山东省青岛市英语初三上学期2025年复习试题及解答参考

2025年山东省青岛市英语初三上学期复习试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listentothefollowingconversationbetweentwofriends.Whataretheytalkingabout?A)Theirplansfortheweekend.B)Abooktheybothread.C)Theweatherforecast.Answer:A)Theirplansfortheweekend.Explanation:Intheconversation,youhearonefriendaskingtheotherifhewantstogotothemoviesonSaturday,whichindicatesthattheyarediscussingtheirplansfortheupcomingweekend.2、Listentothedialoguebetweenateacherandastudent.Whydoesthestudentseemnervous?A)Thestudentforgottodotheirhomework.B)Thestudentisworriedaboutanupcomingtest.C)Thestudentislateforclass.Answer:B)Thestudentisworriedaboutanupcomingtest.Explanation:Duringthedialogue,theteachermentionsthatthestudentseemsdistractedandasksifeverythingisalright.Thestudentthenadmitstobeingconcernedaboutthemathtestscheduledfortomorrow,showingthatthenervousnessstemsfromanxietyovertheupcomingassessment.3、Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweentwostudentsinthelibrary.A:Hi,doyouknowwheretheEnglishbooksare?

B:Sure,theyareonthesecondfloor.Butyouneedtogothroughthereadingareafirst.Question:WhatdoesthesecondstudenttellthefirststudentaboutthelocationoftheEnglishbooks?

A)Theyareonthefirstfloor.

B)Theyareonthesecondfloorbutneedtopassthereadingarea.

C)Theyareonthethirdfloor.

D)Theyareonthegroundfloor.Answer:BExplanation:ThesecondstudentclearlystatesthattheEnglishbooksareonthesecondfloorbutthatthefirststudentneedstogothroughthereadingareafirst.Therefore,thecorrectanswerisB.4、Youarelisteningtoaweatherforecastontheradio.Host:Theweatherforecastfortomorrowisasfollows:Itwillbepartlycloudywithahighof75degreesFahrenheit.Therewillbeachanceofrainintheafternoon.Thewindwillbeblowingatabout10milesperhourfromthenorth.Question:Whatisthetemperatureexpectedtobetomorrow?

A)65degreesFahrenheit

B)75degreesFahrenheit

C)80degreesFahrenheit

D)85degreesFahrenheitAnswer:BExplanation:Theweatherforecastspecificallymentionsthatthehightemperaturefortomorrowwillbe75degreesFahrenheit.Therefore,thecorrectanswerisB.5、Whatdoestheboywanttodoafterschool?A)Goswimming.B)Gotothelibrary.C)Playbasketball.Answer:B)Gotothelibrary.Explanation:Intheconversation,theboymentionshehasalotofhomeworkandneedstostudy,soheplanstogotothelibraryafterschooltogetsomequiettimetoworkonhisassignments.6、Howwilltheweatherbetomorrowaccordingtotheweatherforecast?A)Itwillbesunny.B)Itwillrain.C)Itwillbecloudywithachanceofsnow.Answer:A)Itwillbesunny.Explanation:Theweatherforecastmentionedinthepassageindicatesclearskiesandwarmtemperaturesforthefollowingday,suggestingitwillbeasunnyday.7、Whatisthemaintopicoftheconversationbetweenthetwospeakers?PlanningaschooltripDiscussingabookreportPreparingforasciencefairReviewingahistoricaleventAnswer:B)DiscussingabookreportExplanation:Theconversationbetweenthetwospeakersfocusesonabookreport,withreferencestocharacters,themes,andplotdetails,indicatingthatthetopicisaboutdiscussingabookreport.8、Howdoesthewomanrespondtotheman’ssuggestion?Sheissurprisedbutinterested.Sheishesitantandsuggestsanalternative.Sheagreesimmediatelywithouthesitation.Sheisnotinterestedandrejectsthesuggestion.Answer:B)Sheishesitantandsuggestsanalternative.Explanation:Thewoman’sresponsetotheman’ssuggestionincludesahesitationfollowedbyacounter-suggestion,whichindicatesthatsheisnotentirelyconvincedbyhisproposalandpreferstoconsideranalternative.9.Youhearaconversationbetweentwostudentsdiscussingtheirfavoritesports.Theboylikesbasketball,butthegirlpreferssoccer.Boththeboyandthegirllikesoccer,butnotbasketball.Theboydislikessports,butthegirlenjoysrunning.TheybothenjoywatchingsportsonTVbutnotplayingthem.Answer:A

Explanation:Theconversationindicatesthattheboylikesbasketball,whichismentionedexplicitly,whilethegirlpreferssoccer,anotherspecificsportthatismentioned.Theotheroptionseitherdonotmatchtheinformationgivenorarenotsupportedbytheconversation.10.Youlistentoamonologueabouttheimportanceofreadingbooks.Readingbooksisawasteoftimeformostpeople.Readingbookscanimproveone’svocabularyandknowledge.Onlyafewpeoplereadbooksthesedays,whichissad.Readingbooksisonlyforstudents,notforadults.Answer:B

Explanation:Themonologueemphasizesthebenefitsofreadingbooks,suchasimprovingvocabularyandknowledge.Thereisnomentionofreadingbeingawasteoftime,thedeclineinreading,oritsexclusivitytostudents.ThestatementthatalignswiththecontentofthemonologueisoptionB.11.You’relisteningtoaconversationbetweenastudentandateacher.Student:“MissSmith,canyouexplainthedifferencebetween‘affect’and‘effect’again?”Teacher:“Sure,‘affect’isaverbthatmeanstohaveaninfluenceonsomething,and‘effect’isanounthatreferstotheresultofthatinfluence.Forexample,themedicinehadapositiveeffectonmyhealth,buttheweatheraffectedourplansforthepicnic.”Question:Whatisthedifferencebetween‘affect’and‘effect’?

Answer:Affectisaverbandeffectisanoun.

Explanation:Theteacherexplainsthat‘affect’isusedasaverband‘effect’isusedasanoun,indicatingthedifferenceintheirgrammaticalfunctions.12.Listentoashortdialoguebetweentwofriendsdiscussingtheirweekendplans.Friend1:“Hey,areyouplanningtogotothemoviesthisweekend?”Friend2:“Yeah,Iwasthinkingofwatchingthenewsuperheromovie.Whataboutyou?”Friend1:“Iwasactuallythinkingofgoinghiking.It’sbeenawhilesinceIlastwentoutandenjoyednature.”Question:Whatarethetwofriendsplanningtodothisweekend?

Answer:Oneisplanningtowatchamovieandtheotherisplanningtogohiking.

Explanation:Inthedialogue,Friend1mentionswatchingasuperheromovieandFriend2talksaboutgoinghiking,indicatingtheirrespectiveweekendplans.13.Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweenastudentandateacherinaclassroom.Theteacherisaskingthestudentabouthisweekendplans.Listencarefullyandchoosethecorrectanswer.A.Thestudentplanstovisithisgrandparents.B.Thestudentplanstogohikinginthemountains.C.Thestudentplanstostudyfortheupcomingexams.D.Thestudentplanstoattendamusicconcert.Answer:C

Explanation:Theteacherasksthestudentabouthisweekendplans,andthestudentrespondsbymentioningthathehasalotofworktodotostudyfortheupcomingexams.14.Inthissection,youwillhearashortdialoguebetweentwofriendsdiscussingtheirfavoritemovies.Listencarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestion.Whatisthenameofthemoviethatthegirllikes?A.“TheGodfather”B.“Inception”C.“TheShawshankRedemption”D.“TheMatrix”Answer:B

Explanation:Thegirlmentionsthatherfavoritemovieis“Inception,”sothecorrectanswerisB.15.Listentothefollowingdialogueandanswerthequestion.

A:Hi,Mike,howwasyourweekend?

B:Hi,Alice.Itwasgreat!Iwenthikingwithmyfriends.Wewenttothemountainsandenjoyedthebeautifulscenery.

A:Thatsoundsamazing.Didyoutakeanyphotos?

B:Yes,Idid.Itookalotofphotos,butmycamerabatterydied.So,Icouldn’ttakemorepictures.

Question:WhathappenedtoMike’scamerabatteryduringthehikingtrip?

Answer:B)Itdied.

Explanation:Inthedialogue,Mikementioned,“So,Icouldn’ttakemorepictures,”whichimpliesthathiscamerabatteryranout.16.Listentothefollowingpassageandanswerthequestion.

Inrecentyears,onlinelearninghasbecomeincreasinglypopular.Manystudentspreferonlineclassesbecausetheyofferflexibilityandconvenience.However,someexpertsarguethattraditionalface-to-faceteachingisstillthebestwaytolearn.Theybelievethatonlinelearninglacksthepersonalinteractionandengagementthatstudentsneedtosucceedacademically.Question:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

Answer:A)Onlinelearningisbecomingmorepopular.

Explanation:Thepassagediscussestheincreasingpopularityofonlinelearningandpresentsdifferentopinionsonitseffectiveness.Themainidearevolvesaroundthedebatebetweenonlinelearningandtraditionalteachingmethods.17.Youhearaconversationbetweentwostudentsataschool.A.Whatsubjectaretheydiscussing?B.Whoisaskingthequestion?C.Wherearetheycurrentlylocated?Answer:A.Whatsubjectaretheydiscussing?

Explanation:Listenforthepartoftheconversationwhereonestudentasksabouttheother’sfavoritesubject.18.Youhearanewsreportaboutalocalevent.A.Whatistheeventfor?B.Howmanypeopleareexpectedtoattend?C.Whendoestheeventstart?Answer:B.Howmanypeopleareexpectedtoattend?

Explanation:Payattentiontothepartofthereportwherethenumberofexpectedattendeesismentioned.19.Youhearaconversationbetweentwostudentsdiscussingtheirweekendplans.StudentA:“Iwasthinkingofgoinghikingthisweekend.Howaboutyou?”StudentB:“Thatsoundsgreat,butIhaveasportsgame.I’mgoingtopracticealldayonSaturday.”Question:WhatisStudentB’splanforSaturday?

A)Togohiking

B)Towatchasportsgame

C)Topracticesports

D)TostudyforexamsAnswer:C)Topracticesports解析：根据对话内容，StudentB提到他周六有体育比赛，所以他会在那天练习，因此答案是C)Topracticesports。20.Youhearanewsreportaboutanewenvironmentalprojectinthecity.NewsAnchor:“Thecitycouncilhasapprovedanewprojectaimedatreducingpollution.Theyplantoplanttreesinthedowntownareaandsetuprecyclingstationsinallpublicparks.”Question:Whatisoneofthemaingoalsofthenewproject?

A)Toreducetraffic

B)Toplanttrees

C)Toreducepollution

D)ToimprovepublictransportationAnswer:C)Toreducepollution解析：新闻报告中提到城市委员会批准了一个旨在减少污染的新项目，包括在市中心地区种植树木和在城市公园设立回收站。因此，主要目标是减少污染，答案是C)Toreducepollution。二、阅读理解（30分）ReadingComprehensionPassage:ThefollowingisanexcerptfromasciencemagazineaboutthediscoveryofanewspeciesoffrogintheAmazonrainforest.InaremotepartoftheAmazonrainforest,scientistshaverecentlydiscoveredanewspeciesoffrog,whichtheyhavenamed“Callimorphaamazonesis.”Thistinyfrog,onlyaboutthesizeofanickel,hasbeenhidinginplainsightfordecades.ThediscoverywasmadebyateamofbiologistsfromtheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistoryinBrazil,whowereconductingasurveyoftheregion’sbiodiversity.Dr.

MariaSilva,theleadresearcherontheteam,explainedthatthefrog’suniquecolorationandvocalizationshelpedthemidentifyitasanewspecies.“Thecolorpatternonitsbackisamosaicofgreens,browns,andblues,whichisquitedifferentfromanyotherfrogswehaveseeninthearea,”shesaid.“Anditscallisaseriesofhigh-pitchedchirpsthatareunlikeanyotherfrogsoundswe’veheard.”ThenewfrogspeciesisfoundonlyintheUpperXinguregionoftheAmazon,whichisahavenforbiodiversity.However,thisareaisalsofacingsignificantthreatsfromdeforestation,climatechange,andhabitatloss.Dr.

Silvaexpressedconcernaboutthefrog’sfuture:“Ifwedon’ttakeactiontoprotectthisregion,specieslikeCallimorphaamazonesismaydisappearbeforeweevengetachancetostudythemproperly.”Questions:1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Todescribethecharacteristicsofthenewfrogspecies.B.TodiscussthethreatstotheAmazonrainforest.C.Toannouncethediscoveryofanewspecies.D.ToprovideinformationaboutBrazilianbiologists.2.Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesCallimorphaamazonesisanewspecies?A.Itssize.B.Itshabitat.C.Itscolorationandvocalizations.D.Itsdiet.3.WhyisDr.

SilvaconcernedaboutthefutureofCallimorphaamazonesis?A.Becauseitisdifficulttostudy.B.Becauseitisrare.C.Becauseitshabitatisthreatened.D.Becauseitisnotyetfullydescribed.Answers:1.C2.C3.C三、完型填空（15分）Passage:Asthesummerdaysgrewshorter,Emilyrealizeditwastimetostartpreparingforherupcomingexams.Shehadalwaysbeenagoodstudent,butthisyear,shefeltespeciallydeterminedtoexcel.Everymorning,shewouldwakeupearly,reviewhernotes,andattendherclasseswithfullconcentration.However,shesoonfoundherselfstrugglingwithaparticularsubject:chemistry.Oneevening,afteralongdayofstudying,Emilywassittinginherroom,feelingfrustrated.Shehadbeentryingtounderstandtheperiodictable,butitseemedlikeanever-endingmazeofsymbolsandnumbers.Justthen,heryoungerbrother,Jamie,walkedin.“Hey,Emily,stillstudying?”heasked,sittingdownbesideher.“Yeah,butI’mreallystrugglingwithchemistry,”Emilyreplied,sighing.Jamiesmiledandnodded.“Iknowwhatyoumean.Myfriend,Sam,actuallyhelpedmeoutalotlastyear.Hesaidtherearesometrickstomakeiteasiertounderstand.”“Tricks?”Emilyraisedaneyebrow.“Tellmeeverythingyouknow!”Jamiebegantoexplaintheperiodictabletohissister,breakingitdownintomanageablechunks.Heshowedherhowtogroupelementsbytheirpropertiesandhowtoremembertheatomicnumbers.Ashespoke,Emilybegantoseethesubjectinanewlight.Thenextmorning,Emilywokeupfeelingrefreshedandreadytotackleherchemistryproblems.ShefollowedJamie’sadviceandstartedtoapplythetrickstoherstudies.Slowlybutsurely,shebegantounderstandtheperiodictableandfeltmoreconfidentaboutherupcomingexams.Thedayoftheexamsfinallyarrived,andEmilywalkedintothechemistryclasswithasenseofcalmanddetermination.Sheknewshehadputintheeffort,andshewasreadytoshowwhatshehadlearned.Questions:1.Emilyrealizeditwastimetostartpreparingforherexamswhen___________.A.thesummerdaysgotlongerB.shefeltespeciallydeterminedC.theschoolyearwasalmostoverD.shestruggledwithaparticularsubject2.JamiehelpedEmilyby___________.A.studyingwithherB.explainingtheperiodictableC.attendingherclassesD.reviewinghernotes3.Emily’sfrustrationwithchemistrywasdueto___________.A.thecomplexityofthesubjectB.herlackofdeterminationC.thedifficultyofherexamsD.herbusyschedule4.Jamie’sfriendSam___________.A.studiedwithEmilyB.helpedJamiewithchemistryC.gaveEmilyadviceD.attendedthesameclassesasEmily5.Emily’sconfidenceinherchemistryknowledgeimprovedafter___________.A.shestoppedstudyingB.shefollowedJamie’sadviceC.shechangedherstudyhabitsD.shereceivedextratutoringAnswers:1.C2.B3.A4.C5.B四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、Inthe1morning,wehadasurprisevisitfromtheprincipal.Heannouncedthatwewouldhaveanextrarecess.答案：first解析：此处需要填入一个形容词，修饰名词“morning”，表示“第一天的早晨”。正确的形容词是“first”。2、Ifyou2yourhomeworkontime,youwouldbeabletoenjoythemoviewithyourfriends.答案：finish解析：此处需要填入一个动词，表示完成作业的条件。正确的动词是“finish”，表示完成某个动作。句子意思是“如果你按时完成作业，你就能和朋友一起看电影”。3.Thecat,___________isusuallykeptinthekitchen,hasbeenmissingforthreedays.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.itAnswer:A

Explanation:Thecorrectansweris“which”becauseitisusedtorefertothecatinanon-restrictiverelativeclause,providingadditionalinformationaboutthecatthatisnotessentialtothemainclause.4.Shesaidshewouldvisithergrandparents___________shefinishedherhomework.A.assoonasB.aslongasC.asifD.aswellasAnswer:A

Explanation:Thecorrectansweris“assoonas,”whichisusedtoindicatethatoneaction(visitinghergrandparents)willoccurimmediatelyafteranotheraction(finishingherhomework)hasbeencompleted.Theotheroptionsdonotconveythissequenceofeventscorrectly.5.Inthe___________yearssinceshestartedherjob,shehasnevertakenadayoff.A.threeB.three’sC.three’sD.threeAnswer:AExplanation:Thecorrectansweris“three,”whichisanumeralusedasanadjectivetodescribeaspecificnumberofyears.Theotheroptionsareincorrectbecause“three’s”isnotavalidpossessiveformforthenumberthree,and“three’s”wouldimplyownership,whichisnottheintendedmeaninginthissentence.6.Ifyou___________thebook,pleasereturnittothelibrarybeforetheduedate.A.borrowB.borrowedC.willborrowD.haveborrowedAnswer:AExplanation:Thecorrectansweris“borrow,”whichisthebaseformoftheverbusedinthepresenttense,indicatingafutureactionorpermission.“Borrowed”isthepasttense,“willborrow”isthefuturetense,and“haveborrowed”isthepresentperfecttense,allofwhicharenotappropriateinthiscontextwherethespeakerisgivingapresentinstructionorpermission.7.Themoviewassofascinatingthat__________(weall)stayedupallnightwatchingit.A.weB.IC.heD.theyAnswer:D.theyExplanation:Thesubjectofthesentence“weall”impliesagroup,sothecorrectpronountouseis“they”torefertothegroup.Thesentencemeansthatallthepeoplementionedstayedupallnightwatchingthemovie.8.IfI__________(have)moretime,IwouldtraveltoalltheplacesI’vealwayswantedtovisit.A.hadB.haveC.willhaveD.amhavingAnswer:A.hadExplanation:Thissentenceisaconditionalsentenceinthepastperfecttense,whichisusedtotalkaboutahypotheticalsituationinthepast.Thecorrectformtoexpressthisis“had”followedbythepastparticipleofthemainverb.Thesentencesuggeststhatifthespeakerhadhadmoretimeinthepast,theywouldhavetraveledtotheplacestheywantedtovisit.9.Inthe___________daysbeforetheholiday,wewereallbusypreparingforthetrip.A.fewB.fewestC.littleD.littlestAnswer:AExplanation:Thecorrectansweris“few”becauseitisusedtodescribeasmallnumberofitems,whichisthecontextherereferringtothedaysbeforetheholiday.“Fewest”and“littlest”implyasuperlativeform,whichisnotneededhere.“Little”isusedforuncountablenouns,which“days”arenot.10.Theteacheraskedusto___________ourhomeworkbeforeclass.A.handinB.handoutC.handupD.handoverAnswer:AExplanation:Thecorrectphraseis“handin,”whichmeanstosubmitsomething,inthiscase,homework.“Handout”meanstodistributesomething,“handup”isnotacommonphraseinthiscontext,and“handover”meanstopasssomethingtosomeoneelse,whichdoesnotfitthecontextofsubmittinghomework.五、简答题（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1、WhatarethemaindifferencesbetweenthepresentsimpletenseandthepresentcontinuoustenseinEnglish?Answer:Themaindifferencesbetweenthepresentsimpletenseandthepresentcontinuoustenseareasfollows:1.Use:Presentsimpletenseisusedforhabitualactions,generaltruths,andpermanentsituations.Presentcontinuoustenseisusedforactionsthatarecurrentlyhappening,ongoingactivities,orfortemporarysituations.2.TimeReference:Presentsimpletensedoesnotindicateaspecifictime.Presentcontinuoustenseindicatesthattheactionishappeningatthemomentofspeaking.3.Frequency:Presentsimpletensecanindicatefrequency,butitisnotascommonasinthepresentcontinuoustense.Presentcontinuoustenseoftenindicatesfrequencywithadverbslike“always,”“often,”“usually,”etc.4.Subject-VerbAgreement:Bothtensesfollowthesamesubject-verbagreementrules.5.QuestionFormation:Toformaquestioninthepresentsimpletense,theauxiliaryverb“do”or“does”isusedbeforethesubject.Toformaquestioninthepresentcontinuoustense,theauxiliaryverb“is”or“are”isusedbeforethesubject.Explanation:Understandingthedifferencesbetweenthepresentsimpleandpresentcontinuoustenseshelpstoconveytheintendedmeaningandcontextofanactionorsituationmoreaccurately.2、HowcanyouusethepassivevoiceinEnglishtoexpressthatthesubjectisthereceiveroftheaction?Answer:TousethepassivevoiceinEnglish,youneedtofollowthesesteps:1.Identifythesubjectandtheverbintheactivevoicesentence.2.Movetheobjecttothesubjectposition.3.Inserttheappropriateformoftheverb“tobe”(am,is,are)beforethepastparticipleofthemainverb.Example:

Activevoice:Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexam.

Passivevoice:Theexamisbeingpreparedbythestudents.Explanation:Thepassivevoiceemphasizestheactionratherthanthedoeroftheaction,makingthesubjectthereceiveroftheaction.Thisisusefulwhenthefocusisontheactionitselforwhenthedoeroftheactionisunknownorunimportant.3、Writeashortparagraphexplainingtheimportanceofreadinginlanguagelearning.Answer:3、Readingplaysacrucialroleinlanguagelearningasitexposeslearnerstoauthenticlanguageuse,enrichesvocabulary,improvescomprehensionskills,andenhanceswritingabilities.Byengagingwithtexts,studentscangraspgrammaticalstructures,idiomaticexpressions,andculturalnuances,allofwhichcontributetothedevelopmentoftheirlinguisticcompetence.Furthermore,readingfosterscriticalthinkingandimagination,allowinglearnerstointerpret,analyze,andevaluateinformation,makingthemmoreeffectivecommunicators.Explanation:Thisansweroutlinesthesignificanceofreadinginlanguagelearningbyhighlightingitsimpactonvocabularyexpansion,comprehensionskills,writingabilities,grammaticalunderstanding,culturalawareness,andcognitivedevelopment.4、Explainthedifferencebetweenformalandinformallanguage,givinganexampleofeach.Answer:4、Formallanguageischaracterizedbyitsuseinofficial,professional,oracademiccontexts,whereasenseofpropriety,respect,andpolitenessisessential.Ittendstobemorestructured,withprecisevocabularyandgrammaticalconstructions.Forinstance,inajobinterview,onemightsay,“Iamconfidentthatmyskillsandexperiencealignperfectlywiththerequirementsofthisposition.”Ontheotherhand,informallanguageismorerelaxedandcasual,suitableforeverydayconversationswithfriends,family,oracquaintances.Itemploysconversationalvocabularyandgrammaticalpatterns,oftenincludingslangorcolloquialisms.Forexample,inacasualconversationwithafriend,onemightsay,“I’msureIcanhandlethisjobjustfine.”Explanation:Thisanswerclearlydistinguishesbetweenformalandinformallanguagebydescribingtheirrespectivecharacteristicsandprovidingarelevantexampleforeach.Theuseofcontext-appropriatelanguageisemphasized,highlightingthesignificanceofchoosingtherightregisterfordifferentcommunicationsituations.5、Pleaseexplainthedifferencebetweenadirectobjectandanindirectobjectinasentence.Provideanexamplesentencethatincludesboth.Answer:

Thedirectobjectisthepersonorthingreceivingtheactionoftheverb,whiletheindirectobjectistherecipientofthedirectobject.Inotherwords,theindirectobjectiswhoorwhatreceivesorexperienceswhatthedirectobjectrepresents.Examplesentence:“SarahgaveTomabook.”DirectObject:abook(whatSarahgave)IndirectObject:Tom(whoreceivedthebook)Explanation:

Inthissentence,“gave”istheverb.“Abook”isthedirecto