英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 5

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

Education,MediaandHoliday

英语国家概况ChapterFive

HolidaysandFestivals

EducationMediaIIIIIICONTENTEducationEducationalPolicy

EducationalSystem

Compulsoryeducationforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16(17from2013)Comprehensiveschoolsintroducedinthe1960s.Thepurposeofthecomprehensiveschoolistodemocratizeeducationandprovideequalopportunityforallchildren.Grammarschoolsoffersanacademiccourseinpreparationforuniversityentranceandfortheprofessions.VocationalschoolsItmaybeobtainedeitherformallyintradeschools,technicalsecondaryschools,orinon-the-jobtrainingprogramsor,moreinformally,bypickingupthenecessaryskillsonthejob.EducationalPolicyNationalCurriculumwasintroducedin1988.Subjectsincludemathematics,English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts,physicaleducationandaforeignlanguage.EducationinBritainisdividedintofourstages:primarysecondaryfurthereducationhighereducationEducationalSystemPrimaryandSecondaryEducationFamousUniversities

HigherEducation

Twoparallelschoolsystem:Nationalcurriculum:PrimaryandSecondaryEducationStatesystem—localauthoritymaintained

93%(Freetoallchildrenbetweentheagesof5—16)Independentsystem—Publicschools

7%(Parentspayfortheirchildren'seducation)CompulsoryinstateschoolOptionalinindependentschoolstatesystem—11-yearcompulsoryeducation5-11:primaryschools(co-educational/mixedschools)11-16:secondaryschools

(mostarecomprehensiveschools)

GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)

PrimaryandSecondaryEducationStateSystemTheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE)（普通中等教育证书）Anacademicqualificationgenerallytakeninanumberofsubjectsbystudentsaged14–16insecondaryeducationinEngland,WalesandNorthernIrelandCertifyingthatthestudentshaveachievedthestandardexpectedafter11yearsofcompulsoryeducationPrimaryandSecondaryEducation

PrimaryandSecondaryEducation“sixthform”(2years)

(Englisheducationsystem)thefinaltwoyearsofsecondaryschoolingduringwhichstudentsareaboutsixteentoeighteenyearsofage.A-levels

(GeneralCertificateofEducation—Advanced)

—foruniversitiesadmittancesGNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)—forvocationaltrainingStateSystem(Cont.)A-levelsTheA-level,or“AdvancedLevel”isagradeofeducationthatisofferedbyeducationalinstitutionssuchasschoolsandcollegesandisanacceptedformofqualification.A-levelsaregenerallyatwo-yearcourse,withASlevelsbeingobtainedwithinthefirstyear.A-levelsareusuallytakenaftersuccessfulcompletionofapreviouslevelofcourse,suchasGCSEs.PrimaryandSecondaryEducation

themostfamous—Eton,HarrowandWinchesterover2500independentschoolsacrossBritainOver7%percentofallBritishchildrenAprivilegefortherichPrimaryandSecondaryEducationBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBetterchancetoenterfamousuniversitiesIndependentSystemEtonCollegeEtonCollege,ofteninformallyreferredtoasEton,isthelargestpublicschool(independentsecondaryschool)inEnglandandoneofthehighestinprestige.Iteducatesover1,300pupils,agedbetween13to18yearsandwasfoundedin1440byKingHenryVIas"TheKing'sCollegeofOurLadyofEtonbesidesWyndsor".PrimaryandSecondaryEducation

EtoncollegeWinchesterCollegeoneoftheoldestofthegreatpublicschoolsofEngland(datingfrom1382)EverypupilatWinchester,apartfromtheScholars,livesinaboardinghouse.Eachhousealsohadasetofhousecolours,whichadornedtheribbonwornaroundboys'"strats"(strawhats).PrimaryandSecondaryEducationRecruitmentbaseon:A-levelsSchoolreferencesInterviewAllBritishuniversitiesarepartiallyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrants.ExceptBuckinghamUniversityandBPPUniversityCollegeHigherEducationMaintenancegrantReceivedbystudentsfrompoorfamiliesFinancialaidbasedonneed,fromthecentralgovernmentVerypoorstudentsreceivingthefullgrantandless-poorstudentsreceivingonlyapartialgrant.Havingbeenabolishedin1998bytheLaborgovernmentandatuitionplanforuniversityeducationwasimplementedHigherEducationBuckinghamUniversityHigherEducationHigherEducation(Cont.)BPPUniversityCollegeQ.What’sthedifferencebetweentime

rangerequiredfordegreesinBritishhigher

educationsystemandthetimerangein

Chinesehighereducationsystem?

DegreesAwardedTimerangerequiredinUKTimerangerequiredinChinaB.A./B.S.3years4yearsM.A./M.S.1year2or3yearsDoctoraldegree3to4years3to5yearsHigherEducationFamousUniversitieshttp://www.thetimes.co.ukOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityaresometimesreferredtocollectivelyasOxbridge.OxfordCrestCambridgeCrestFamousUniversitiesFamousUniversities

BodleianLibraryofOxfordUniversity牛津大学博德利图书馆BodleianLibraryofOxfordUniversitythemainresearchlibraryoftheUniversityofOxfordoneoftheoldestlibrariesinEurope,andinBritainissecondinsizeonlytotheBritishLibrarywithover11millionitems.KnowntoOxfordscholarsas"Bodley"orsimply"theBod"FamousUniversities

TheMathematicalBridge

(atQueens’College,CambridgeUniversity)FamousUniversitiesManyofthemostimportantscientificdiscoveriesandrevolutionsweremadebyCambridgealumni[校友].Theseinclude:Cambridge’scontributionstoScienceUnderstandingthescientificmethod,byFrancisBaconThelawsofmotion,bySirIsaacNewtonThediscoveryoftheelectron,byJ.J.ThomsonTheunificationofelectromagnetism,byJamesClerkMaxwellThediscoveryofhydrogen,byHenryCavendishEvolutionbynaturalselection,byCharlesDarwinTheTuringmachine,thebasisofmoderncomputers,byAlan

TuringThestructureofDNA,byFrancisCrickandJamesD.WatsonTheBritishLibraryofPoliticalandEconomicScience英国政治经济图书馆FamousUniversities

TheBritishLibraryofPoliticalandEconomicScience英国政治经济图书馆thenationalsocialscienceslibraryoftheUnitedKingdomOneofthelargestlibrariesintheworlddevotedtotheeconomicandsocialsciencesApubliclecturevenueFamousUniversities

MediaNewspapers

TelevisionandBroadcast

LongestablishedindustryTheObserver(firstappearedin1791)

—stillpublishedeverySunday—theworld’soldestSundaynewspaperTheTimes

(firstpublishedin1785)

—oneofBritain’soldestandinfluentialnewspapersNewspapersThe“qualitypress”or“broadsheets”featuringmostlyseriousarticles“BigThree”TheTimes—in-deptharticle,well-educatedaudience

TheGuardian—leftwingTheDailyTelegraph

The“tabloids”ScandalandgossipTheSunonSundayNewspapersTwocategoriesTheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)1936IndependentTelevision(ITV)1955SkyTV1989BritishSatelliteBroadcastingTelevisionandBroadcastBSkyB1990Britain’stoppay-televisionproviderFormedin1990bythemergerofSkyTelevisionandBritishSatelliteBroadcastingthelargestpay-TVbroadcasterinBritainandIrelandwithover10millionsubscribersTelevisionandBroadcastBSkyB英国天空广播集团HolidaysandFestivalsChristmasEasterTroopingtheColorCelebrationofthebirthofJesusChristExchanginggiftsandChristmascardsPreparingholidayfoodsDecoratinghomesandworkplaceswithcoloredlights,Christmastreesandornaments

ChristmasAformofmusicalcomedystageproduction,designedforfamilies,developedintheUnitedKingdomandmostlyperformedduringtheChristmasandNewYearAlwaysbasedontraditionalchildren'sstories,e.g.Cinderella,Aladdin,DickWhittingtonandHisCatandJackandtheBeanstalk.ChristmasChristmasPantomime

童话剧BoxingDay节礼日thedayfollowingChristmasDayServantsandtradesmenwouldreceivegiftsfromtheirsuperiorsoremployers,knownasa"Christmasbox".ChristmasTheoldestandmostimportantChristianfestivalCommemoratestheResurrectionofJesusChristthreedaysafterhisCrucifixionFallsonaSundaybetweenMarch22andApril25Eastereggs,EasterbunnyEasterThesecondSaturdayinJune(theQueen’sbirthdayisofficiallycelebrated)TheceremonyoftheQueeninspectinghertroopsTroopingtheColorAceremonyperformedbyregimentsoftheBritishandBritishCommonwealtharmies.Onbattlefields,aregiment'scolors,orflags,wereusedasrallyingpoints.Since1748,ithasalsomarkedtheofficialbirthdayoftheBritishsovereigntyAnationalfestivalonNovember5Historicaleventcelebrated:InNovember1605,thegunpowderplottookplaceinwhichsomeCatholicsplottedtoblowuptheEnglishParliamentandKingJamesI.

BonfireNightCelebration:LighthugebonfireLetofffireworksBurnguys(life-sizedmenmadeofstrawandotheravailablematerials)

BonfireNightfirstcelebratedin1908,whenAnnaJarvis(AnnaJarvisofPhiladelphia,whosemotherhadorganizedwomen'sgroupstopromotefriendshipandhealth)heldamemorialforhermotherinAmericasendingofcardsandthegivingofgifts.Inprotestagainstitscommercialization,Jarvisspentthelastyearsofherlifetryingtoabolishtheholiday.“Aprintedcardmeansnothingexceptthatyouar