高中英语阅读

高中英语专项训练•阅读练习•易失分

【说明文】A

Theoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesome

examples.

Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsits

ownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinside

oroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfree

inzerogravity,oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunny

balled（芭蕾）dancer.'Tmaninsideguy,MikeHopkinssays,who

returnedfromasix-monthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation."I

liketobewrappedup.”

Onthestation,theordinarybecomesstrange.Theexercisebikeforthe

Americanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,

it'sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyou

pedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidents

havetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravity

tohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale（呼气）hasatendency

toformaninvisible（隐形的）cloudaroundyouhead.Youcanendupwith

whatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache.

LeroyChiao,54,anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,

describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat,“Yourinner

earthinksyour'refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou'

restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying一that'swhysomepeoplefeel

sick.Withinacoupledays—trulyterribledaysforsome一astronauts?

brainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear,andspace

sicknessdisappears.

Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisibly

dangerous.Forinstance,astronautslosebonemass.That'swhyexercise

isconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration

（NASA）putsitrightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisas

muchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividual

astronautsreturnhome,and,moreimportantly,howtomaintainstrength

andfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketo

makearound-triptoMars.

1.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?

Decidingonapropersleepposition

B

CChoosingacomfortablesleepingbag

DSeekingawaytofallasleepquickly

Findingarighttimetogotosleep.

2.Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen.

A.theycirclearoundontheirbikes

B.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastop

C.theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtime

D.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling

3.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdays

because.

A.theirsensesstopworking

B.theyhavetostandupstraight

C.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedly

D.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation

4.OneoftheNASA'smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis.

A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestation

B.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspace

C.whethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghome

D.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation

【科技说明文】B

LifeintheClear

Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesameway

lightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthe

surfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet-asfarasmostlight

canreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbya

simpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,^Theseanimals

livethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey'

reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”

Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?

It'strickierthanyoumightthink.

Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.

Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowand

scatter（散射）light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Others

absorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringand

absorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,

soyoucanseeiteasily.

Butatransparentobjectdoesn,tabsorborscatterlight,atleast

notverymuch,Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.That

meansatransparentobjectdoesn'tlookverydifferentfromthe

surroundingairorwater.Youdon'tseeit----youseethethingsbehind

it.

Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbing

orscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontain

pigments（色素）thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparent

animaldoesn'thavepigments,soitstissueswon'tabsorblight.According

toJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeis

preventinglightfromscattering.

Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials----skin,fat,and

more----andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytime

lightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.

Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Some

animalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissueto

scatterlight,itiseasiertobesee一through.Othersbuildalarge,clear

massofnon-livingjelly-lie（果冻状的）materialandspreadthemselves

overit.

Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausethey

havetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlight

exactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey'

redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearfortheselargeranimals,

stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturna

non-transparentmilkywhite.

5.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals,

A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamaged

C.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures

6・Theunderlinedword“dead"inParagraph3means.

A.silentlyB.gradually

C.regularlyD.completely

7.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto.

A.changethedirectionoflighttravel

B.gathermaterialstoscatterlight.

C.avoidtheabsorptionoflight

D.growbiggertostoplight.

8.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals.

A.movemoreslowlyindeepwater

B.staysee-throughevenafterdeath

C.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvival

D.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading

【议论文】C

Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It'sverylikelythat

you'11wanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization,sactivities.

Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerwork

andwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.

Let'sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershave

identifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.For

example,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedto

unselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthen

socialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,

peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneed

tounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.

Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincrease

levelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsory

volunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeopleJswish

ofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,“Ivolunteerbecauseit'

simportanttome")toanexternalfactor(e.g.,aIvolunteerbecause

I'mrequiredtodoso").Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikely

tovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibility

whentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.

Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheir

positionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconducted

follow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,

onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemost

importantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswas

theamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions.

Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpractical

advice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“training

methodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsor

providethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydo

experience”.

Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedon

individualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview“volunteer”

asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhom

theroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalso

bemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthe

degreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuch

as^VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam."Consistent

withtheresearchersexpectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelation

(正相关)betweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftime

peoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,leadtoconcrete

advice:"Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmight

focusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity....ItemslikeT-shirtsthat

allowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscan

helpstrengthenroleidentity”.

9.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutof

A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectations

C.financialrewardsD.internalneeds

10.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy?

A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear.

B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.

C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.

D.Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.

11.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?

A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity.

B.PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.

C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.

D.D.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.

12.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteer

B.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviors

C.HowtoKeepVolunteers'Interest

D.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities

【说明文】D

Theircheerysongbrightensmanyawinter，sday.Butrobinsareindanger

ofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnight

一aswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.

DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreet

lamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds，biologicalclocks,

leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.

DrDominoni,whoisputtingcamerasinsidenestingboxestotrack

sleepingpatterns,saidlackofsleepcouldputthebirds'healthatrisk.

Hisstudyshowsthatwhenrobinsareexposedtolightatnightinthelab,

itleadstosomegenesbeingactiveatthewrongtimeofday.Andthemore

birdsareexposedtolight,themoreactivetheyareatnight.

Hetoldpeopleataconference,“Therehavebeenacoupleofstudies

suggestingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightandduringthe

daytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakes

energy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsof

energy.，z

Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.

Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.DrDominonisaid,

〃InGlasgowwhereIlive,gullsareaseriousproblem.Ihavepeoplecoming

tomesayingYouarethebirdexpert.Canyouhelpuskillthese

gulls?5.Duringthebreeding（繁殖）season,betweenAprilandJune,theyare

veryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecan，tsleep.〃

AlthoughDrDominonihasonlystudiedlightpollution,otherresearch

concludedthatrobinslivinginnoisycitieshavestartedtosingatnight

tomakethemselvesheardoverloudnoise.

However,somebirdsthrive（兴旺）innoisyenvironments.Astudyfrom

CaliforniaPolytechnicUniversityfoundmorehummingbirdsinareaswith

heavyindustrialmachinery.Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingon

theirpredators（天敌）fleeingtoquieterareas.

13.AccordingtoDrDominoniJsstudy,whatcauserobinstosingsomuch?

A.Thebreedingseason.B.Thelightinmodernlife

C.Thedangerousenvironment.D.Thenoisefromheavymachinery.

14.Whatistheresearchers，concernovertheincreaseofbirds'song

output?

A.Theenvironmentmightbepolluted.

B.Thebirds，healthmightbedamaged.

C.Theindustrycostmightbeincreased.

D.Thepeople'shearingmightbeaffected.

15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"nocturnal"inParagraph5mean?

A.Activeatnight.B.Inactiveatnight.

C.Activeduringtheday.D.Inactiveduringtheday.

16.Whydosomebirdsthriveinnoisyenvironments?

A.Becausetherearefewerdangers.

B.Becausethereismorefoodtoeat.

C.Becausethereislesslightpollution

D.Becausetherearemoreplacestotakeshelter.

答案：

A篇

试题分析：这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉

时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了

会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我

们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空

长久地保持健康。

1.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句"Firstconsidersomethingassimple

assleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.,,可知在太空睡觉时，

对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。

2.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“Butstationresidentshavetobecareful

aboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.…Youcanendupwithwhatastronauts

callacarbon-dioxideheadache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒

性头痛。故选C项。

3.D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Yourinnerearthinksyou"refailing.

Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou'restandingstraight.Thatcan

beannoying-that"swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到

矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。

4.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句"Thefocusonfitnessisas

muchaboutscienceandthefutureasisaboutkeepinganyindividual

astronauthealthy•••NASAisworriedabouttwothings:•・・and,more

importantly,howmaintainstrengthandfitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对

宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。

B篇

试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。

5.B细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostofthemareextremelydelicateand

canbedamagedbyasimpletoucho得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。

故选Bo

6.D词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体

一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的

传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。

7.C推理判断题。根据第五段第一句Tobecometransparent,ananimalneeds

tokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight0可知，想变透明就

要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选

Co

8.D推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的makeallthedifferenttissuesin

theirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes可以推断出D

为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。

C篇

试题分析♦：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，

并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。

9.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知人们做志愿者工作的原因为：“to

expresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrange

ofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships