跨文化交际教程 课件Unit 1 Cultural Awareness；Unit 2 Verbal Communication in Intercultural Communication

Unit

One

CulturalAwarenessandInterculturalcommunication1.Whatisculture?CultureisbehaviorpeculiartoHomosapiens,togetherwithmaterialobjectsusedasanintegralpartofthisbehavior.Thus,cultureincludeslanguage,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institutions,tools,techniques,worksofart,rituals,andceremonies,amongotherelements.

—

EncyclopediaBritannicaCultureisthecharacteristicsandknowledgeofaparticulargroupofpeople,encompassinglanguage,religion,cuisine,socialhabits,musicandarts.Itisdifferentallovertheworld.cultureissharedpatternsofbehaviorsandinteractions,cognitiveconstructsandunderstandingthatarelearnedbysocialization.Thus,culturecanbeseenasthegrowthofagroupidentityfosteredbysocialpatternsuniquetothegroup.Cultureencompassesreligion,food,whatwewear,howwewearit,ourlanguage,marriage,music,whatwebelieveisrightorwrong,howwesitatthetable,howwegreetvisitors,howwebehavewithlovedonesandamillionotherthings.

—CristinaDeRossi(anthropologist)Cultureisthewayoflifeofagroupofpeople,developedovertimeandpasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.

Whatwecanseeaboutculturesisjustthetipoftheiceberg.Onthesurface:language,beliefs,customs…

Moredeeply:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthem.Inaword:Cultureisallaboutmeanings.Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Classificationsofculture:SociologistW.F.Ogburndividecultureintotwotypes:

*materialculture*non-materialcultureMaterialCulture:Materialcultureconsistsofproductsofhumanactivitywhichisconcrete,tangibleandobservable.Theseobjectsaremanmadeandcalledas‘artifacts’.Itreferstobooks,chairs,tables,furniture,tools,telephone.Thesematerialcultureareexternalandutilitarian.Materialcultureisinventedforhumanconvenience.Theycontributetotheprogressofsociety.Itchangesfaster.Non-materialCulture:Non-materialcultureconsistsofintangibleandabstractthingslikecustoms,values,goodwillhabits,beliefs,languageetc.Non-materialcultureissomethinginternalandtheydonothavephysicalexistence.Non-materialculturechangesveryslowly.Itiscreatedtakingthepsychologicalbasisofmanandreflectstheinwardnatureofman.Non-materialculturehastwoaspectssuchascognitiveandnormative.Cognitiveaspectdealswithknowledgewhereasnormativeaspectsconsistofnorms,rulesandvalues.Wecan’tseeitandtouchit.2.Whatiscommunication?Communicate====CommunicareItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,meaning“togiveortoexchange;tomakecommontomany,share,impart,divide”.

“Sharing”:important;implicitNow,thecommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.

“Communicationisthetransmissionandreceptionofsymboliccues.”—ThomasScheidelCommunicationistheprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesthroughverbalornonverbalmeans,includingspeech,ororalcommunication;writing

andgraphicalrepresentations(suchasinfographics,maps,andcharts);and

signs,

signals,andbehavior.Moresimply,communicationissaidtobe"thecreationandexchangeofmeaning."

Communicationisasymbolicprocesswherebyrealityisproduced,maintained,repairedandtransformed.

—JamesCarey(Mediacriticandtheorist)

Allcreaturesonearthhavedevelopedmeansinwhichtoconveytheiremotionsandthoughtstooneanother.However,it'stheabilityofhumanstousewordsandlanguagetotransferspecific

meaningsthatsetsthemapartfromtheanimalkingdom.Q:Awifesaidtoherhusband:"Yes,George.Iknowyoucantalk,butIwantyoutocommunicate".Whatdoesshemean?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetween"talk"and"communicate"?WhatisGeorge’sproblem?Tips:Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings,whichisthebasisofallhumancontact.Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.—J.T.WoodAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.Culturegivesmeaningandprovidesthecontextforcommunication,andtheabilitytocommunicateallowsustoactoutourculturalvaluesandtoshareourlanguagesandourculture.3.Whatisinterculturalcommunication?Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

—Samovar&PorterInterculturalcommunicationisadisciplinethatstudiescommunicationacrossdifferentculturesandsocialgroups,orhowcultureaffectscommunication.(Wikipedia)“Loosely,Interculturalcommunicationisanumbrellatermforinteractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalorsubculturalbackgroundsintendedtoleadtosharedunderstandingsofmessages.”(OxfordReference)InterculturalCommunicationisthestudy,research,awareness,training,skills,andpracticalitiesofcommunicatingacrosscultures–whetherthoseculturesbeforeigncultures,i.e.Americanculturevs.Indianculture,Chineseculturevs.Japaneseculture,orsomeothersortofculture,suchasorganizationalculture,i.e.MilitaryCulturevs.PrivateSectorCulture.Cross-cultural

Communication

Vs

InterculturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunication:thesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)4.Whatisculturalawareness?Culturalawareness,sometimesreferredtoas

culturalsensitivity,isdefinedasbeingcognizant,observant,andconsciousofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongandbetweenculturalgroups.Culturalawarenessmeansbeingsensitivetothedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweentwocultureswhencommunicatingorinteractingwithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Itinvolvesinculcatingvalues,attitudes,andknowledgethatdisplayopennessandrespectfordifferentcultures,religions,languages,mannerofdress,andcommunicationstyles.Culturalawareness(orculturalsensitivity,cross-cultural/interculturalawareness)referstotheawarenessofourownculturalidentity,valuesandbeliefsandtheknowledgeandacceptanceofother’scultures.Culturehidesmuchmorethanitreveals,andstrangelyenoughwhatithides,ithidesmosteffectivelyfromitsownparticipants.Yearsofstudyhaveconvincedmethattherealjobisnottounderstandforeignculturebuttounderstandourown.EdwardT.Hall5.Whyisculturalawarenessimportant?Culturalawarenesshelpsbreakdownculturalbarriersandbringsabetterunderstandingofourselvesandabetterappreciationofthosewhoaredifferent.Thisenhancesourinterpersonalskills,enablesustorelatetopeoplefromotherculturesandtobuildconnectionsinamoremeaningfulwaywithoutprejudiceandracism.Whenyoustrivetobecomemoreculturallyaware,yougainknowledgeandinformationaboutdifferentcultures,whichleadstogreaterculturalcompetence.Engaginginculturalawarenessmakesyoumoresensitivetothedifferencesbetweenculturesthataredifferentthanyourown;youalsobecomelessjudgmentalofpeoplewhoaredifferentthanyou.Studieshavefoundthatgreaterculturalawarenessintheworkplaceleadstoanoverallbetterworkplacecultureforeveryoneinvolved.Researchhasfoundthatculturalawarenesscreatesbetteroutcomesforpeopleinhealthcareenvironments,andinotherenvironmentswherepeoplearereceivingcarefromothers.Culturalawarenesscanimproveyourinterpersonalrelationships.Justlikeanyotherrelationship,youmustunderstandtheirculturetotrulyunderstandsomeone’slivedexperiencesandhowtheyshowuptotheworld.

6.WhatisCultureShock?

Troublesome

feelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.

—LinellDavis7.Whatisethnocentrism?“Theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”

—WilliamG.SumnerReasons:Allcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.NegativeImpactofEthnocentrism

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.Stereotypes

Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimple

categoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollection

ofpeople.

—WalterLippmannReasons:

Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneed

tocategorizeandclassify.

Prejudice

Prejudiceisanegativeattitudeandfeelingtowardanindividualbasedsolelyonone’smembershipinaparticularsocialgroup,suchasgender,race,ethnicity,nationality,socialclass,religion,sexualorientation,profession,andmanymore(Allport,1954;Brown,2010).Prejudicecomesfromfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.

Itisanunfair,biased,or

intolerant

attitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.

—Lusting&KoesterExamples:

1:

“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”

2:

“Don’tpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydon’thaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”DiscriminationItreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsof

theprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.—Lusting&Koester

RacismThebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.4.CultivatingculturalawarenessbetweendifferentculturesItisanappreciationforustogetridofourethnocentrictendenciesandtoacceptanothercultureonitsownterms.Manyinter-culturalinteractionsgosourduetolackofsuchawareness.ShowingHospitalityinDifferentWaysChineseWesternersChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Westernersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay‘no’,weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores‘no’,weillacceptit.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’tpress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.ChineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitalityMealsToshowhospitality:Quantityandvarietyofthemealfarmorethancanbeeatenatthetimerelatethemealsizemoreaccuratelytothepeople’sappetiteAtthetableconstantlyputthebestpieceoffoodonthevisitor’splateleavethegueststohelpthemselvesanddonotkeepurgingthemtoeatmoreTwodifferentresponsestodifferentwaysofhospitality:

AnEnglishguest:Eachtimeanewdisharrived,hisparentswouldleanoverandloadmyplatewithtastymorsels.AstheyhadtakenallthetroubletocookitIjusthadtopolishitoff.Assoonasmyplatewasempty,theywouldputmoreon.Ofcourse,Ifeltduty-boundtoeatthattoo.

AChineseguest:CanyouimaginehowmanydishesIhad?One–astewwithmeatandvegetables.Themeatwasoverdoneandtoohardtoeat;greenvegetableswerenolongergreen.Theyneverputfoodonyourplatebutjustaskyoutohelpyourself.Ifyou,asaguest,areshyormodest,waitingforthefoodtobeputonyourplate,youwillremainhalf-starved.Individual&CollectivistCulture

IndividualCulture(liberalism):individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.

Collectivistculture(Confucianism):placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Goingone'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.IndividualismCollectivismIcultureWEcultureOpendiscussionofdisagreementarevaluedformsoftalk.Openlyspeakingone’smindappearsdistasteful.seekthenoticeofothers;affirmtheiruniquenessopenexpressionrisksfaceguardingprivacy;valuingfreedomtodoandthinkwhatevertheychooseTherighttoprivacyinthesenseoffreedomisnotrecognized.livelifeguidedonlybyprinciplessuchasequalityandnoninterferenceOne’sbusinessisalsothebusinessofthegroup;friendsshouldbeconcernedwitheachother’spersonalmatters.GiftsDifferentwaysofreceivinggiftsChineseWesternersTendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.Ifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesyouthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.Itisimpolitetojustsaythankyouandputthegiftawayinacorner.DifferentwaysofsendinggiftsManypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside.Peopleusuallywrapthegiftsanddonottellthereceiverwhatisinside.Expensivegiftsarewelcome.Expensivegiftsarenotappropriate.Fruitisacommononetobringwithwhenvisitingafamily.Giftsorfruitarethoughtofasonlyappropriateofvisitstothepeoplewhoareill.Numbersofgiftssuggestgoodluck.Soonebottleofwineisunusual.Onebottleofwineisquiteenough,twoarealsowelcomebutunusualandnotexpected.GiftsFlowersoccupyauniquelyacceptableplaceinthespectrumofgifts.Thetransitorynatureofcutflowersmakesthemanidealpresent:Theycannotbemistakenforabribe,andcanbegivenonaregularbasis.However,flowersalsohavespecificculturalassociationswhichdifferineachcountry.Therearetwotypicalsituationsinwhichflowerscanbeusefultobusinesspeople.Oneistohelpestablishagoodrelationshipwithasecretary.Theotheriswhenanexecutiveisinvitedtosomeone’shouse.Itisstillmorecustomary—allovertheworld—togiveflowerstowomenratherthanmen,whoinmostculturesonlyreceiveflowerswhenill.TimetoKnowmoreabouttheWorld

ManyThanks!UnitTwoVerbalCommunicationinInterculturalCommunication

Communicationliesattheheartofallsocialrelationships.Verbalcommunicationmeanseffectivelypresentingyourthoughtsinverbalformati.e.,bytalking.1.WhatIsVerbalCommunication?Peoplealwaysrememberapersonwhospeaksclearly,effectively,confidently,andcharismatically.Verbalcommunicationisalivingexchangeofculturalmeaning.Effectiveinterculturalcommunicationisakeytoestablishingtrustincross-culturalrelationship.

Interculturalcommunicationincludesverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Verbalcommunicationinvolves:—preferredlanguageanddialects,—contextualuseofthelanguage,—preferredgreetings,—voicevolumeandtone,—healthliteracy,—theneedforinterpretationandtranslation.CharacteristicsOfVerbalCommunicationThemessagebeingcommunicatedisdirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtoanobject.Weuseconceptstocommunicatemessages.Thecontentshouldbeunderstoodbyboththesenderandreceiver.Culturalfactorsinfluencethecontentofmessages.Whilecommunicatingemotionsandfeelings,asender’sstateofmindInfluencesthecontentofmessages.TypesOfVerbalCommunicationIntrapersonalCommunicationThisisyourprivateverbalcommunicationchannel.Youtalktoyourselfandarticulateyourthoughts.Communicatingwithyourselfwillgiveyoumoreconfidenceandclarityinyourthoughts.It’llhelpyoumakeupyourmind,formyoursentences,findsuitablewordsandeffectivewaystoconnectwithotherpeople.InterpersonalCommunicationItisalsocalledone-to-oneverbalcommunication.Ithappensbetweentwoindividualsandhelpsyouunderstandifyou’regettingyourthoughtsacrossclearly.Reactions,responsesandverbalandnonverbalcuesfromtheotherpersonwillhelpyouunderstandwhetheryou’rebeingunderstoodornot.Makesurethatyoulistentotheotherpersonintently.Communicationdoesn’tjustmeantotalktosomeone.It’salsoaboutlistening.So,listen,thinkandthenrespond.Taketimetothinkandmakesureyoudon’toffendpeoplewithyourresponse.SmallGroupCommunicationThenumberofpeopleincreasesinsmallgroupcommunication.Youmovefromcommunicatingwithasingleparticipanttoafewmore.Thesesmallgroupscouldbeteammeetings,boardmeetingsorsalesmeetings.Thenumberofparticipantsissmallenoughforeveryonetocommunicatewitheachother.Whenyouattendsmallgroupmeetings,bepreparedwithatopictomakesureyoustayontrack.Stayontopicandallowenoughtimeforeveryonetopresenttheirthoughts.

PublicCommunicationItisactually‘publicspeaking’.Here,anindividualaddressesalargenumberofpeopleatonce.Speeches,electioncampaignsandpresentationsareafewexamplesofpubliccommunication.Sincethenumberofpeopleintheaudienceislargerinthistypeofcommunication,besuretousewordsandphrasesthey’llunderstandeasilyandstructureyourthoughtsbeforeaddressingtheaudience.Themorepreparedyouare,themoreconfidentyou’llfeellikeapublicspeaker.Mass/MediatedcommunicationMasscommunicationisaccomplishedviamassmedia—thatis,technologycapableofsendingmessagestogreatnumbersofpeople,manyofwhomareunknowntothesender(e.g.,television).Thepurposesofmasscommunicationincludeentertainment,education,andpoliticalpropaganda.Amongthefieldsofendeavorthatengageinmasscommunicationaremarketing,publicrelations,andjournalism.BarrierstoInterculturalCommunicationAnxietyAssumptionofSimilaritiesEthnocentrismStereotypesPrejudiceDiscriminationRacismCase1:InEnglish,peoplereadandwritefromlefttoright;whenpeoplereadandwriteArabicorHebrew,theywillproceedfromrighttoleft;whenmodernChinesereadandwrite,theystartfromlefttoright,whileancientChinesereadandwrotefromthetoprightcornerofthepagetothebottomandfromrighttoleft.Question:Whichwayisright?Whichwayiswrong?Tips:Neitherisrightorwrong,simplydifferent.Case2:AmericanstendtosaythatpeoplefromEnglanddriveonthe“wrong”sideoftheroad.Question:Whatmightbeabetterwaytotalkabouttheissue?Tips:Britishpeopledriveonthe“other”sideoftheroad.AnythingStrangeaboutthepicture?Case3:InanattempttolocateanoutletforitsproductsinEurope,alargeU.S.manufacturersentoneofitspromisingyoungexecutivestoFrankfurttomakeapresentationtoareputableGermandistributor.TheU.S.companyhadconsiderableconfidenceinthechoiceofthisparticularjuniorexecutivebecausethemannotonlyspokefluentGermanbutalsoknewagooddealofGermanculture.WhentheAmericanenteredtheconferenceroomwherehewouldbemakinghispresentation,hedidalltherightthings.Heshookhandsfirmly,greetedeveryonewithafriendlygutentag,andbowedhisheadslightlyasiscustomaryinGermany.DrawingonhisexperienceasapastpresidentoftheToastmastersClubinhishometown,theU.S.executivestartedhispresentationwithafewhumorousanecdotestosetarelaxedmood.Attheendofhispresentation,however,hesensedthathistalkhadnotgonewell.Infact,thepresentationwasnotwellreceived,fortheGermancompanychosenottodistributetheU.S.company'sproducts.Question:WhatmightbethereasonforthefailureoftheAmerican’spresentation?Tips:TheGermanculturevaluesseriousnessanddirectness.

StartinghispresentationwithseveraljokesmadetheGermansthinkthathewasnotveryseriousaboutthebusiness.Multi-MillionaireGermanBusinessman,MarvinSteinbergCase4:AnAmericancompanyissellinghigh-endtechnicalgoodstoapotentialChinesebuyer.RelationshavebeengoingwellandtheChinesehavebeeninvitedforafactorytourinanticipationofthecontractbetweenthetwocompaniesfinallybeingsigned.Theeveningafterthetour,theAmericanshosttheChinesedelegationforadinneratalocalrestaurant.Uponenteringtherestaurant,theheadoftheChinesedelegationisgreetedbyajuniormemberoftheUSteam.Heaskswhereheshouldsit,towhichheistoldto,“sitwhereyoulike”.ThenextdaytheChinesedelegationlefttheUSAwithoutsigninganycontract.DayslatertheUSteamreceivedwordthattheChinesefelthumiliatedandwerereconsideringthebusinessrelationship.Question:Whathappened?Tips:InChineseculture,hierarchyisreallyimportant,whereasinAmericanculture,it'smoreaboutequalityanddisplaysofhierarchyaren’tculturallycomfortable.So,whentheheadoftheChinesedelegationwasonlygreetedbyajuniormemberoftheteam,ratherthanthemostsenior,heimmediatelyfeltalossofface.Toaddinsulttoinjuryhewasthentoldto‘sitanywhere’–when,ideally,heshouldhavebeengiventheseatattheheadofthetablenexttothemostseniormemberoftheUSteam.InChineseculture,peopletendtohidetheirfeelings.Forthisreason,theteamdidnotsayanythingatthetime.Case5:ADutchnationalhasrecentlymovedtotheUK.ThisindividualreallystrugglestounderstandtheBritish.Forexample,whentheyprepareareportorapresentationandshowittothemanagerforfeedback,theyaretold:“it’sfine”.However,afterhandinginthereportormakingthepresentationtheydiscoverthemanagerisnotpleasedasthingsaremissing.Theycan’tunderstandwhytheyarebeingtoldsomethingisfine,onlytofindoutlaterthatitisnotfine.ThisalongwithothercommunicationchallengesisreallybotheringtheDutchnational.Question:What’sgoingonhere?Tips:It’sallabouthowdifferentculturescommunicate.TheDutchareusedtobeingopen,frankandhonestwhengivingopinions.Ifyousaysomethingis‘fine’,thenit’sfine.IntheUKhowever,theBritishcommunicationcultureisverydifferent.YouneedtolistentomuchmorethanthewordsintheUK.Peoplesayonethingbutmeananother.Sayingsomethingis“fine”intheUKreallymeansitisnotfine–it’stheexactopposite.AmongBrits,theyunderstandwhat‘fine’means–itmeansit’s'notgoodenough'andthatchangesneedtobemade.TheDutchnationalhowevertookthemeaningliterally–bigmistake!Case6:TwomenmeetonaplanefromTokyotoHongKong.ChuHon-faiisaHongKongexporterwhoisreturningfromabusinesstriptoJapan.AndrewRichardsonisanAmericanbuyeronhisfirstbusinesstriptoHongKong.ItisaconvenientmeetingforthembecauseMr.Chu'scompanysellssomeoftheproductsMr.RichardsonhascometoHongKongtobuy.Afterabitofconversationtheyintroducethemselvestoeachother.R:Bytheway,I'mAndrewRichardson.MyfriendscallmeAndy.Thisismybusinesscard.C:I'mDavidChu.Pleasedtomeetyou.Mr.Richardson.Thisismycard.R:No,no.CallmeAndy.Ithinkwe'llbedoingalotofbusinesstogether.C:Yes,Ihopeso. R:(readingMrChu'scard):"Chu,Hon-fai.”Hon-fai,I'llgiveyouacalltomorrowassoonasIgetsettledatmyhotel. C:(smiling):Yes.I'llexpectyourcall. Questions:1.lseverythingallrightwiththisconversation?Whyorwhynot?2.Whatimpressionsdoyouthinkthetwobusinessmenwillhaveofeachother?Tips:Whenthesetwomenseparate,theymayleaveeachotherwithverydifferentimpressions.Mr.RichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMr.Chuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Theyhaveestablishedtheirrelationshiponafirst-namebasisandMr.Chu'ssmileseemedtoindicatethathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.Mr.RichardsonisparticularlypleasedthathehadtreatedMr.ChuwithrespectforhisChinesebackgroundbycallinghimHon-fairatherthanusingthewesternname,David,whichseemedtohimanunnecessaryimpositionofwesternc