriccurrenttoheattheresistanceinstalledinthedetonatorandcauseexplosion.Electricdetonatorscanbedividedintoinstantaneouselectricdetonatoranddelayedelectricdetonator.2.导电线与电雷管2.Conductivewireandelectricdetonator爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsa)直插式b)引火头式a)Directinserttypeb)Fuse-headtype

1-脚线；2-管壳；3-密封塞；4-纸垫；5-桥丝；6-引火头；7-加强帽；8-DDNP；9，正起爆药；10-副起爆药即发电雷管InstantaneousElectricDetonator1-Legwire;2-Detonatorshell;3-Sealingplug;4-Paperpad;5-Bridgewire;6-Fusehead;7-Reinforcingcap;8-DDNP;9.Primaryprimer;10–Secondaryprimer2.导电线与电雷管2.Conductivewireandelectricdetonator迟发电雷管DelayedElectricDetonatorDelayedElectricDetonator迟发电雷管起爆器材联结ConnectionofinitiatingequipmentPowerlead-Electricdetonator-Explosive1-塑料塞；2-延期药；3-延期内管；4-加强帽爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterials1-Plasticplug;2-Delaypowder;3-Delayinnertube;4–Reinforcingcap2.导电线与电雷管2.Conductivewireandelectricdetonator塑料导爆管：用来传递微弱爆轰波给非电雷管，使之爆炸的传爆材料之一。非电雷管Non-electricdetonator塑料导爆管Plasticdetonatingtube爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsPlasticdetonatingtubeisoneofthedenotationtransmissionmaterialsusedtotransmitweakdetonationwavestonon-electricdetonatorforblasting.3.导爆管与非电雷管3.Detonatingtubeandnon-electricdetonator.非电雷管Non-electricdetonator塑料导爆管Plasticdetonatingtube爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsThePlasticdetonatingtubehasgoodresistancetoelectricity,fireandimpact;Theinitiationanddetonationtransmissionpropertyisstable,andevenincaseofkinking,180°folding,localpowderinterruptionandpipeendbutt,normaldetonationtransmissionisstillavailable;Easyforinstallation;Convenientuse;Cheap;Strongresistancetodamageduringtransportationanduse;Availabletobetransportedasnon-dangerousgoods.塑料导爆管具有抗电、抗火、抗冲击性能好；起爆传爆性能稳定，甚至扭结、180°对折、局部断药、管端对接仍能正常传爆；安装简单；使用方便；价格便宜；运输和使用过程中抗破坏能力强；且可作为非危险品运输等优点。3.导爆管与非电雷管3.Detonatingtubeandnon-electricdetonator.非电雷管Non-electricdetonator塑料导爆管Plasticdetonatingtube爆破炸药及性能起爆材料BlastingExplosivesandPropertiesInitiationMaterialsTherefore,itiswidelyappliedintunnelworks,especiallyunderelectricconditionandincaseofmanyblastholes.因而在隧道工程中被广泛应用，尤其是在有电条件和炮眼数较多时。需要注意的是，塑料导爆管不能直接起爆炸药，应与非电毫秒雷管配合使用。

Itshouldbenotedthattheplasticdetonatingtubecannotdirectlyinitiatetheexplosive,butshouldbeusedtogetherwithnon-electricmilliseconddetonator.3.导爆管与非电雷管3.Detonatingtubeandnon-electricd