2024年汽车专业英语翻译题技术类

汽車专业英語翻译題1、Ofallautomobilecomponents,anautomobileengineisthemostcomplicatedassemblywithdominanteffectsonthefunctionofanautomobile.So,theengineisgenerallycalledthe“heart”ofanautomobile.汽車发動机是一切汽車部件中构造最复杂，對汽車功能起支配作用的一种總成。因此发動机一般被称為汽車的心脏。2、Theinternalcombustionenginescanbemadetooperateonalmostanythingthatcanbeconvertedintoagasthatwillburn:wood,coal,alcohol,vegetableoils,mineraloils,etc.内燃发動机可用几乎一切可转换成可燃气体的燃料：柴、煤、酒精、植物油、矿物油等等。3、accordingtothefuelenergytheyuse,theinternalcombustionenginescanalsobeclassifiedasgasolineengines,keroseneengines,dieselenginesandLP-Gasengines.根据内燃机所用的燃料能源，内燃发動机也可归类分為汽油发動机、煤油发動机、柴油发動机以及液化石油气发動机。4、Thesparkplugisfiredtoignitetheair-fuelmixturepriortothepistonbeingattheTopDeadCenter.在活塞抵达上止點前，火花塞发火點燃可燃混合气。5、scientistshavestillbeenmakingeffortstoconcentratethefuturedevelopmentofenginesonthethreetargets:reducingfuelconsumption,loweringexhaustemissions,andreducingenginenoise.科學家們仍然一直在作出努力把发動机未来的发展集中在三個目的上：減少耗油量、減少废气排量以及減少发動机噪音。6、Evenwhenthecylinders,thecylinderheads,orcylindersleevesareseparatepieces,thecrankcaseisstillthelargestsinglepartintheengine,towhichalloftheenginepartsareattacheddirectlyorindirectly.虽然气缸，气缸盖或气缸套都是分离部件，曲柄箱仍应是发動机最大的铸為一体的部件，发動机其他一切部件都直接或间接地安装在它的上面。7、Thismajorunitmustbestrongandrigidenoughtowithstandanybendingordistortion.這一重要部件必须非常結实刚硬，才能足以抗得住任何的弯曲或扭曲。8、Itmayalsobeinanyothershapestopromoteturbulenceorhelpcontrolcombustion.它（气缸顶部）也可以呈其他能增進紊流或有助于控制内燃的形状。9、Inotherwords,itmustbeprovidedwithcounterbalancedweightsthatextendradiallyfromthecrankshaftcenterlineintheoppositedirectionofthecrankarms.换言之，它（曲轴）必须装有平衡块，并且平衡块应径向地從曲轴中心线向曲柄相對的方向延伸安装。10、Thevalveoperatingassemblyincludestheliftersorcamfollowers,pushrods,rockerarmsandshaftsorpivot,valve,springs,retainers,rotators,seals,andlocks,thepurposeofthistoopenandclosetheintakeandexhaustportsthatleadtothecombustionchambersasrequired.气门机构總成包括气门挺柱或凸轮随動杆、推杆、摇臂、摇臂轴、气门、气门弹簧、弹簧座、转阀器、油封和锁止夹，它的功用是根据需要打開和关闭通到燃烧室的進气口和排气口。11、Onewaytodetermineifyourvalvecoverisbentistoremovethegasketandputthevalvecoverbackontothecylinderhead.判断气门室盖翘曲变形的一种措施是移去其衬垫，然後把气门室盖放回到气缸盖上。（根据它們之间的缝隙判断）12、Thevalvespringskeepthevalvesclosedtightlyagainsttheirseatsuntilthevalveisopenedbythecam.在气门被凸轮打開之前，气门弹簧把气门紧紧地压靠在气门座上。13、Thefuelsystemworksaccordingtotherequirementsoftheengine“providesanair-fuelmixturewhichmustbeinproportiontothespeedandloadplacedontheengine.燃料系是根据发動机需求而工作的，由于燃料系供应的可燃混合气必须与发動机的转速和荷载成相對比例。14、thefueltankisusuallyeitherflange-mountedontothefrontluggagecompartmentfloor,orstrap-mountedtothesamecompartmentbulkhead.燃油箱一般要么凸缘安装于行李仓地面上，要么捆绑安装于行李仓的隔板上。15、Thefiltermustpreventforeignparticlesfrombecominglodgedinandinterferingwiththenormalactionofthefuelpumpvalvemechanism燃油滤清器必须防止多种杂质颗粒沉积于输油泵中，又必须防止其干扰输油泵阀门机械构造的正常运转。16、Whenthefuelmixtureleavesthecarburetor,itischangedasitpassesthroughthemanifold.當可燃混合气离開化油器，在進入進气歧管的同步，混合气已在起变化。17、Itistheheattotheintakemanifoldthatensuresgoodvaporizationandequaldistributionofthefueltoeachcylinder.正是進气歧管中的热量才保证了燃料正常汽化并均衡地流入每個汽缸。18、Includedinthedesignoftheexhaustmanifoldonsomeenginesisthemanifoldheatvalve.有些发動机上排气歧管的设计包括進气管加热调整阀的设计。19、Asaresult，notalloftheburnedgaseswillbefordfromthecylinders.成果，不是所有已燃气都可從气缸中排出的。20、Catalyticconvertersareemissioncontroldevicesthatcontainchemicallytreatedsubstancesthatconvertharmfulemissionsintoharmless．carbondioxideandwatervapor.催化式排气净化器是种排气污染控制装置，這种装置带有通過化學处理的物质，并能使有害气体转变成無害的二氧化碳和水蒸汽。21、Thebattery-and-coilsystemensurestheconsistentintensityofthesparkregardlessofenginespeedandthismakesforeasystarting.無论发動机转速怎样，蓄電他（线圈）點火系都可保证持久的火花强度，這一點有助于起動。22、Thebattery-and-milignitionsystemischaracterizedbyitscircuitdiagramforafour-cylinderengineapplication.蓄電池（线圈）點火系的特點是其有用于四缸发動机的线路图。23、Thepurposeoftheignitioncoilistotransformvoltagefrontalow-tensionsource,thatisthebatteryandchargingsystem,intoahigh-tensionvoltagesufficienttopromoteanelectricaldischargeacrossafixedsirgapatthesparkplug.點火线圈的作用是将蓄電池充電系统的低压電像转变成足以能使電流越過火花塞跳火间隙的高压電。24、Arotaryswitchthatreceivethehigh-tensioncurrentfromtheignitionmileachtimetheprimarycircuitisinterrupted.每當時级電路断開時旋转開关就能收到来自點火线圈的高压電流。25、Theirpurposeistoconductthehigh-tensioncurrentfromtheignitionsystemintothecombustionchambersoftheenginecylinders．它們的作用是把高压電流從點火系传导至发動机汽缸的燃烧室。26、Anautomobilecouldnotmoveitselfwithouttheaidoffriction．没有摩擦力的作用，汽車就不能向前移動。27、Astheoilisfedtothevariousmovingpartsoftheengine．Itabsorbsandcarriestheheatawayfromtheengineparts.當机油供向发動机的各运動部件時，机油就可吸取并带走发動机部件发出的热量。28、Theoil，whichentersthepumpthroughascreen，issuppliedtothemovingpartsoftheenginebypumppressure，splashing．oracombinationofboth.机油通過滤网進入油泵．然後通過压力、激溅、复合等润滑方式供向发動机各运動部件。29、Astheseparticlesofforeignmatterarepreventedfromenteringtheenginebyoilfilters，therateofwearofenginepartsisreduced.由于机油滤清器制止了杂质微粒進入发動机，這就減少了发動机部件的磨损率。30、Intheeventthefiltergetscloggedorobstructed．abypassvalveisprovidedsothatoilwillcontinuetoreachthebearings．假如机油滤清器被阻塞，就得起用分流阀以使机油继续流向各轴承。31、Theenginecanworkeffectivelyonlywhentheheatenergyisequallyhandledsoastokeeptheenginetemperatureinbalance.只有均等地处理热能以保持发動机温度的均衡，发動机才能有效地工作。32、Thebehaviorofmetalsatexcessivelyhightemperaturesalsodiffersfromthatatnormaltemperatures．金属在過高温度中的性能与在正常温度中的性能是有区别的。33、Theheatgeneratedbythemixtureburnedintheenginemustbetransferredfromtheironoraluminumcylindertothewaterinthewaterjacket.发動机中可燃混合气燃烧所产生的热量必须從铁制或铝制的汽缸中传送到冷却水套裏的冷却水中。34、Inordertoregulatetheenginetemperaturebycontrollingthevolumeofcoolingair。athermostatisinstalledinsidethemetalhousingwhichenclosedtheengine．要控制冷却風量以调整发動机的温度，就得在装有发動机的金属外罩内安装恒温器。35、Thepowertraincarriespowerfromtheenginecrankshafttothecarwheelssothatwheelsrotateandcarmoves.传動系将從发動机曲轴得到的動力传播給車轮，以便使汽車的車轮旋转和汽車的行驶。36、Manualtransmissionrequiresuseofaclutchtoapplyandremovetheenginetorquetothetransmissioninputshaft.手動变速器需要应用离合器的工作实現发動机的转矩到变速器输出轴之间的传递。37、Thetypicalautomatictransmissioncombinesafluidtorqueconverter,aplanetary-gearsystem,andahydrauliccontrolsysteminsingleunit.經典的自動变速器包括：液力变矩器、一种行星齿轮系统、液力控制系统，并将他們构成一种整体。38、Differentialsareusedattherearofvehicleswithrear-wheeldrive.Theyareusedatthefrontinthetransaxlesofvehicleswithfront-wheeldrive.差速器应用在後轮驱動汽車的後轮上。差速器应用在前轮驱動汽車的前轮轮轴上。39、Suspensionsystemhastwobasicfunctions:tokeepcar’swheelsinfirmcontactwiththeroadandtoprovidesacomfortablerideforthepassengers.悬架系统有两個基本作用：保持地面和車轮的紧密连接；提供乘员的乘坐舒适性。40、Thespringsusedontoday’scarandtrucksareconstructedinavarietyoftypes,shapes,sizes,ratesandcapacities.Typesincludeleafsprings,coilsprings,airsprings,andtorsionbars.目前在汽車上使用的弹簧在类型、种类、型号、比率和性能上有不一样类型包括：钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧、空气弹簧和扭杆弹簧。41、Theleafspringsmostcommonlyusedinautomobilesismadeupofseverallongplates,orleaves.多数应用在汽車上的钢板弹簧是由几种長的弹簧叶片构成的。42、Theoperatingprincipalofdirect-actinghydraulicshockabsorbersisforcingfluidthroughrestrictingopeninginthevalves.直接作用式液力減震器的工作原理是：迫使液体在阀门裏流過限制孔。43、Thesteeringgearconvertstherotarymotionofthesteeringwheelintostraight-linemotion.转向齿轮将转向轮的旋转运動转变為直线运動。44、Powersteeringsystemsaddahydraulicpump;fluidreservoir;hoses;lines;andeitherpowerassistunitmountedon,orintegralwith,asteeringwheelgearassembly.動力转向系增長了液压泵、液压罐、回路软管、管路，或者安装了動力辅助设备，或者安装了转向盘齿轮總成。45、Thesteeringlinkagescarrythemovementofthesteeringwheelfromthesteeringgeartothesteeringarmsatthewheel.转向直拉杆的作用是将转向齿轮的运動传递給車轮的转向臂。46、Twocompletelyindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.汽車上有两套独立的制動系统：行車制動系和驻車制動系。47、Basically,allcarbrakesarefictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbrakeshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumsordisksatwheels.基本上，汽車上的制動器大多采用摩擦式，當汽車制動時，制動钳强迫制動蹄片张開制止車轮制動器的转動。48、Therearetwobrakeshoesateachwheel.Thebottomsoftheshoesareheldapartbyanadjuster.Thetopsoftheshoesareheldapartbyawheelcylinder.每個車轮均有两個制動蹄片。每個制動蹄片的底部由调整器分别固定，顶部由車轮制動轮缸分别固定。49、Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.車身的流线型給汽車提供了吸引力、色彩和現代化的外观。50、Thebrakelightcomesonwhentheparkingbrakeissetoritisnotset,itcomesonbrieflywhenyouturntheignitionkeytoSTART.制動系统灯在如下状况下亮：制動時或制動解除時，或者发動机起動時。51、Thechargingsystemlightshouldgooffwhentheengineisrunning,otherwise,havetheelectricalsystemcheckedassoonaspossible.充電指示灯在发動机工作時必须熄灭，否则需要尽快检修你的電子系统。52、Forproperfuelgaugeoperation,theignitionswitchmustbeintheOFFpositionbeforeyouaddfueltothefueltank.對的的油量指示操作，點火開关必须在加油時关闭。53、Underanycircumstances,ifthepointermovesoutoftheNORMALband,theengineisoverheatingandmaycauseenginedamages.在任何状况下，假如控制點脱离了正常范围，发動机會過热和导致发動机损壞。54、Thereareactuallyvarioustypesofenginessuchaselectricmotors,steamengines,andinternalcombustionengines.Theseengineshaveallsuccessfullyoperatedallkindsofautomobile,buttheinternalcombustionenginesseemtohavealmostcompletedominanceoftheautomotivefield.Theinternalcombustionengine,asitsnameindicates,burnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.一般有不一样型号的发動机,如:電動发動机、蒸汽机、内燃机。這些发動机已經成功地运用在多种汽車上,不過内燃机在汽車上的使用几乎完全占据重要的地位。内燃机,顾名思义,燃料是在汽缸内燃烧的,它将燃料的膨胀力转换成旋转力去驱動汽車。55、Theinternalcombustionenginescanbemadetooperateonalmostanythingthatcanbeconvertedintoagasthatwillburn:wood,coal,alcohol,vegetableoils,mineraloils,etc.However,becauseofconvenience,awidevarietyofpetroleumproductsareusedasfuel:gasoline,kerosene,fueloil,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LP-Gas),etc.So,accordingtothefuelenergytheyuse,theinternalcombustionenginescanalsobeclassifiedasgasolineengines,keroseneengines,dieselenginesandLP-Gasengines.内燃发動机可用几乎一切转换成可燃气体的燃料:柴、煤、酒精、植物油、矿物油等等。然而，從便捷性来看,大部分的石油产品被用做燃料:汽油、煤油、燃料油、液化石油气等等。因此根据内燃机所用的燃料能源，内燃发動机可以归类為:汽油发動机、煤油发動机、柴油发動机以及液化石油气发動机。56、Theinternalcombustionenginesusedinautomotivevehiclesaremainlyoftwobasictypes:two-stroke-cycleandfour-stroke-cycle.Eithermaybewater-cooledorair-cooled.However,mostautomobileenginesoperateonthefour-stroke-cycle.内燃机重要有两种型号的发動机使用在汽車上:二冲程和四冲程,水冷和气冷。然而,大部分汽車发動机使用四冲程。57、ThistypeofengineisknownasOttocycle,afterthenameofitsinventor,NikolausOtto.Eachcylinderofthefour-stroke-cycleenginehasapiston,whichreciprocates(movebackandforth)withinthecylinder.Eachpistonisconnectedtothecrankshaftbymeansofalinkknownasaconnectingrod.這种类型的发動机被称為:奥拓发動机,是以尼古拉斯·奥拓這位发明者的名字命名的。四冲程的发動机的每個汽缸均有一种活塞,活塞是在汽缸内做往复运動(来回运動)的。每一种活塞是通過被称為连杆的杆件连接到曲轴上的。58、Thepowerproductioncycleconsistsoffourstrokesofthepistoninareciprocatingengine.Thefirststrokedrawsthecombustiblemixture.Thesecondstrokecompressesthemixture.Thethirdstrokecreatesthepowerofcombustion.Thefinalstrokeforcesburnedgasesoutofthecylinder.在往复式发動机内的動力循环系统包括活塞的四個冲程。第一种冲程吸取燃烧的混合气。第二冲程压缩混合气。第三個冲程通過燃烧做功。最终一种冲程将废气排出汽缸外面。59、Theoperatingsequenceofafour-cycleenginecanspecificallybedescribedasfollow:Inthefirstplace,asthepistonmovesdownwardtotheBottomDeadCenter,avacuumiscreatedinthecylinder.Theintakevalveopensandair-fuelmixtureentersthecylinder.Next,theair-fuelmixtureiscompressedasthepistonmovesupward.Thesparkplugisfiredtoignitetheair-fuelmixturepriortothepistonbeingattheTopDeadCenter.Notethatbothvalvesareclosed.Then,theair-fuelmixtureexplodes,whichforcesthepistondownward.Notethatbothvalvesareclosed.Finally,asthepistonstartstomoveupward,theexhaustvalveisopened.Thepistonmovingupforcestheexhaustgasesoutofthecylinder.Thisfour-stroke-cycleofpistonwithinthecylinderisrepeatedtimeandagaintopushthevehicleforward.四冲程发動机的操作次序详细描述如下:在第一阶段,活塞向上运動抵达上止點,在汽缸内产生真空。進气伐打開,空气燃油混合气進入汽缸。接著,空气燃油混合气被向上运動的活塞压缩。在活塞抵达上止點前，火花塞點火去點燃可燃混合气。注意這時两個气门是关闭的,然後空气燃油混合气爆炸去推進活塞向下移動。注意這時两個气门還是关闭的。最终當活塞向上运動的時候,排气伐打開，活塞向上移動迫使废气排除汽缸。汽缸内的活塞的四冲程反复進行去推進汽車运動。60、Althoughmanyadvancedtechnologieshavebeenappliedtotheimprovementofautomobileengines,scientistshavestillbeenmakingeffortstoconcentratethefuturedevelopmentofenginesonthethreetargets:reducingfuelconsumption,loweringexhaustemissions,andreducingenginenoise.Thethreetargetsareactuallyinterrelated.Forexample,reducedfuelconsumptioncanreducecarbondioxideemission,which,overalongperiodoftime,maycauseproblemswiththeearth'sclimate.So,thefuturedevelopmentsmustendeavortoachievethethreetargetssimultaneously.尽管許多先進的技术被用来改善汽車发動机,科學家們仍然一直在做出努力把发動机未来的发展集中在三個目的上:減少耗油量、減少废气排量以及減少发動机噪音。实际上，這三個目的是互相关联的。例如,減少耗油量能減少废气排量，通過長時间，废气排量也許引起地球气候問題。因此,未来的发展是必须在三個目的上同步做出努力。61、ItwassnowingheavilyonMondaymorning.LiHuawasatthebusstop,waitingforBusNo.601togotoschool.Afterawhile,abuscameandshegotonit.Thereweremanypassengersinthebus.Someweretalkingandsomewerelookingoutofthewindows.Suddenlythebusstopped.Thedriverturnedaroundandsaid,"Sorry.Thebushasbrokendown.Pleasegetoffandhelppushthebus."Whentheyheardthis,LiHuaandtheotherpassengersgotoffthebus.Theyworkedhardtogether,pushingthebusslowlyforward.Soonthebuswasrunningagain.Allthepassengersweresmilingandthesunwasshining.星期一的上午，天下著大雪。李华在公共汽車站等待601路車去學校。一會儿，一辆汽車過来了，她上了車。公共汽車上有許多乘客，某些在聊天，某些在向窗口外看。忽然，車停了。司机師傅转過脸来對大家說，“抱歉!汽車发生了故障。請你們下車幫忙推一下好吗。”听到這些话，李华和其他乘客下了車。他們一起用力推，車终于慢慢地動了起来。不一會儿，車又開始跑了起来。所有的乘客都笑了起来，太阳也露出了笑脸。62、Americansliketogooutbycar.AlthoughmoreandmoreChineseowncars,mostChinesestillliketoridebicycles.Thisisdeterminedbyalotoffactors.Asweallknow,thebikeadvancesslowlybymanpower,butitcanbeplacedwhereitisconvenient.However,asforthecar,althoughitcanrunfastbyengine,itmustbeparkedatparkinglots.MostAmericansliveinthesuburbwhichisFarfi'omurbanareasandtheirworkingplaces.Sotheyneedcarstogoshoppingandgotowork.Andtheyalsoliketravelingfar.Thusacarbringsthemgreatconvenience.Onthecontrary,mostChineseliveneartheirworkingareaandmarkets.Theydon'tneedacartogotoworkorgoshopping.Iwouldliketorideabike,becauseitcostslittleandiseasytouseandbecauseabikewon'tcausepollution,whichismostimportant.美国人喜欢乘汽車外出。尽管越来越多的中国人拥有了汽車，但大部分中国人仍喜欢骑自行車，這是由诸多原因决定的。众所周知，自行車靠人力，行進慢，但可以在以便的地方停放。然而對于汽車来說，虽然它依托发動机行進很快，但它必须停在停車場。多数美国人生活在郊区，遠离市区及工作地點，因此他們需要汽車来购物、上班，并且他們也喜欢驾車遠行。因此汽車給他們提供很大以便。相反，多数中国人居住在工作地點和市場附近，他們不需要開車去上班或购物。我喜欢骑自行車外出，由于它花费少而會轻易使用。最重要的是自行車不會引起污染。63、Thebasicenginemustdrawinanair-fuelmixture,compressitburnit,andexpelthewasteGases.Thissequenceofeventsmakesupwhatisknownasthefour-strokecycle.ThismeansthatEachpistontravelsdowntwiceanduptwiceaftereachignitionoftheair-fuelmixture,makingfourstrokesinall.Tosimplifytheoperationsequence,we’llassumethatourenginehasonlyonecylinder.基本的发動机必须吸入空燃混合气,将其压缩、燃烧并排出废气.這一连串動作构成了所谓的四冲程循环．這就是說，每次點燃空燃混合气後，每只活塞上下各运動两次，构成四個冲程。為了便于阐明工作的次序，假设我們的发動机只有一种气缸。64、Thefollowingisthefour-strokecycleofanengine.1.Intake.Thisbeginswiththepistonatthetopofitsstrokeandtheinletvalveopens.Asthepistongoesdown,itsdrawstheair-fuelmixtureintothecylinderpasttheopeninletvalve.2.Compression.Whenthepistonhascompleteditsdown-stroke,theinletvalvecloses.Therevolvingcrankshaftthenpushesthepistonupagain,andthemixturenowinthecylinderiscompressedupwardintothecombustionchamber.Atthetopofthestrokeitisfullycompressed.3.Ignition.Atthispointasparkoccursbetweentheelectrodesofthesparkplug.Thisignitestheair-fuelmixture.Theheatfromtheexplosioncauseshighpressureonthetopofthepistonwhichisthusforceddownward.4.Exhaust.Attheendofthedown-stroke,theexhaustvalveopensandduringthefollowingup-stroketheproductsofcombustionarepushedpastthevalveandoutoftheengine.Thecycledescribedaboveisconstantlyrepeatedsolongastheengineisrunning.如下是发動机的四冲程循环。1、進气。進气冲程開始時，活塞位于该冲程顶部，進气阀打開。當活塞下行時，空燃混合气通過打開的進气阀被吸入气缸。2、压缩.當活塞完毕下行行程時，進气阀关闭。然後旋转的曲轴有推進活塞上行，向上压缩气缸裏的混合气使其進入燃烧室。在抵达该行程顶部的位置時，混合气受到充足的压缩。3、點火、這時，火花塞電极之间产生火花，點燃空燃混合气。爆发产生的热量在活塞顶部形成高压，從而迫使活塞向下运動。4、排气、在下行行程結束時，排气阀打開，并在接著的上行行程中，燃烧物通過排气阀被排出发動机。只要发動机在运转，上述循环就會不停反复進行。65、Everyautomobilemusthavebrakessothatitcanbeslowedorstoppedonceithasbeensetinmotion.Modernautomobilescantravelveryfast,sogoodbrakesareessentialforsafety.Let’stakethreekindsofbrakeswhichareingeneraluseassamples.Theyarediscbrakes,drumbrakesandanti-lockbrakes.每一辆汽車都必须有制動器，以使汽車在行使中總可以減少它的速度或停車。現代的汽車可以行使的非常快。因此，良好的制動器對安全非常重要。让我們以三种常見的制動器為例。這三种制動器是盘式制動器、鼓式制動器和防抱死制動器。66、Thediscbrakeworksinthesamemannerashandbrakesonabicycle.Itconsistsofametaldiscwithpadsoperatedbyslavehydrauliccylinders.Themetaldiscisattachedtotheroadwheelandrotateswithit.Discbrakeshavethemorepowerfulstoppingeffect,dissipateheatwell,andarerelativelyunaffectedbywater,sotheyarefittedtothebiggerandfasterautomobiles.Thedrumbrakeconsistsoftwosemicircularbrakeshoesmountedonafixedbackplateandsituatedinsideadrum.Thedrumisfixedtothewheelandrevolveswithit.Thedrumbrakeisoftheinternalexpandedagainsttheinsideofadrumateachwheelandthefrictionbetweentheshoesandthedrumcausesthebrakingaction.Mostautomobilesuseacombinationofdiscbrakesatthefrontanddrumbrakesattherear.盘式制動器的工作原理与自行車的手闸相似。它由一种带衬垫的金属盘构成，由從動液压缸操纵。金属盘附在車轮上并随車轮旋转。盘式制動器的制動效率较高，散热好，相對而言不易受水的影响。因此盘式制動器装在较大的車上和車速快的汽車上。鼓式制動器有两块半圆形的制動蹄片，她們装在固定的底板上并位于制動鼓的内侧。制動鼓安装在車轮上，随車轮旋转。鼓式制動器是内胀式的，也就是說，附有摩擦衬片的两個制動蹄片膨胀後，抵住每一車轮上的制動鼓内侧。蹄和鼓之间的摩擦产生制動作用。大多数汽車采用前部為盘式制動器，後部為鼓式制動器的组合制動方式。67、Theanti-lockbrakesystemisthenewlydevelopedbrakecomparedwiththediscanddrumbrakesanditincludesamastercylinder(powerassisted),somespeedsensorsateachwheel,acomputer-controlledhydraulicunit,anelectroniccontrolunitandsomerelays.Theanti-locksystemsareusedtopreventthewheelsfromlockingunderharebraking.Thetiresproducemaximumbrakingjustbeforethewheelslockandskid.Ifthewheelslockandskid,steeringcontrolwillbelost.Theanti-lockbrakesystemscannotonlyhelptopreventwheellockupbutalsoapplyandreleasethebrakerapidlyformaximumbrakingforce.与盘式制動器和鼓式制動器相比，防抱死制動系统是一种新開发的制動器。防抱死制動系统由一种主缸（動力助力）、每一車轮上的車速传感器、一种计算机控制的液压机构、一种電子控制單元和一种继電器构成。防抱死系统用来防止在紧急制動時車轮锁死。轮胎在車轮刚要锁死的滑移之前产生最大制動力。假如車轮锁死和滑移，會失去转向控制。防抱死制動系统不仅有助于防止車轮锁死并且能很快制動和释放制動，以得到最大的制動力。68、Theautomobileweseeontheroadiscomposedof7000differentworkingunitsandparts.Someofthemmakeitmorecomfortableorbetterlooking,butmostofthemaretomakeitrun.Engine,chassisandbodyarethreebasiccomponentsoftheautomobile.Modernautomobilesaredevelopingquickly.我們在路上看到的汽車大概有7000個不一样的工作單元和零件。它們有些使汽車更舒适或更美观，但大多数是為了使汽車行驶。发動机，底盘和車身是汽車的三個基本部件。現代汽車正在迅速发展。69、Theengineistheheartoftheautomobile,becauseitconvertsthefuelenergyintomechanicalpowerforit.Withouttheengine,theautomobilecannotmove.Thereisacoolingsystemwhichisneededforenginecoolingsothatitdoesnotbecometoohot,andalubricationsystemisneededforlubricatingthebearingsurfaces.Astartingmotorisfittedontheautomobilewhichisjustthepowertostarttheengineturning.发動机是汽車的心脏，由于它把燃油的能量转换成汽車的机械能。没有发動机，汽車就不能行驶。发動机有一种使其冷却所需的冷却系统，這样，发動机就不會变的太热，并且需要有润滑系统来润滑工作面。汽車上装有一种起動電机，它是起動发動机的動力。70、Thereisanelectricalsystemintheautomobile.Electricityfortheignitingonprocess,thelightsandotherelectricalequipmentisprovidedbyadynamoandabattery.Thedynamoisthepowerstationoftheautomobile.Itworksonlywhentheengineisrunning.Thebatteryprovidesameansofstoringelectricitywhichcanbeusedwhenthedynamoisnotoperatinganditmustbekeptwellcharged.汽車上尚有一种電气系统。用于點火過程、車灯和其他電气设备的電能是由直流发電机和蓄電池提供的。直流发電机是汽車的发電站，它只在发動机运转時工作。蓄電池提供一种储存電能的手段，储存的電能可在直流发電机不工作時使用。蓄電池必须充足電。71、Thetransmissionsystemconsistingofclutch,gearbox,propellershaftandaxlesbelongstothechassis,whichisalsoanimportantsystemoftheautomobile.Thissystemisaseriesofassemblieswhosepurposeistotransmitthepoweroftheenginetothedrivewheels.Thefirstoftheseistheclutchassembly.Itdisconnectstheremainderofthetransmissionsystemfromtheengine,whennecessary,sothatthevariousgearsinthegearboxcanbeengaged.传動系统属于底盘，它包括离合器、齿轮箱、传動轴和車桥。它也是汽車的一种重要系统。该系统是一系列的總成，其作用是将发動机的功率传递到驱動車轮上。其中，第一种總成是离合器總成。在需要時，离合器可使传動系统的其他部分与发動机脱開，這样齿轮箱内的多种齿轮就可以啮合。72、Thegearboxisquiteacomplicatedassemblyofgearsofdifferentsizes.Itissoarrangedthatcertaincombinationsofgearscanbeengagedtoenableonetodriveanother.Therearaxleisconnectedtothegearboxbyalongtubeknownasthepropellershaft.齿轮箱是一种由不一样尺寸齿轮构成的很复杂的總成。齿轮箱安装得使某些齿轮组合可以啮合，以使一种齿轮驱動另一种齿轮。後桥通過一根称為转動轴的長管与齿轮箱连接。73、Thesuspensionsystemisanotherimportantsystemfittedonthechassisoftheautomobileandusedfortransmittingforcebetweenthegroundandtheautomobileandreducingvibrationoftheautomobilecausedbythewheelswhenrunningoverundulationsoftheroad.Someautomobilesarefittedwithairsuspensionsystemsandsomewithspringsuspensionsystems.悬挂系统是装在汽車底盘上的另一重要系统，用来传递地面和汽車之间的力，并用来減轻車轮滚過路面不平处時引起的汽車振動。有些汽車装用空气悬挂系统，而有些汽車装用弹簧悬挂系统。74、Thesteeringmechanismisneededtoguidetheautomobileintherightdirection.Brakesareusedtostoptheautomobilewhileitisinmotion.Inshort,eachpartoftheautomobiledesignedbytheengineersdoesitsownjob.转向机构是對的引导汽車方向所必需的。制動器在汽車行驶時用来使其停車。總之，工程師們设计的汽車的每一部分均有它自已的作用。75、Aninternalcombustionengineisneededtopoweranautomobile.Theautomobileengineisessentiallyaheatengine.Itrequiresfueltoburn,asparktoignitethefuel,lubricationtominimizefriction,andacoolingsystemtodissipateunwantedheat.Therearetwomainkindsofengineswhicharebeingusedintheautomobiles.Theyaregasolineenginesanddieselengines.驱動汽車需要用内燃机。汽車发動机基本上是一种热机。它需要火花塞點燃燃料，需要润滑減少摩擦，需要冷却系统散发掉多出的热量。用在汽車上的发動机重要有两种。它們是汽油发動机和柴油发動机。76、Tosupplygasolinevaportothebasicengine,afuelsystemisneeded.Itsdutyistostore,