【顺应论视角下的玩具总动员4（论文）电影字幕翻译探究（英语）】

顺应论视角下的《玩具总动员4》电影字幕翻译研究摘要随着社会经济的发展，跨文化交流变得越来越频繁。外语电影作为国内观众了解外国文化和娱乐的重要方式受到广泛喜爱。字幕翻译是沟通外语电影和国内观众之间的桥梁，保证字幕翻译的质量十分重要。本文以顺应论为理论框架，分析近年热门外语电影《玩具总动员4》的中文字幕翻译，总结译者使用的翻译策略、方法和技巧。研究发现，译者在翻译时有意识地灵活使用不同翻译策略和方法，在保证译文准确的前提下，最大程度降低观众阅读字幕的难度。通过对《玩具总动员4》中文字幕翻译进行顺应性研究，希望能为从事相关翻译工作的译者提供借鉴，不断提高字幕翻译质量。关键词：顺应论，字幕翻译，翻译策略，翻译方法

ContentsChapterOne:Introduction…...………………...………..………………......1ResearchBackground………...……….1ResearchSignificance...………...……..1ResearchMethodology……….……….2ThesisStructure……….………….........2ChapterTwo:LiteratureReview………………….………....3 2.1StudiesonAdaptationTheory…………………............3 2.2StudiesonSubtitleTranslation…….………….............52.3StudiesonSubtitleTranslationofToyStory4 6ChapterThree:TheoreticalFramework…………………….73.1ThreeKeyNotionsofLanguage 73.2FourAnglesofInvestigation 93.3FeasibilityofApplyingAdaptationTheory 12ChapterFour:AnalysesBasedonAdaptationTheory 134.1AdaptationtoCommunicativeContext 134.1.1MentalWorld 134.1.2SocialWorld 154.1.3PhysicalWorld 174.2AdaptationtoLinguisticContext 184.2.1PhonologicalLevel 194.2.2LexicalLevel 204.2.3SyntacticalLevel 224.2.4Co-text 24ChapterFive:Conclusion 255.1MajorFindings 255.2LimitationsandSuggestions 26Acknowledgements 28References 29ChapterOneIntroductionInthischapter,thebackgroundknowledge,significance,andtheoreticalframeworkofthisstudywillbepresented.ThefirstsectionwillprovideabriefintroductionofthebasicinformationaboutToyStory4.Thenthesignificanceofthecurrentstudywillbediscussedinsectiontwo.Thethirdsectionwillelaborateonthetheoreticalframeworkofthestudy,andthestructureoftheresearchwillbeillustratedinthelastsection.1.1ResearchBackgroundToyStoryisananimatedfilmserieslaunchedbyWaltDisneyPicturesandPixarAnimationStudios.Sinceitsreleasein1995,ithasgainedtheloveofaudiencesaroundtheworldwithitsexcellentproductionandcompellingplot.Thefourthfilmoftheseries,ToyStory4,tellsastoryaboutWoodyandForky.ForkywasmadebyWoody’sownerBonnieinartclassandthenbecameherfavoritetoy.However,Forkyhadaself-perceptioncrisisbecausehethoughthewastrashratherthanatoy.WoodyhelpedForkytobeatoyandatthesametimefoundhislifemeaningasatoy.Releasedin2019,ToyStory4wonthe92ndAcademyAwardsforBestAnimatedFeatureFilmandreceivednumerouspositivereviews.AsaforeignlanguagefilmforChinesepeople,itssuccessinChinagivescredittothecharmofthefilmitself,butalsotothequalifiedtranslation,whichbringsthefilmclosertotheaudienceandbringstolifecharacterswhospeakanunfamiliarlanguage.1.2ResearchSignificanceAscross-culturalcommunicationbecomesfrequent,foreignfilmshavebecomeanimportantwayforpeopletoentertainthemselvesandlearnaboutforeigncultures.Therefore,subtitletranslationisreceivingmoreandmoreattention.Besides,foreign-languagefilmshaveawiderandwideraudience,soit’sahugeresponsibilitytoguaranteethequalityoftranslation.Qualifiedsubtitletranslationcanbridgethegapsbetweenforeignaudiencesandmoviecharactersanddirectors,helpingthemunderstandmoviesaccuratelyandefficiently.ThispaperwillanalyzethetranslationstrategiesofToyStory4fromtheperspectiveofAdaptationTheory(顺应论),hopingtoprovidetranslatorswhoareengagedinsubtitletranslationwithsomeexperiencesusedforreference.1.3ResearchMethodologyTheAdaptationTheorywasproposedin1999byBelgianlinguistJefVerschueren,SecretaryGeneraloftheInternationalPragmaticsAssociation,suggestingthat“usinglanguagemustconsistinthecontinuousmakingoflinguisticchoices,consciouslyorunconsciously,forlanguage-internal(i.e.,structural)and/orlanguage-externalreasons.”(1999:55-56)Inordertoachievethecommunicativeintention,thespeakerandthelistenerconstantlymakelinguisticchoicesatbothstructuralandstrategiclevels.Translation,asalanguageusingactivityincross-culturalcommunication,alsoconformstotheAdaptationTheory.Thetranslatorneedstomakelinguisticchoicestocompletethetranslation,andthustheprocessoftranslationcanbeseenasaprocessinwhichthetranslatormakeschoicesinthetargetlanguage.Inthisway,AdaptationTheorycanprovideanewperspectiveandguidancefortranslation.1.4ThesisStructureDividedintofiveparts,thepresentthesisaimstocarryoutacasestudyofthesubtitletranslationofToyStory4fromtheperspectiveofAdaptationTheory.Theresearchwillfirstintroducethetopicofthestudyfromageneralview,discussingthebackgroundandsignificanceofthisstudy.ThenitwillmakeareviewonthepreviousstudiesofAdaptationTheory,subtitletranslation,andsubtitletranslationofToyStory4.Inthethirdpartofthethesis,thethreenotionsofAdaptationTheoryandfourinvestigationangleswillbeelaborated.Thefourthchapteristhemainpartofthethesis,inwhichacasestudyofsubtitletranslationofToyStory4willbecarriedout,andtranslationstrategiesinvolvedwillbeanalyzed.Inthelastchapterofthethesis,aconclusionofthemainfindingswillbegiven.ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewPutforwardbyJefVerschueren,thefullnameofAdaptationTheoryis“pragmaticsasatheoryoflinguisticadaptationoradaptability.”Ithasgonethroughmanyyearsfromitsinitialtheoreticalprototypetoitsfinalmaturity.Attheendofthe20thcentury,AdaptationTheorywasintroducedintoChina,thenitgraduallyattractedtheattentionofdomesticscholarsandwasappliedtoavarietyofstudiesrelatedtolanguageuse,includingthefieldthatisdiscussedinthispaper-subtitletranslation.Thedevelopmentofsubtitletranslationhasalsoexperiencedseveralstages.Manydomesticandforeignscholarshavedefinedsubtitletranslationorproposedandsummarizedtherulesandstrategiesofsubtitletranslation,whicharestillofimportantguidingsignificancetoday.2.1StudiesonAdaptationTheoryPragmaticsasatheoryoflinguisticadaptation,namelytheAdaptationTheory,wasproposedbyJefVerschuerenin1987inthefirstissueofInternationalPragmaticsAssociationWorkingDocument.ItcreativelyintroducedevolutionaryepistemologyintoPragmatics,providinganewperspectivetothestudyoflanguageuse.Verschuerenwasnotthefirstpersontolinkadaptationandadaptabilitytolanguagebutthefirsttomakeacomprehensivestatementaboutit.TheninHandbookofPragmatics,Verschueren(1995)describedPragmaticsasageneralfunctionalperspectiveonlanguage,definedthenatureoflinguisticchoice,discussedtheadaptabilityoflanguage,andelaboratedAdaptationTheoryelaboratedinamoredetailedway,layingasolidfoundationforitsfullversion.Verschueren(1998)proclaimedapragmaticmodelforthedynamicsofcommunication,whichwasincludedinPragmatics:CriticalConcepts.Andoneyearlater,hisworkUnderstandingPragmatics(1999)wasfinallypublished,markingthematurityofAdaptationTheory.1989,VerschuerenwasinvitedtogiveapresentationentitledPragmaticsandItsDevelopmentatthefirstSymposiumonPragmaticsinChina,inwhichheagainelaboratedtheideasofhisnewbook.Thenin1990,ChinesescholarQianGuanlian,thefirstscholarwhointroducedAdaptationTheoryinChina,publishedhisarticle“OnVerschueren’smetapragmaticchoices”(1990)inJournalofForeignLanguages,introducingtheembryonictheoryofmetapragmaticawareness.QianfurtherdeliveredareviewonVerschueren’sPragmaticsasatheoryoflinguisticadaptation(1991),inwhichhediscussedtherelationshipoflanguageadaptability,choice,andpragmaticsasafunctionalperspectiveon(anyaspectof)language.TheAdaptationTheory,however,didnotdrawmuchattentionfromdomesticscholarsuntilUnderstandingPragmaticscameout.HeZiran,YuGuodong(1999),andQian(2000)wrotereviewsonVerschueren’snewbookUnderstandingPragmatics,whichwereincludedinModernForeignLanguageandForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.Laterin2003,QiantranslatedUnderstandingPragmaticsintoChinese,makingthetheorymoreaccessibletodomesticresearchers.Sincethen,moreandmoreChinesescholarshaveputattentiontoAdaptationTheoryandapplyitinotherlanguagestudies.XieShaowan(2003)appliedittoforeignlanguageteachingandlearninginlightofthesecondlanguageacquisitionresearch.ChenChunhua(2003)madeacomparisonbetweenTheoryofAdaptabilityandRelevanceTheory,analyzingtheirsimilaritiesanddifferences,strengthsandweaknesses.Withtheeffortsofthosescholars,theAdaptationTheoryanditsapplicationsawanenormousdevelopmentinChina.GeLingling(2001),beingthefirstChinesescholartoconsidertranslationfromtheperspectiveofAdaptationTheory,studiedtheinfluencecontextadaptationhasonthechoiceofwordmeaning,especiallyinscienceandtechnologytranslation.WithintheframeworkofAdaptationTheory,translationisadynamicprocessofrespondingtothecontextandlinguisticstructureofthesourcelanguage.Thetranslatedtextistheresultofdynamicadaptationbetweenlanguagestructureandcontext,andtheprocessofinterpretationbytherecipientisalsoaprocessoflinguisticadaptation.(Ge,2002)LiJinandLiaoKaihong(2005)discussedtranslationstrategyinthelightofAdaptationTheory,pointingoutthatculturalcontextualadaptationplaysanextremelyimportantroleintranslationstrategiessuchasdirecttranslation,freetranslation,andmeaningcompletion.Translatorsshoulddynamicallyadapttodifferentculturalcontextstomakeupforculturaldeficienciestoobtainanequivalenttranslation.WangJianguo(2005)proposedthattheprocessandresultoftranslationcommunicationarethatofdynamicadaptation,anddynamicadaptationisthestrategyoftranslation:directtranslation,freetranslation,domestication,foreignization,andsoonarespecificmethodsintheprocessofdynamicadaptation.2.2StudiesonSubtitleTranslationManyscholarshavedefinedsubtitletranslation.DanishscholarHenrikGottliebdefinedsubtitletranslationas“therenderinginadifferentlanguageofverbalmessageinfilmicmedia,intheshapeofoneormorelinesofwrittentext,presentedonthescreeninsynchwiththeoriginalverbalmessage.”(1992:163)ShuttleworthandCowie,theeditorsofDictionaryofTranslationStudies,definedsubtitletranslationas“theprocessofprovidingsynchronizedcaptionsforfilmandtelevisiondialogue.”(2004:161)Asforstudiesonthefeaturesandrestrictivefactors,Mayoral,Kelly,andGallardo(1988)proposedthestandardofsynchrony,whichconsistsoffiveaspects:synchronyoftime,spatialsynchrony,contentsynchrony,phoneticsynchrony,andcharactersynchrony.Theythoughtsubtitletranslationshoulddeliververbalandwrittenmessagesofthesamemeaningatthesametime.HenrikGottliebfoundanewclassification,arguingthatsubtitletranslationislimitedbytwofactors:formalconstraintsandmedia-definedconstraints.Formalconstraintsrefertothespatialandtemporalconstraintsimposedonsubtitletranslationbythesizeofthefilmscreenandthereadingspeedoftheaudience,whilemediaconstraintsrefertotheconstraintsimposedbythelanguageofthefilm-thesubtitletranslationshouldbeclosetothespokenlanguageofthefilm(1992:164).Diza-CintasdevelopedthesynchronystandardofMayoral,Kelly,andGallardoto6factors:time,space,music,image,phonetics,andspokenlanguage(1999:33).Forseveralreasons,mostoftheforeignfilmsintroducedinChinaintheearlyyearswerepresentedtotheaudienceintheformofdubbedfilms.MaZhengqi(1997)summarizedfiveprinciplesofdubbedfilm:thedubbinglanguageshouldbeoralandeasytounderstand,itshouldalsofitthepersonalityandtheemotionofthecharacter,andfortheformofdubbing,itshouldfollowthemouthmoveofcharactersascloselyaspossible.QianShaochang(2000)described5characteristicsofdubbedfilmandputforwardsevensuggestionsfortranslatorsbasedonhispersonalexperiencesinfilmtranslation.Althoughtheseexperiencesarenotdirectlyapplicabletosubtitletranslation,theyareofsignificantrelevancetoit.LiYunxing(2001)translatedthesixconstraintsofDiaz-Cintasandanalyzedthefeaturesofsubtitletranslationinthelightoftime-spaceconstraints,informationfunction,andculturalfactors,andofferedcorrespondingtranslationstrategies.Onthebasisofpreviousstudies,domesticscholarsintroducedotherlinguistictheoriesintostudiesofsubtitletranslation,suchasChenYaming(2008)appliedtheRelevanceTheoryintothecasestudyofthesubtitletranslationofRedCliff,andtheapplicationofSkoposTheorybyZhangHaiou(2008)todiscussthetranslationstrategieshandlingdifferencesintheculturalimage,andsoon.LiNa(2006)appliedAdaptationTheoryintostudiesofsubtitletranslationinherresearchonfilmFarewellMyConcubine.Sincethen,studiesoftheinfluenceandguidanceofAdaptationTheoryonsubtitletranslationbecamemoreandmore.2.3StudiesonSubtitleTranslationofToyStory4TuMinyi(2020)didresearchonthefourepisodesofToyStoryinherthesis“AnalysisontheRewritingofChineseSubtitlesinAmericanAnimatedFilms-ACaseStudyofToyStory”,pointingoutthattherewritingmaydestroythefunctionofthesourcelanguageandproduceculturalconflicts.SiJIngtianandLiuZhuyan(2020)analyzedsubtitletranslationinanimatedfilmfromtheperspectiveofEco-translatologyusingToyStory4asanexample.ChenNannan(2020)exploredthetranslationstrategiesofToyStory4fromtheperspectiveofmultimodaldiscourseanalysisandofferedmultimodalsuggestionsforsubtitletranslation.SinceToyStory4wasreleasedlessthan2yearsago,thereisnotmuchresearchontheChinesesubtitletranslationofthisfilm,andnorelevantarticlesincludedincorejournalscanbefoundonCNKIbyApril11th.AndnostudiesfromtheperspectiveofAdaptationTheoryforthetimebeing.ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkInthischapter,variability,negotiability,andadaptability,namelythethreekeynotionsoflanguageandtheirrelationshipswillbeintroduced.Thenwithadaptabilityasthestartingpoint,fourcleartasksofpragmaticsresearchwillbeexpounded:contextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptability,andsalienceoftheadaptationprocess.Andinthelastsection,thefeasibilityofapplyingAdaptationTheoryintranslationstudywillbediscussed.3.1ThreeKeyNotionsofLanguageVariability,negotiability,andadaptabilityarethreebasicnotionsoflanguage.TheyareofgreatimportanceforunderstandingAdaptationTheoryandlanguageuse. Verschuerendescribedvariabilityasa“propertyoflanguagewhichdefinestherangeofpossibilitiesfromwhichchoicescanbemade”(1999:59).Thevariabilityhere,however,isnotconfinedtothelanguagevarietyinsociallinguistics.Itincludesallthepossibleexpressionsthespeakermayusewhentheytrytoexpresscertaininformation.Forinstance,inarestaurantsink,therearemanyexpressionswecanchoosefromtoremindpeopleofsavingwater,e.g.,“Don’twastewater!”,“Nowaterwasting!”,“Pleasesavewater!”,“WaterisMoney!”,“Keepwaterinthetap.”,“Leavingadropofwaterwateringfuture.”,andsoon.Verschuerenalsopointedoutthat“therangeofpossiblechoicescannotbeseenasanythingstaticorstable”(1999:59).Thesechoicesarechangingallthetimefordifferentreasons.Thewater-savingslogansabovecanserveasanexample,nowadayspeoplearetiredofoldslogans,suchas“Nowaterwasting!”,innovativesloganas“Leavingadropofwaterwateringfuture”willbecreatedtoachieveabetterpromotionaleffect.Asforhowthechoicesaremade,Verschuerenintroducedthedefinitionofnegotiability. AccordingtoVerschueren,“negotiabilityisthepropertyoflanguageresponsibleforthefactthatchoicesarenotmademechanicallyoraccordingtostrictrulesorfixedform-functionrelationships,butratheronthebasisofhighlyflexibleprinciplesandstrategies”(1999:59).Alltheslogansabovearegrammaticallyandsemanticallycorrect,andthemessagestheyaretryingtosendarealsosimilar.Itisdependentoncertaincommunicativeprinciplesofthesocietyandthestrategiesthecommunicatorsadoptthathowchoicesaremade.Forexample,“Nowastingwater!”and“Pleasesavewater!”iswidelyusedinpublicoccasionsasschool,restaurant,government,andsoon.“Waterisprecious!”and“Leavingadropofwaterwateringfuture.”hasaspecificstrategy,“WaterisMoney!”intendstotellpeoplethatfreshwaterresourceispreciousandlimitedandthereforeeveryoneshouldsavewater,while“Leavingadropofwaterwateringfuture.”triestoletpeoplerealizetheimportanceofwaterresourcestohumanbeings,withoutwaterhumanbeingswillnotbeabletosurvive,soastoarousepeople'sawarenessofwatersaving.Therearesomecircumstancesthatthereceiverofthemessagefailstogetthecorrectinformation,andthisimpliestheindeterminacyofnegotiability.Theindeterminacyexistsinboththesideofthelanguageproducerandtheinterpreter.Ontheonehand,thelanguageproducermaymakerashoroil-thoughtchoicesundersomesituations,whichmakeshisorherintentionsbeconveyedinaccurately;ontheotherhand,theinterpretermaynotbeabletocapturethemessagecorrectlyorcompletely,whichwillresultinmisunderstanding.Thereisindeterminacyalsobecauseallthelinguisticchoicescanberenegotiated,astheprocessofadaptationisadynamicprocess. Adaptability,asVerschuerendefines,“isthepropertyoflanguagewhichenableshumanbeingstomakenegotiablelinguisticchoicesfromavariablerangeofpossibilitiesinsuchawayastoapproachpointsofsatisfactionforcommunicativeneeds”(1999:61).He(1999:61-62)furtherstressedthathere“communicativeneeds”doesnotnecessarilyrequiremorethanonepersoninthelanguageusingprocess,itcanalsobeanexpressionofsubjectivefeelingwithoutanyoneelseinthepresent.Andthe“need”referstospecificratherthangeneralneedinacertaincontext.Besides,“satisfaction”doesnotprecludethepossibilityofseriouscommunicationfailure,asthevariabilityandnegotiabilityoflanguagemakethedifficultiesandfailuresincommunicationinevitableandsuccessfulonesshouldnotbetakenforgranted.Moreover,adaptabilityshouldnotbeinterpretedunidirectionally.Infact,linguisticchoicedoesnotalwaysadapttocircumstances,anditcanalsochangethecircumstanceandmakecircumstanceadapttoitself. Verschueren(1999:62)emphasizedthatvariability,negotiability,andadaptabilityarefundamentallyinseparablebutondifferentlevels.Theydonotrefertodifferentresearchsubjectsbutarefeaturesthatrevealtherelationshipsoftheobjectsofpragmaticsinvestigation.Variabilityandnegotiabilityarethecontentofadaptability.Onlywhenalanguagehasthesetwopropertiescanitsadaptabilitybecomepossible,therefore,adaptabilityisahigher-levelproperty.3.2FourAnglesofInvestigationWithadaptabilityasthestartingpoint,fourcleartaskscanbeestablishedforpragmaticdescriptionandinterpretation:contextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptability,andsalienceoftheadaptationprocess.Fig.1ContextualCorrelatesofAdaptability(1999:76)AsshowninFig.1,contextualcorrelatesofadaptabilityaretheenvironmentofcommunication,whichreferstoallfactorsthatmutuallyadaptwithdiscourseorallfactorsthataffectdiscourseprocessing,includingcommunicativecontextandlinguisticcontext.Thepartinsideofthediagonalsisthecurrentcommunicativecontext.Communicativecontextrefersto“alltheingredientsofthecommunicativecontextwithwhichlinguisticchoiceshavetobeinteradaptable”(1999:66),includingphysicalworld,socialworld,mentalworld,andbothsidesofthecommunication.Theutterer(U)andtheinterpreter(I)arethemostimportantpartofcontextualcorrelatesofadaptabilitybecausetheyproduceandinterpretlanguage.Withoutthefunctioningoftheirbrains,languageusewillbeinvain.Languageuseisinfluencedbythesocialcharactersandtherelationshipoftheuttererandinterpreter,andtheirroleschangewithoccasionandtime.Theirsignificancealsomanifestsintheirabilityofselectingcommunicativecontextingredientsinphysicalworld,socialworld,andmentalworld.Physicalworldreferstoanythingfromtemporalandspatialfactorstothedistance,physicalcondition,bodyposture,etc.,oftheuttererandtheinterpreter.Socialworldincludesallthesocialsettingsunderwhichcommunicationcanhappen,andeachofthemhasadifferenteffectoncommunication.Mentalworldinvolvestheuttererandinterpreter’spersonality,emotion,perception,belief,wish,desire,motivation,andsoon.Thesefactorsinfluencethechoiceofuttererandhelptheinterpretertounderstandthemeaningbehindthewords.Itshouldbenotedthatcontextisnotastaticexternalthingbutacombinationofvariouscomponentsthataregeneratedanddevelopeddynamicallybecausealltheingredientsmentionedabovearechangingwithtimeandspace.Comparedwiththenon-verbalcommunicationcontext,theotherelementsofthecontextualcorrelatesarelinguisticchannelandlinguisticcontext.Linguisticchannelscanbedividedintooralchannelandwrittenchannel,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoseveralsub-channels.Linguisticcontextincludesallaspectsoflinguisticchoice,suchaswords,phrases,sentences,cohesivedevices,sentenceorder,etc.,whichalsohaveanimportantimpactonlinguisticchoice. Structuralobjectsofadaptability,asVerschuerenexpounded,includes“structuresasanylayerorleveloforganizationaswellasprinciplesofstructuring”(1999:69).Theprocessoflanguageusingconsistsincontinuousmakingofchoices,whichinessenceistheprocessofadaptation.Inordertoachievecommunicativegoals,communicatorsneedtomakereasonablechoicesfromanumberofpossiblediscoursemodesadaptingtocontextualcorrelates.Thesechoicescanbemadeconsciouslyorunconsciously,thereasonsofwhichcanbebothinternalandexternal,andthechoicescanhappenatanylayerorleveloflanguage,includingsymbolsystem,communicationchannel,code,style,communicativetype,discourse,speechact,propositionalcontent,sentence/phrase,word,andphonetics.Theutterermakeschoicesofnotonlythestructureoflanguagebutalsodiscoursestrategies.Andthechoiceofstrategieswillinfluencethestructure.Thesechoicescanbemadeeitherconsciouslyorunconsciously.Therearemanysituationsthatpeoplemakechoicessonaturally,suchasgreetotherpeoplewith“Goodmorning”inthemorningand“Goodafternoon”intheafternoon,thattheyignorethefactthattheyaremakingchoices.Boththeuttererandtheinterpreterhavetomakechoiceswhencommunicating,andtheirchoicesareofsameimportancetotheprocessandsignificanceofcommunication. Thedynamicsofadaptability,accordingtoVerschueren(1999:69),is“theunfoldingofadaptiveprocessesininteraction.”Languageprocessesoccur,unfold,andendonthetemporaldimension.Communicationischangingastimepassesbybecausetheobjectofadaptationischanging,andlanguageitselfischangingtoo.Communicationhappensbetweenhumanbeings,theknowledge,belief,andpsychologicalstatuschangesofwhichchangesandtheinformationofcommunicationupdatesascommunicationunfolds,andpeoplehavetoadapttothosechangeswhetherthroughconversationrepairorcommunicativestrategy.Besides,languagehasabasicfeaturecorrelateswithtime-linearity,whichmakesarrangementofgreatimportancetocommunication.Theutterersmustdecidetheorderoflanguagetomakesurewhattheyaresayingiscoherentandclear.Tenseandsomeformsofemphasis,suchasstressandrhyme,arealsobasedonthelinearityofthelanguage.Thelinearityoflanguagelimitsandenricheslanguage,makinglanguageandadaptationdynamic. Thesalienceofadaptationprocessesis“thestatusofthoseprocessesinrelationtothecognitiveapparatus”(1999:69).Asmentionedabove,notallchoicesaremadewiththesamelevelofawarenessandwiththesamepurpose.Somechoicesoccurnaturallywithoutbeingaware,whileothersaremadewithexplicitmotives.Theinterpreterneedstospendmoretimeandenergytodealwithsomeexpressionswithalowlevelofsalience,andthesemessagesareoftenparticularlyimportant.Itisthereforeimportanttodistinguishbetweenexpressedandimpliedinformationincommunication.Figure2TheStructureofaPragmaticTheory(1999:67)Verschuerenpointedoutthat“thesefourtaskscanbeseenasnecessaryingredientsofanadequatepragmaticperspectiveonanygivenlinguisticphenomenon”(1999:67).Asshowninthefigure,theyconstituteacompleteandunifiedtheoreticalbasisofpragmatics.Contextcorrelatesandstructuralobjectsofadaptabilitycomprisethelocusofadaptation,theprocessesofadaptationaredynamic,andadaptationhappensatdifferentlevelsofsaliencestatus.Together,theymakesurethemeaningfunctioningoflanguage.Inessence,thefourtasksofpragmaticresearcharenotcompletelyparallel,theyplaydifferentfunctionalrolesandcomplementeachother.3.3FeasibilityofApplyingAdaptationTheoryAdaptationTheoryviewslanguageuseastheresultofaseriesoflinguisticchoices.Thespeakerandthereceiverconstantlymakechoicesattheleveloflinguisticstructureandstrategytofulfillcommunication.Translation,asalinguisticactivityincross-culturalcommunication,naturallyconformstoAdaptationTheory.Tomakethetranslationaccurateandcomprehensible,thetranslatorneedstomakelinguisticchoicesaccordingtothecontextofthetargetlanguage,thereader,andotherfactorstocompletethetranslation.Whatshouldbenotedisthatthisisnotaone-wayprocessbutamutualinfluencebetweenthetranslatorandthetargetlanguagereadersandcontext.