新高考英语一轮复习练习考向32 完形填空之说明文类(原卷版)

考向32完形填空之说明文类文体分析说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能，关系或对事理的概念、特点、、演变、异同等科学地认识，从而获得有关的知识。下面是收集的说明文的基本特征，希望对您有所帮助！1、内容的确定性说明文是以传输知识为目的的文体。而任何知识都必须有确定的内容。确定的内容有二：一是确定的对象，一是确定的要点。凡是知识总是关于一定事物、一定对象的。所以说明首先要明确说明的对象。确定的要点指说明内容的基本范围，作者说明的着眼点。说明的对象表明作者所说明的特定的事物，但特定的事物是一个整体，要介绍有关它的知识不能只作空泛的陈述，必须确定说明内容的具体范围即着眼点。有几处着眼点，就有多大的说明范围。说明的要点常表现为某些方面。一般说来，事物的属性有7个方面：形状、特性（性质）、构造、成因、关系、功能、方法。说明的要点也表现为不同的角度、类别、阶段、部位等，这些就是人们认识事物的观察点、出发点。当说明的内容确定为该事物的某个方面以后，说明的角度、部位等就成了更加具体的说明范围。2、顺序的条理性说明的内容最后确定在说明的要点上。当说明的要点不止一个或同一要点有不同的角度、类别等的时候，就有一个先后顺序的问题。记叙也有顺序。但它包含在事件的因果相连的链条中。无论任何事件，都有它的起因、发展和结果；无论顺叙倒叙，它们都是事件本身的顺序。议论也有顺序，但它主要包含在证明的过程中。而且，议论的顺序与说明的顺序有着很多相通的地方。所以，研究说明的顺序对我们自觉地认识议论的顺序也有着十分重要的参考价值。说明的顺序尽管复杂，但也是有规律可寻的。总的来看，说明顺序有3种：方位顺序、时间顺序、逻辑事理顺序。逻辑事理，这是概括说法。凡在方位和时间之外的顺序都是逻辑事理顺序。如简单与复杂，主要与次要，一般与个别，概括与具体，原因与结果等。3、语言的科学性说明文以传播知识为目的。这就决定了说明文的语言要具有科学性。（1）真实。对事物有关知识的说明不能夸大或缩小，更不能弄虑作假，必须持实事求是的态度。（2）准确。准确也是真实，但它重在选用词语的恰如其分上。（3）简明。就是简洁、明晰，不罗苏，不含糊，用精练的语言把意思表达的清清楚楚。（4）周密。所谓周密，就是严密，没有疏漏，无懈可击。（5）客观。所谓客观，指在语言表达中，不能携带作者的思想感情。它要求无褒无贬，冷静地观察事物，用平实地语言进行表达。这一点，正好同记叙的语言形成对比。记叙的语言具有鲜明的情感性，而说明的语言则无需表达作者的感情。如果说有感情的话，也只能说是零度感情。题型分析说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。一、命题解读说明文类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。说明文类的完形填空的特征如下：1.文章多用现在时态说明文通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明，与时间的变化关系不大，所以文章常用现在时态。2.语言简练、平实、准确，常采用客观描述说明文的目的主要是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，所以语言简练、平实、易于理解，内容客观真实，很少含有带感情的词汇。3.文章主题明确，层次分明说明文类完形填空往往在文章开头就点明说明对象，从而为学生们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。而且，作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章，使文章结构清晰，层次分明。二、应试策略1.利用说明文的首句查找说明主体2.把握说明文的两种结构模式(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。三、解题步骤1.利用说明文首句，明确说明对象【典例示例】Imaginethefirstdaysinanewtimezone.Slowtorespondtothe28______,yourbodyclockisconfused.You'resleepyallday,butwhenit'stimeforbed,youcanhardlyfallasleep.Obviouslyyou're29_________jetlag(时差反应）.28.A.flightB.changeC.demandD.climate【解析】：下文的“jetlag(时差反应）”说明，在旅行时要适应时差。29.A.sufferingfromB.workingonC.lookingintoD.leadingto【解析】：上文的“hardlyfallasleep”说明人们常常不能顺利地倒时差；sufferfrom“受折磨”。【答案】：28.B29.A2.关注内在联系，把握说明顺序常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等）和认识顺序（如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象等）。【典例示例】Howlongcanhumanbeingslive?Mostscientistswhostudyoldagethinkthatthehumanbodyis1_______tolivenolongerthan120years.However,110yearsisprobablythelongestthatanyonecouldhopetolive-ifheorsheis2_______healthyandlucky.Somescientistsevensaywecanliveaslongas130years!Yet,ourcellssimplycannotcontinuetoreproduce3_______.Theywearout,andasaresult,wegetoldand4die.1.A.designedB.selectedC.improvedD.discovered【解析】：此处表示我们人体的设计就是最长活到120岁。design“设计”。2.A.completelyB.generallyC.apparentlyD.extremely【解析】：根据上下文可知，此处表示110岁很可能是任何一个人可能会希望活的最长的时间了——如果一个人极其健康和幸运的话，extremely“极度，极其”。3.A.rapidlyB.harmlesslyC.endlesslyD.separately【解析】：这里表示人类细胞不能永无止境地自我繁殖，所以人才会变老。endlessly“无止况地，无限地”。4.A.eventuallyB.hopelesslyC.automaticallyD.desperately【解析】：getold的最终结果就是死亡，因此用eventually表示“最终”。【答案】：1.A2.D3.C4.A3.逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“思维定式”，根据全文大意和文不离句、句不离文的原则逐项选择。针对说明文独有的文体特点，解答时一定要注意从上下文意义、惯用法、固定搭配、逻辑推理、常识等角度去考虑和判断，并注意其内在联系。【检测训练】1Therearegoodstoriestobefoundinnearlyeveryvolunteerexperience.ButLaurieScottispositivethat1anexchangestudentproducessomeofthegreatest.Asalong-timevolunteerwithanagencythathelps2studentsconnectwithwarmandcaring3duringtheirtimeintheUS,Scotseesfirst-handboththehumorandtheverydeeplymeaningfuloutcomes.Scott4Christine,forexample,astudentfromNorway.5atarestaurantoneday,Christinewasaskedifshewantedasouporsalad.ThegirlturnedtoScottwith6,“WhywouldIwantasupersalad?”Tryingnottolaughtoohard,Scott7thatwhatthewaiterhadaskedwaswhethershewanted“souporsalad”.Scottandherhusband8volunteeredtobeahostfamilyinAugust2003.TheyhadjustmovedtoLasVegas,andshewaslookingforawaytogetconnectedinthecommunity.“Theconceptofhelping9worldpeacethroughunderstandingiswhatmakesme10.ThroughtheagencyIhavefoundthebestpartofmycommunityinourgreatfamiliesandhavebeenabletosharethe11sideoftheUSwithourstudents.”Timeandagain,her12toservicehasopenedhearts.Infact,shesays,oneoftheiramazingexperiencescamefrom13onehostedstudent,ayoungmanfromGermanynamedJens,abouthowAmericansvolunteer.InGermany,whereyoungpeopleare14tospendayearservinginthearmy,volunteerserviceis15.Therefore,Jenswasso16bytheconceptofgivingthathe17theagencytohelppromoteexchanges,andbecameveryinvolvedwithlocalschools.18allstoriesthatcomeoutofinternationalexchange,there’sa(an)19inthisone:Openingourheartsand20issomethingwecanalldo.1.A.adopting B.hosting C.raising D.teaching2.A.international B.promising C.needy D.urban3.A.relatives B.colleges C.houses D.friends4.A.misses B.remembers C.praises D.loves5.A.Queuing B.Working C.Calling D.Ordering6.A.surprise B.anger C.delight D.fear7.A.announced B.realised C.explained D.concluded8.A.obviously B.frequently C.probably D.originally9.A.makeup B.giveaway C.takeover D.bringabout10.A.talented B.involved C.organized D.relaxed11.A.familiar B.flexible C.positive D.controversial12.A.sacrifice B.devotion C.response D.addiction13.A.teaching B.reminding C.questioning D.warning14.A.required B.advised C.determined D.considered15.A.compulsory B.widespread C.valid D.unusual16.A.frightened B.relieved C.attracted D.challenged17.A.founded B.inspired C.joined D.permitted18.A.Except B.Like C.Ratherthan D.Regardlessof19.A.difference B.anecdote C.amusement D.lesson20.A.minds B.homes C.eyes D.schools2RaeganLawrenceisan11-year-oldstudentandbandmemberatBonaireMiddleSchool,incentralGeorgia,USA.Overthepastseveralmonths,shehasusedthegrief(悲痛)andstress21bytheCOVID-19pandemicto22herbestandhelpothersintheprocess.TheCOVID-19pandemichasbeenvery23toRaeganandherfamily.Shelosttwoofherauntsaswellashergreatgrandfathertothe24.Andshehasn’tbeenabletovisitsomeofher25suchashergrandfather.Feelingconstantlysad,she26tofindoutwhatshecoulddotomakethings27.Whilethinkingaboutwaysshecould28,herbandbegantosell“theworld’sfinestchocolatebars”toraisefunds.Thisgavehera(n)29—whynotbuytheworld’sfinestchocolatebarsto30theworld’sfinestpeople?Inhermind,thefinestpeopleintheworldarethehealthcareworkers,firemen,andfirstresponderswhohave31themselvesduringthispandemictohelpingotherswhileputtingthemselvesin32.Andsellshedid!WhileReaganistypicallya33person,thisdidnotstopherfrompromotingsalesofhercandybarsandthenusingthemoney34tobuybarsforfirstresponders.Shealso35totakeallthemoneyshehadinsavingsfromChristmas,herbirthdayandothergiftstobuychocolatebarsfortheworld’sfinestpeople.Inall,Raegan36over400bars.Thefirstrespondersthatreceivedthemwere37notjustfortheworld’sfinestchocolate,butthe38andcaringactionsofoneoftheworld’sfinest11-year-oldgirls!RaeganLawrence’sstoryhas39manyotherstohelpthoseinneedduringthis40moment.21.A.released B.caused C.damaged D.controlled22.A.avoid B.catch C.lookfor D.bringout23.A.typical B.strange C.cruel D.normal24.A.virus B.worm C.public D.hospital25.A.relatives B.classmates C.friends D.doctors26.A.hesitated B.agreed C.struggled D.preferred27.A.heavier B.higher C.clearer D.better28.A.help B.stay C.share D.show29.A.privilege B.excuse C.idea D.advantage30.A.evaluate B.reward C.respect D.protect31.A.devoted B.limited C.abandoned D.attached32.A.silence B.stress C.comfort D.danger33.A.stubborn B.brave C.shy D.patient34.A.obtained B.borrowed C.found D.changed35.A.afforded B.decided C.refused D.expected36.A.triedout B.storedup C.brokeoff D.gaveaway37.A.fit B.grateful C.responsible D.famous38.A.humorous B.generous C.traditional D.honest39.A.invited B.persuaded C.inspired D.required40.A.necessary B.fruitful C.pleasant D.challenging3Whenmydaughter,Mia,wasinvitedtoakids’poolparty,myheartsunk.My41sometimesgotinthewayofmedoingactivitieswithher.Thereweremomentsthatshouldhave42asawarning,likethefamilypartywhereIhadfrighteningheartpalpitations(心悸)andsawMialookingatmein43,butIjustnutittothebackofmy44.Oneday,oneclosefriend45me,“Seriously,youarethebiggestYOUI’veeverseen.So,fromnowonyou’recomingtotheSlimmingWorldgroupwithme.”Later,herwords46inmymind.ThereIwas,aged33,overweightandstartingtohaveheart47.WhatwouldMiadoifshelostherdad?48,Iwaspulledintothegroup.Withtheconsultant’sexplanationoftheeatingplan,Istartedadinnerwithlotsofvegetables.Thenextweek,Iwas49tofindI’dlost6pounds—thismightactually50!Withmoreconfidence,Idecidedtopractiseswimming,51onedaybeingabody-confidentdad,splashing(戏水)around52atapoolpartywithMia.AsI53myswimmingdistance,myweightlossbecomeeven54.Mialovedseeingthechangeinmeandthe55shoneonherface.I’malsoproudofmyselfforturningmylifearound,forMia.41.A.weight B.sight C.height D.look42.A.escaped B.served C.stopped D.disappeared43.A.joy B.excitement C.curiosity D.horror44.A.neck B.hand C.mind D.shoulder245.A.taught B.laughed C.asked D.warned46.A.worked B.circled C.woke D.rose47.A.examinations B.functions C.problems D.researches48.A.Immediately B.Calmly C.Gradually D.Fairly49.A.upset B.sad C.amazed D.nervous50.A.fadeaway B.settledown C.breakout D.payoff51.A.imagining B.forgetting C.admitting D.worrying52.A.slowly B.happily C.secretly D.cautiously53.A.observed B.predicted C.increased D.measured54.A.evident B.dull C.reliable D.strange55.A.anger B.anxiety C.fear D.pride4Haveyoueverlostsomethingpreciousandthoughtyou’dnevergetitback?AwomannamedThomasfromOregonfoundabagfromabargainshop.However,littledidsheknowthatbagwouldchangesomeone’slifeforthe56.Itlookedbrand-newsosheboughtitwithout57.Aftermakingithome,shenoticedsomethinginterestingandturneditoverto58,andsomethingheavymoved.Shestartedtothinknegativethoughtsinfearofwhatwasleftthere.Thomasalso59whythelastownerwouldthrowawaysuchavaluableitem.Curiously,she60furtherdownthroughaholeinthelining(衬布).Slowlyshepulledabrand-new61outwithastonishment!Thatlefther62morequestions.Forexample,whodiditonearth63?Onseeingpictureafterpicture,sheassumeditwasamotherandherchild,64thatsuchalossmusthavegotamotherupsetallherlife.Therefore,shesharedthephotosonline,hopingsomeonewould65them!Meanwhile,shedoubtedwhethertheyremainedhere.66,theownerConnerwasnearby.Thomas67herthatshehadhercamerawithtimelessphotos.ShenearlyburstintotearsthemomentshesawthephotosThomassenther.Thomasarrangeda(n)68withConner.“Thankyou!Itneveroccurtomethatmycamerashouldreturntomy69;afterall,sevenyears.”Connerblurted(脱口而出)asshewalkeduptoThomaswith70.ThankstoThomas,allherpastmemorieswerebackinherhandsandheart.56.A.richer B.better C.easier D.harder57.A.doubt B.mercy C.hesitation D.regret58.A.examine B.open C.match D.sew59.A.understood B.reflected C.recalled D.wondered60.A.looked B.reached C.bent D.stretched61.A.camera B.photo C.record D.phone62.A.with B.off C.into D.beyond63.A.taketo B.stickto C.belongto D.respondto64.A.anxious B.aware C.curious D.sensitive65.A.recognize B.confirm C.contact D.observe66.A.Unfortunately B.Eventually C.Hopefully D.Thankfully67.A.begged B.reminded C.informed D.convinced68.A.meeting B.interview C.celebration D.conference69.A.charge B.possession C.name D.collection70.A.dignity B.surprise C.relief D.excitement5Myfamilywentonholidayforaweekthissummer.Iwassurprisedtolearnthesleeping71forthenight—myyoungdaughterhadagreedtosleepinafirst-floorbedroombyherself.Aswe72,wediscussedthedeerwehad73onourway.“Ihopewecouldseeabearortwothis74!”mywifeshouted.Atbedtime,mywifeandIwenttotheupstairsroom,andmyparents-in-law(岳父母)headedfora75onthefirstfloor.MywifeandIwereabouttosleepwhenourdaughterappearedwitha/an76lookonherface.Shesaida77wasscratching(刮出刺耳声)atherwindow.IdecideditwouldbebestifIsleptdownstairsandmydaughtersharedtheroomwithmywife.Onmywaydown,Ipassedmyfather-in-law,asleepinfrontofthe78.IwasinbedonlyafewminuteswhenIheardatap…taponthewindowoutside.Somethingwasindeedoutthere.79,itwasn’tabear—Itoldmyself.Ifellasleepsoon.Sometimelater,Iwas80byastrangesound.Isawalarge81inthedoorwayandfrozeasit82closertome.Irealizedwhatitwas—onlyaftermyfatherin-lawbentdowntogivemeakiss.“It’sDavid.”Myfather-in-lawjumpedback.Welaughed83attheawkwardmoment,andIexplainedhisgranddaughter’sbedroom84.Itoldhimthattheonlything85thanabearattackwasPapaBearcomingintokissmegood-night.71.A.schedules B.arrangements C.plots D.routines72.A.settledin B.brokein C.lookeddown D.calmeddown73.A.shot B.hunted C.trained D.spotted74.A.evening B.week C.month D.year75.A.study B.kitchen C.bedroom D.bathroom76.A.worried B.embarrassed C.delighted D.satisfied77.A.dog B.deer C.cat D.bear78.A.house B.television C.door D.fire79.A.Besides B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.However80.A.awakened B.interrupted C.impressed D.struck81.A.figure B.person C.animal D.ghost82.A.climbed B.jumped C.inched D.rolled83.A.eagerly B.sincerely C.secretly D.nervously84.A.preference B.switch C.difference D.choice85.A.prettier B.funnier C.scarier D.stranger6Helovesvisitingwiththepeopleonhisrouteandisalwayslookingforwaystohelptheneighborhoodduringhismorethan12-hourlongshifts.So,whenthe86inhisGeorgiacommunitymovedentirelyonlineinthespring,Finley,or“Mr.Adam”asthekidscallhim,couldn’thelpbutfeel87forthestudentsstuckinsideallday;somegoing88ormonthswithoutseeingtheirclassmates89.OnedayduringhisdailyrouteinStoneMountain,Finleydecidedtodosomethingtohelp90thespiritsoftheJonessisters,Eva,7,andAria,6.“Thesegirlshaven’tbeenabletogotoschoolorseetheir91allyear,”FinleytoldCNN.“Ithought,‘WhatcanIdotobringasmiletotheirfaces?Somethingdifferent,somethingtobringsomeexcitementfortheday.”Aftercheckingwiththegirls’parents,Finley92somecardsoutofhispocketandstartedthefirstofmanygamesofTic-tac-toe(井字棋).Itwasaninstant93.Everymorningforthenextfewweeks,EvaandAriawouldrunouttothe94tomaketheirstrategicmoves,leavethecardsinthemailbox,andwaitfor“Mr.Adam”tomakehis95whenhereturnedwiththeirmailthefollowingday.Finleysayshewouldletthegirlswinsohecanrewardthemwitha96.“Theyarealwayssoexcitedtowin,”Finleysaid.“I’vesurprisedthemwithgiftcardsforicecream,flavoredpopcorn,anythingtomakethem97.”Finley,whohastwogrownchildrenofhisown,