考研类历年真题答案-2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题答案解析

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choose

thebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessaryconditionmanyworthwhilethings:child

care,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour_2_,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh_3_.

_4_,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood._5_peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoran

institution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat_6_pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherding

instructthatpromptshumansto_7_withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure_8_thishormone

putsusinatrusting_9_:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;

thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanwere

their_10_whoinhaledsomethingelse.

_1l_forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay_12_us.ACanadianstudyfoundthat

childrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate_l3_acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers

wereeach_14_toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?”before

lookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook_15_.

Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf_16_thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad_17_them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere_l8_tocooperatewiththetesterinlearning

anewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership._19_,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe

“_20_"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

第1题

l.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from

[参考答案]c

[答案解析]

【解析】itsanecessaryconditionmanyworthwhilethings（信任是一个必要条件许多重

要事情）此处是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件C选项for（对……来说）符合语义，

故为正确答案。A选项。n（关于）语义不恰当，B选项like（像）D选项from（来自于），故排除。

第2题

2.[A]faith[B]concem[C]attention[D]interest

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

【解析】第一段首句提出主题句：trustisatrickybusiness（信任是一个奇怪的东西）。后面进一步对

该主题句进行解释说明Ontheonehand,it'sanecessaryconditionformanyworthwhilethings:childcare,

friendships,etc（一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等），这句话在

说信任的好处。Ontheotherhand,puttingyourinthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh。

（另一方面把……放在错误的方往往会带来巨大……），显然这句在解释主题词“trust”，只有A选

项faith（信任、忠诚）与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[A]faith。

第3题

3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

【解析】第一段首句提出主题句：trustisatrickybusiness（信任是一个奇怪的东西）后面进一步对该主

题句进行解释说明：Ontheonehand,it'sanecessaryconditionmanyworthwhilethings:child

care,friendships,etc»（一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等），这

句话在说信任的好处。Ontheotherhand,puttingyourinthewrongplaceoftencaniesahigh。

（另一方面，把……放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大……）,显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，

并且根据空格所在句中的关键词“wrongplace”，本句应该在说信任不当的弊端，所以空格处应该填

入一个负向感情色彩的词，故A选项benefit和C选项hope排除、而B选项debt（债务）带入之后语

义不当，故正确答案为[D]price（代价）。

第4题

4JA]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】上段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题：“我们为什

么要信任”。只有B选项then（那么）填入后能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系。故正确答案为Bthen（那

么）。A选项therefore（因此）表示结果，C选项instead（但是、然而）表示转折,D选项again（再次）

表示强调；不符合要求，故排除。

第5题

5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

【解析】空格所在句含义为：人们信任一个人或一个组织机构，他们的大脑会释放催产素

只有D选项when（当...时候）填入后符合逻辑要求，故正确答案为A选项when。其他三个选项A

选项until（直到...）表时间，B选项unless（如果不）表条件，C选项although（尽管）表让步，带

入后均语义不通顺，故排除。

第6题

6.fA]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】上文指出：Whenpeopleplacetheirtrustinan...theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormoneo上文

指出当人们产生信任感，大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙，后面是定语从句，句内的动宾搭配，可推知这个

荷尔蒙能产生令人愉悦的情绪，并且与后面的trigger同义复现，因此，选项Bproduce为正确答案。

第7题

7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare

[参考答案]C

[答案解析]

【解析】上文讲到这种荷尔蒙能够激发一种群居本能，theherdinginstinctthatleadssheeptoflock

togetherforsafetyandpromotewithoneanother,这种本能有两个作用，并用and连接；所以复现同义

and前面的flocktogether□因此选择Cconnect.

第8题

8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

【解析】根据上文的结论，下文实验展开分析，Swissscientistshavefoundthatexposuretothishormone

putsus..o所以研究中要求受试者要先处于这种环境中，所以名词exposureto构成搭配语义关系，表

示“接触”的意思，因此选择to。

第9题

9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】上文提到身体会产生荷尔蒙，会给你带来一种愉悦的情绪pleasurablefeelings,这个上文结

论。实验中exposuretothishormoneputsusinatrusting…，因此，根据上下文，试验中，处于这种荷

尔蒙环境中，会给人带来情绪，语气，心境因此选择mood。

第10题

10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

[解析]上文指出，Inastudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects,可推知本

句再讲与另外一组受试者比较。故选项A.counterparts相对物，相对应的人为正确答案。

第11题

11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】因为这个句子当中有个词also,说明前文和后文情感是一致的关系。说我们有这两种天赋，

对大家来说都是好事，所以需要选择一个正向的情感色彩。只能选择选项Blucky。A选项funny有趣

的是，C选项odd奇怪的是，D选项ironic讽刺的是，皆不符合文意。

第12题

12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】因为这个句子当中有个词also,说明前文和后文情感是并列平行关系，前后情感应该一致。

所以此处只能选择protect保护我们，符合文意。A选项monitor监控，C选项surprise使震惊；D选

项delight使高兴；皆不符合文意。

第13题

13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

【解析】differentiatebetweenAandB介词between表示在A和B之间，原文含义为：”4个月大的

孩子可以区分出一个可信的人和一个不诚实的人”。

第14题

14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted

[参考答案]c

[答案解析]

【解析】原文Sixtytoddlerswereeachtoanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。只有C选项be

introducedtosth表示“初次认识某事物”，符合文意。A选项transferred转移；B选项added添加；

D选项entrusted委托，皆不符合文意。

第15题

15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

【解析】原文what'sinhere?beforelookingintothecontainerEachsubjectwastheninvitedto只有D选

项inside才能和前文所表达的inhere和lookinginto一脉相承，因此正确答案为D。

第16题

16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

【解析】由空格句并列结构Halfofthem…theotherhalf…可知，本句意在对比两组受试者的不同情况,

前半句指出“其中一半人发现了玩具”，由此推知空格所在半句应该说明另外一半人的发现，故空格

处语义应该与found接近，故A为正确答案。

第17题

17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked

[参考答案]C

[答案解析]

【解析】由上文“测试员朝容器内部看并惊呼一声一一另一半受试者发现容器是空的”下文关键信息

“没有被测试员欺骗的孩子(notbeentricked)"可推知，测试员是通过花招让孩子们相信容器内有东

西，而他们应该是意识到自己被测试员“欺骗、愚弄”了，©fooled与tricked语义接近，符合文意。

所以作对此题必须要理解tester测试者是主语，宾语是them指的是受测者，主语的意思决定了谓语

动词的含义为戏弄，故Cfooled为正确选项。

第18题

18.[A]fbrced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

【解析】Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterin

learninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership»根据句子结构我们可以看出逗号之前

是一个介词短语意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试

者的合作是怎么样的，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership表明这些孩子信任他的领导，所以

既然信任他们就是愿意与其合作,故选择Bwilling与werewillingto构成固定搭配，意为愿意。

第19题

19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

[W1onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivityo通

过该句中的only仅仅，可以看出与上文的themajorityof形成鲜明的对比19题应该填入的应该是表

示转折，与上文形成对比的逻辑关系词。分析四个选项只有A表示转折B表示结果，C表示总结，D

表示举例子，对比，故D为正确选项。

第20题

2O.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

［参考答案］c

［答案解析］

【解析】onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivityo该

句含义为：在接下来的活动中30个孩子中只有5个孩子与……样的测试者能合作，所以结合上文提

到的大部分孩子信任测试者但是5/30属于一小部分，大部分对应的是信任，那么小比例的对应的是

不信任，所以tester的修饰词应该为C,unreliable不可靠的，不可信任的，故C为正确答案。

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenext

presidentialcampaign：Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,according

toaUniversityofOxfordstudywiththemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslike

gardeningordaycaredon,tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,

softwareengineering一havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbe

fine.

Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.

TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,

butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automation

shouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,

boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldbe

rethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Cumculums一fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolveto

focuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschools

shoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Online

educationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.

Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusiness

dynamism：Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,

entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestuses

of3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill

inventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesand

thesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchas

theearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded：Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,reward

companiesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittle

comforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatare

comingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

第21题

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

[A]Leadingpoliticians.

[B]Low-wagelaborers.

[C]Robotowners.

[D]Middle-classworkers.

［参考答案］D

［答案解析］

答案:D

解析:根据题干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句"theannoyi-ngchallengefacingthe

middleclassisonethat.......fortheirjobs”中的challenge和第二段的最后三句话，可以得知相对于低收

入者和富人，中产阶级受到的冲击最大。

第22题

22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?

[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

fB]Optimists1opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.

[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.

[参考答案]C

[答案解析]

答案:C

解析：根据题干可定位到第三段中的首句“thisisn'ttobealarmist”和末句“But.......middle-class

workersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting^,but转折句再一次强调了作者的观点，即中产阶级工人需要

很多帮助来调整应对问题。同时，末句中"mayneedalotofhelp”同义替换成选项C中的“needtobe

tackled",自动化带来的问题需要被解决，得出C答案。

第23题

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison.

[A]creativepotential

[B]job-huntingskills

[C]individualneeds

[D]cooperativespirit

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

答案:A

解析：根据题干中的关键词可定位到第四段第二句"Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege一

shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication"。由

该句可知，课程应该更关注创造性和复杂的沟通而非记忆事实。所以，应该选C选项creativepotential

（创造潜能），同义替换为creativity。

第24题

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat__.

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

fB]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

答案:D

解析：该题考查作者的观点，根据题干中的关键词可定位到第六段第一句"Finally,because

automationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynet

willhavetoberethoughtvo由该句可知，由于自动化加大了资本收入和劳动力收入的差距，所以应该

重新考虑税收和安全网（保障措施），即税收政策应该避免收入差距扩大，选D选项preventingthe

incomegapfromwideningo

第25题

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith.

[A]opposingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionstoit.

[C]itsalarmingimpacts.

[D]itsmajorvariations.

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

答案:B

解析:作者在文章第一、二段提出问题“中产阶级受自动化危害最大”之后，第三段的末尾句提出

中产阶级需要帮助去适应自动化的发展，接下来第四段至第六段介绍解决方法，最后一段表明作者观

点。所以应该选B选项possiblesolutionstoit（解决问题的相应方法）。

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveof

PresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHouseto

befilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardall

media,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe

2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycritical

stateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.Andasurveyconductedfor

BuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionin

cyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundthey

useudistributedtrustvtoverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferent

perspectives——especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof

personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,thesurvey

concluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnited

StatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedto

greaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermitting

themtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousof

theirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenby

Americansforthefakenewsphenomenonisureadererror,vmoresothanmade-upstoriesorfactual

mistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesinmisinterpretationorexaggeration

ofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart

oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,vsays

RoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinking

skills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

第26题

26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson

[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

fB]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.

[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

答案:D

解析:双段推理题。根据题目定位到第1段和第2段，双段推理优先考虑双段主旨。第一段中心句

为最后一句话：MillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,nota

president;ssocialmediaplatform。''千禧一代喜欢白宫直接发布的消息…而不是总统社交媒体发布的

信息”，说明他们不太信任社交媒体。第2段中心为第二句转折之后，说明对于社交媒体的不信任上

升。故双段中心都和他们不信任社交媒体相关。结合以上信息，得出社交媒体信息不可靠，选择D。

第27题

27.Thephrase“beefup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]sharpen

[B]define

[C]boast

[D]share

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

答案:A

解析：词汇释义题。根据题目定位到第2段第2句：Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemay

bestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskillso句子的情感色彩判断，因为逗号前提到“人们对于所有

媒体的不信任增加”，可以推知人们应该开始增强其媒体素养的技能，故选A。

第28题

28.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople

[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

fB]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.

[C]havestrongsenseofresponsibility.

[D]liketoexchangeviewson"'distributedtrust".

[参考答案]B

[答案解析]

答案：B

解析：范例证明题。根据题干定位至第三段第二句话。因为某项研究一般是论据证明前面的论点，

故答案应该位于第一句话"Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulat

seperatingfactfromfictionincyberspaceo”说明答案应该“和年轻人更容易把网络中的事实和虚假信

息区分开来”，故答案为B”验证新闻的真伪”。为了精确可以在论据中去验证，论据中提到“verify

stories",acrosschecksources和aprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesv，都是和多重角度验证

信息真伪相关的。

第29题

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis.

[A]readersoutdatedvalues.

[B]journalists'biasedreporting.

[C]readers'misinterpretation.

[D]journalists'made-upstories.

[参考答案]C

[答案解析]

答案：c

解析：事实细节题。根据题干定位至第五段第三句found之后amainreason对应thetopreason,而

原文剩余信息为"readererror",所以应该和读者相关。Error应该对应misinterpretation,故答案

为Creaders'misinterpretation。若本句不清晰，下句进一步说明答案的内容，文中misintepretationor

exerggerationofactualnews进一步印证C为正确答案。

第30题

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.

[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.

[参考答案]A

[答案解析]

答案：A

解析：全文主旨题。本篇文章属于篇首转折，二段转折之后为全文主旨,yet之后说道：“Yetasdistrust

hasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestrartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills"。“随着对于所

有媒体不信任的上升，人们开始增强其媒体素养的技能”，故答案为A。为了验证，可以看篇末，篇

末重申主题，so之后讲道“sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyreaveal

amentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。”更进一步说

明和人们批判性看待社交媒体上的新闻相关。

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)and

DeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificial

intelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butit

couldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackgroundthatthe

informationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFree

hospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015on

thebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectations

ofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremay

bemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary

permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsabout

informedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost

important.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit

ucontrolledthedataandDeepMindmerelyuprocessed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatit

isprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.

Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.That

missesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenit

iscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoes

notaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit

patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthem

usingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe

expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmall

choicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoida

futureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.

第31题

31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient9srights.

[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

［参考答案］B

［答案解析］

答案：B

解析：细节题。根据题干中的NHS,DeepMind和agreement回文定位第一段第四句"Itisagainstthat

backgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFree

hospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015

onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheir

expectationsofprivacyn。根据avagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients?rights

andtheirexpectationsofprivacy这一部分的语义信息，说明NHS与DeepMind之间的协议没有充分考

虑到病人的权利与隐私。这句话的言外之意就是协议未能充分关注病人的权利。故确定答案为选项B,

其中failedto是tookfartoolittleaccount的同义改写。

第32题

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith.

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]necessaryadjustments.

[D]sincereapologies.

[参考答案1c

[答案解析]

答案：c

解析：细节题。根据题干中的NHStrust,以及Denham'sverdict回文定位第二段第二句"TheNHS

trusthasmendeditsways。”根据第二句的语义信息，NHStrust针对Denham'sverdict已经调整了

其与DeepMind的协议内容，故通过同义替换，可确定正确答案为C。

第33题

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

[B]leakingpatients5dataisworsethansellingit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.

[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

答案：D

解析：推理题。根据题干，此题定位在第二段最后一句but之后的转折句。"Butthisdistinctionmisses

thepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesdatavaluen。这

种区分忽视了一个点：是处理和收集赋予数据意义，而不是拥有数据。选项中的“processing”和原

文中的"processing”原词复现。选项中的“thevalueofdata”对应原文中的"datavalueo因此，D

项为正确答案。

第34题

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis.

[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

[参考答案]D

[答案解析]

答案：D

解析：细节题。根据题干此题定位在文中最后一段的第四句。"Whatmattersisthattheyw川belongto

aprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresourceso”重要的是这些进步属于一个私人垄

断企业，而私人垄断企来使用公共资源进行研发。而这正真正的担忧所在。因此，选项D为正确答

案，themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants对应原文中的aprivatemonopolyo

第35题

35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]cautious.

[C]appreciative.

［D］contemptuous.

［参考答案］B

［答案解析］

答案：B

解析：态度题。本题考查作者对本文主题“将人工智能应用于医疗健康”的态度。根据顺序性原则

定位在最后一段。该段倒数第三句话指出“我们目前依然处于这一改革的前期，并且任何小的选择都

会对未来产生深远的影响”，其中“still”一词，以及“small”（小）和“gigantic”（巨大的）对比，

都体现出了作者对待整个事件是小心谨慎的态度，因此［B］cautious为正确答案。

Text4

TheU.S.PostalService（USPS）continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal

2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billionin

unfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.

Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently

decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdenies

managementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality

Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureonthe

USPS'sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthe

statusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedin

recentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.

Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthe

system'sheaviestusers一hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe

HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornew

vehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanent

rateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthe

financialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintby

theUSPSanditsunion.

IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate-wheresomeoneisbound

topointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not

comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionc