牛津高中英语M10语法段落的构成学案

第2讲:段落的构成

学生姓名年级高三授课教师王老师备课时间

教学

段落的构成

目标

重、难

考点

教学内容

段落的构成

段落在一篇段落中就像是楼房中的一层，用于在论文，故事或文章中组织信息。在

写段落的时候，通常包括以下几个方面：

•主题句

I）每个段落都应该含有一个观点。这个观点通常在主题句中表达，并且清晰的阐述

这个段落所要传达的信息。

如：YoungciduR/givenrnnydifferentreci/on/formovingtocitie/.

并不是所有的段落都有主题句，尤其是当一个段落是上一个已经有主题句的段落的

延续的时候。

2）主题句通常是一个段落的第一句话。但是，为了吸引读者的注意力，在一篇论文,

一个故事，或一篇文章的第一段里，作者会在主题句之后加上一个有趣的事实，一

个问句或一段引言。

如:Olderflmericcin/oreonthemove.

2支持句

I）主题句后应该跟着一些句子来解释或证明主题句的正确。

如：fordecade/,floridaho/beenattractingolderre/ident/.Infact,

accordingtothenational

Population/urveyconductedin2000.floridawo/hometothelorge/t

populationofpeople

aged65andolder.

2）一个段落里的句子应该按一定的顺序列举出来。我们可以用一些过渡连词来连接

这些句子。如：foreKomple.forin/tance.furthermore,fir/t./econd.third,onthe

otherhand,houiever.ol/o.

如：floridai/opopularchoiceforthe/epeoplebecou/eoftheclimateandthe

/tate*/relatively

flatlond/cape.Iloweyer.o/thenumberofolderflmericcin/movingthere

increo/e/.more

Change/oremodetocatertothem,foreKampie.ombuloncere/pon/e

timeho/decreo/ed.

Andmonijhou/e/hovebathroom/de/ignecJforelderlyhomeowner/,with

thing/like

wolk-inbathtub/thatreducetheri/kof/lip/andfoil/.

3）结束句

一个段落应该以一句话结束，而这句话应以一种新的方式来重述主题，这就是结束

句。结束句应该用来表达有关这个话题的最后的观点或引出下一个段落的观点。

如:flcro//theUSA.peopleorenoticingthe/omething:youngpeoplewantto

liveincitie/.

-.单项选择

21.Byboatistheonlywaytogethere,whichiswearrived.zx.x.k

A.whereB.whenC.whyD.how

22.Kidsshouldn'thaveaccesstoviolentfilmsbecausetheymightthethingstheysee.

A.indicateB.investigateC.imitateD.innovate

23.Self-drivingisanareaChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.

A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when

24.Ifsstrangethathehavetakenthebookswithouttheowner'spermission.

A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might

25.DevelopingtheYangtzeRiverEconomicBeltisasystematicprojectwhichaclearroadmapand

timetable.

A.callsforB.callsonC.callsoffD.callsup

26.Around13,500newjobswerecreatedduringtheperiod,theexpectednumberof12,000heldby

marketanalysts.

A.havingexceededB.toexceedC.exceededD.exceeding

27.Thereisagoodsociallifeinthevillage,andIwishasecondchancetobecomemoreinvolved.

A.hadB.willhaveC.wouldhavehadD.havehad

28.一Youknowwhat?I'vegotaNewYearconcertticket.

一Oh,You'rekidding.

A.sowhat?B.goahead.C.comeon.D.whatfor?

29.youcansleepwell,youwilllosetheabilitytofocus,planandstaymotivatedafteroneortwonights.

A.OnceB.UnlessC.IfD.When

30.1wassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplaninthepasttwoyears.

A.hadbeencarriedoutB.wouldbecarriedout

C.isbeingcarriedoutD.hasbeencarriedout

练习狂练Ra

聊嚼遮

二,完形填空

RaynorWinnandherhusbandMothbecamehomelessduetotheirwronginvestment.Theirsavingshadbeen

36topaylawyers9fees.Tomakemattersworse,Mothwasdiagnosed（诊断）witha37disease.There

wasno38,onlypainrelief.

Failingtofindanyotherwayout,theydecidedtomakea39journey,astheycaughtsightofanold

hikers，（徒步旅行者）guide.

Thiswasalongjourneyofunaccustomedhardshipand40recovery.Whenleavinghome,Raynorand

Mothhadjust£320inthebank.Theyplannedtokeepthe41lowbylivingonboilednoodles,withthe___

42hamburgershoptreat.

Wildcampingis43inEngland.Toavoidbeingcaught,theWinnshadtogettheirtentup44

andpackeditawayearlyinthemorning.TheWinnssoondiscoveredthatdailyhikingintheir50sisalot45

thantheyrememberitwasintheir20s.Raynor46alloveranddesiredabath.Moth,meanwhile,afteraninitial

47foundhissymptomswerestrangely48bytheirdailytiringjourney.

49,thecouplefoundthattheirbodiesturnedforthebetter,withre-foundstrongmusclesthatthey

thoughthad50forever.nOurhairwasfriedandfallingout,nailsbroken,clothes51toathread,butwe

werealive."

Duringthejourney,Raynorbeganacareerasanaturewriter.Shewrites,"52hadtakeneverymaterial

thingfrommeandleftmetombare,anemptypageattheendofa（n）53writtenbook.Ithadalsogivenmea_

54eithertoleavethatpage55ortokeepwritingthestorywithhope.Ichosehope.^^

36.A.drawnupB.usedupC.backedupD.keptup

37.A.mildB.commonC.preventableD.serious

38.A.cureB.luckC.careD.promise

39.A.businessB.walkingC.busD.rail

40.A.expectedB.frighteningC.disappointingD.surprising

41.A.budgetB.revenueC.compensationD.allowance

42.A.frequentB.occasionalC.abundantD.constant

43.A.unpopularB.lawfulC.attractiveD.illegal

44.A.soonB.earlyC.lateD.slowly

45.A.harderB.easierC.cheaperD.funnier

46.A.rolledB.bledC.achedD.trembled

47.A.struggleB.progressC.excitementD.research

48.A.developedB.controlledC.reducedD.increased

49.A.InitiallyB.EventuallyC.TemporarilyD.Consequently

50.A.gainedB.keptC.woundedD.lost

51.A.sewnB.washedC.wornD.ironed

52.A.DoctorsB.HikingC.LawyersD.Homelessness

53.A.wellB.partlyC.neatlyD.originally

54.A.choiceB.rewardC.promiseD.break

55.A.looseB.fullC.blankD.missing

三.阅读理解

Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted（享有）aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomme.

Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedto

establishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.

Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Take

visualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta（意大利面食）whentheir

platesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customers

recognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.

Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:

thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser一theydidn'tfeelfuller,andthey

werejustasreadyfordessert.

Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,

finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewayto

encouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart（莫扎特）.When

classical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.

Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender（薰衣草）stayedlonger

andspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.

Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending-"bad"tables,crowding.

highprices一don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables一nexttothekitchendoor,say一spentnearlyasmuchas

othersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout'bad'tables/given

thatthey*reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurantsreputation,suggesting

greatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.

58.TheunderlinedphraseHnonethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthe

customerswere.

A.notawareofeatingmorethanusual

B.notwillingtosharefoodwithothers

C.notconsciousofthefoodquality

D.notfondofthefoodprovided

59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?

A.playingclassicalmusic.

B.Introducinglemonscent.

C.Makingthelightbrighter,

D.Usingplatesoflargersize.

60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?

A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.

B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.

C.Waystoimproverestaurants*reputation.

D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.

Ifyouwanttodisturbthecarindustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:Mom-and-pop

carmakersareunlikelytobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscanget

thebestofthemajorplayers.Byconnectingdirectlywithcustomers,andbyrespondingquicklyto

changesinthemarketsaswellasintheecosystems（生态系统）,smallfarmerscankeeponestep

aheadofthebigguys.Astheco-founderoftheNationalYoungFarmersCoalition（NYFC,美国青年农会）andafamily

farmermyself.Ihaveafront-rowseattotheinnovationsamongsmallfarmersthataretransformingtheindustry.zx.xk

Forexample,taketheQuickCutGreensHarvester,atooldevelopedjustacoupleofyearsagobyayoungfarmer,

JonathanDysinger,inTennessee,withasmallloanfromalocalSlowMoneygroup.Itenablessmall-scalefarmersto

harvest175poundsofgreenvegetablesperhour一ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand

一suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia.Beforethetoolcameout,

smallfarmerscouldn'ttouchthepriceperpoundofferedbyCaliforniafarms.Butnow,withthecombinationofabetter

pricepointandagenerallyfresherproduct,theycanstayinbusiness.

Thesustainablesuccessofsmallfarmers,though,won*thappenwithoutfundamentalchanges

totheindustry.Onecrucialfactorissecureaccesstoland.Competitionfrominvestors,developers,andestablishedlarge

farmersmakesowningone'sownlandunattainableformanynewfarmers.

From2004to2013,agriculturallandvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.

Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifiedfarmworkersandmanagersisanon-existentpath

tocitizenship——thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.Withfarmersovertheageof65outnumbering（多

于）farmersyoungerthan35bysixtoone,andwithtwo-thirdsofthenation*sfarmlandinneedofanewfarmer,wemust

clearthepathfortalentedpeoplewillingtogrowthenation*sfood.

Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,

butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportaswe

urgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation,aswepushforimmigrationreform,andaswe

seekpoliciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmsfrom

allbackgrounds.WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.

61.Theauthormentionscarindustryatthebeginningofthepassagetointroduce.

A.theprogressmadeincarindustry

B.aspecialfeatureofagriculture

C.atrendofdevelopmentinagriculture

D.theimportanceofinvestingincarindustry

62.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeexampleinparagraph2?

A.Loanstosmalllocalfarmersarenecessary.

B.Technologyisvitalforagriculturaldevelopment.

C.Competitionbetweensmallandbigfarmsisfierce

D.Smallfarmersmaygainsomeadvantagesoverbigones.

63.Whatisthedifficultyforthosenewfamers?

A.Togainmorefinancialaid.

B.Tohiregoodfarmmanagers.

C.Tohavefansoftheirown.

D.Towinoldfarmers5support.

64.Whatshouldfarmersdoforamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy?

A.SeeksupportbeyondNYFC.

B.Expandfarmlandconservation.

C.BecomemembersofNYFC.

D.Investmoretoimprovetechnology.

Childrenasyoungastenarebecomingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,amajorstudy

warned.

Itfoundmanyyoungsters（少年）nowmeasuretheirstatusbyhowmuchpublicapprovalthey

getonline,oftenthrough"like”.Somechangetheirbehaviorinreallifetoimprovetheirimageontheweb.

Thereportintoyoungstersagedfrom8to12wascarriedoutbyChildren'sCommissioner（专

员）AnneLongfield.Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalrisks,

withsomeyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressure

theyfacedonline.

Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.The

youngstersadmittedplanningtripsaroundpotentialphoto-opportunitiesandthenmessagingfriends一andfriendsof

friends—todemand"likes“fortheironlineposts.

Thereportfoundthatyoungstersfelttheirfriendshipscouldbeatriskiftheydidnotrespond

tosocialmediapostsquickly,andaroundtheclock.

Childrenaged8to10were"startingtofeelhappy"whenotherslikedtheirposts.However,

thoseinthe10to12agegroupwere"concernedwithhowmanypeopleliketheirposts",suggestinga"need"forsocial

recognitionthatgetsstrongertheoldertheybecome.

MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup"worriedabouttheir

appearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,and

increasinglyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia.

Shesaid:"Childrenareusingsocialmediawithfamilyandfriendsandtoplaygameswhen

theyareinprimaryschool.Butwhatstartsasfunusageofappsturnsintotremendouspressurein

realsocialmediainteractionatsecondaryschool."

Astheirworldexpanded,shesaid,childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas''hugely

damagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsointermsoftheirabilitytodevelop

themselves".

MissLongfieldadded:"Thenthereisthispushtoconnect一ifyougooffline,willyoumiss

something,willyoumissout,willyoushowthatyoudon'tcareaboutthosepeopleyouare

following,allofthosecometogetherinahugewayatonce."

“Forchildrenitisvery,verydifficulttocopewithemotionally.nTheChildren'sCommissionerforEngland'sstudy

一lifeinLikes一foundthatchildrenasyoungas8wereusingsocialmediaplatformslargelyforplay.

However,theresearch一involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12-suggestedthatastheyheadedtoward

theirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.

Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool一atage11-childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonline

andfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.

However,theystilldidnotknowhowtocopewithmean-spiritedjokes,orthesenseof

incompetencetheymightfeeliftheycomparedthemselvestocelebrities（名人）ormorebrilliant

friendsonline.Thereportsaidtheyalsofacedpressuretorespondtomessagesatallhoursofthe

day一especiallyatsecondaryschoolwhenmoreyoungstershavemobilephones.

TheChildren'sCommissionersaidschoolsandparentsmustnowdomoretopreparechildren

fortheemotionalminefield（雷区）theyfacedonline.Andshesaidsocialmediacompaniesmust

also"takemoreresponsibility".Theyshouldeithermonitortheirwebsitesbettersothatchildrendonotsignuptooearly,

ortheyshouldadjusttheirwebsitestotheneedsofyoungerusers.

JavedKhan,ofchildren'scharityBamardo*s,said:"Itsvitalthatnewcompulsoryage-

appropriaterelationshipandsexeducationlessonsinEnglandshouldhelpequipchildrentodeal

withthegrowingdemandsofsocialmedia.

“It'salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.”

65.Whydidsomesecondaryschoolstudentsfeeltoomuchpressure?

A.Theywerenotprovidedwithadequateequipment.

B.Theywerenotwellpreparedforemotionalrisks.

C.Theywererequiredtogivequickresponses.

D.Theywerepreventedfromusingmobilephones.

66.Somesocialappcompaniesweretoblamebecause.

A.theydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registration

B.theyorganizedphototripstoattractmoreyoungsters

C.theyencouragedyoungsterstopostmorephotos

D.theydidn'tstopyoungstersfromstayinguplate

67.Children'scomp