新高考英语一轮复习练习考向01 名词(原卷版)

考向01名词【命题解读】 名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：①名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）③名词的所有格④抽象名词的具体化⑤名词和冠词的搭配【命题预测】 语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。【名师指导】1.整体把握，注意语境 从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；（3）名词的固定搭配；（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识2.确定考点，注意搭配 语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。3.多记单词，积累词缀 高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。4.巧用就近原则 当主语是由or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接的并列成分时以及在therebe句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。考向一可数名词的复数(1)规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加－sstudents，teachers，doctors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加－esglasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs以辅音字母＋y结尾变y为i再加－esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母＋y结尾加－sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加－esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives少数加－sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加－sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加－esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes【名师点睛】①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。 但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：womandoctor→womendoctors(2)不规则变化①自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teeth foot脚，英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena medium传播媒介→media②常见单复数同形的名词： Chinese中国人；sheep绵羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方式；works工厂；fish鱼；fruit水果等。 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 ☞Somedeerareeatinggrassatthebottomofthehill. ☞Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried,butnonehasworked.③合成名词的复数形式： son-in-law→sons-in-law passer-by→passers-by story-teller→story-tellers【名师点睛】名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girlstudent→girlstudents但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：womansinger→womensingers【典例示例】1.（2020·江苏卷）Thehealthsecuritysystemsofmanycountriesareundergoingconsiderable______.A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.submission【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A.reservation预订；B.transformation改革，变革；C.distinction区别；D.submission提交。根据前文Thehealthsecuritysystems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。2.（2019•江苏卷）Nowadaysthe___________fortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.A.priority B.potential Cproportion D.pension【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.priority优先；优先权；B.potential潜在的，可能的；C.proportion比例，占比；D.pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。3.（2019·天津卷）Wecanobservethatartificialintelligencehasalreadymadea(n)___________onourlivesinmanyways.A.statement B.impactC.impression D.judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。statement＂陈述说明＂；impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂；impression＂印象，感想＂；judgement＂判断力判断＂。故选B。4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin201466that/whichshowedamerefiveto10【答案】causes【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。5.（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Lastwinterwhen【答案】chicken改为chickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozensof可知，其后用名词复数形式。6.（2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.【答案】sort改为sorts【解析】sort在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.7.（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity（医学界）asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.【答案】effects【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的some可知＂sideeffect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。考向二不可数名词(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议，furniture家具，fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻，weather天气，progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。②物质名词具体化drink饮料→twodrinks两杯饮料coffee咖啡→acoffee一杯咖啡chalk粉笔→achalk一支粉笔hair头发→ahair一根头发③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Beingabletoaffordadrinkwouldbeacomfortinthosetoughtimes.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。【典例示例】1.（2020·天津卷）Hisvividdescriptionsofcountrylifequicklybecamepopular,whichestablishedhis_____________asoneofAmerica'sgreatestwriters.A.trust B.contact C.reputation D.theory【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A.trust信任；B.contact联系；C.reputation声誉；D.theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatestwriters可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。2.Shehasgainedmanyunforgettable_____aboutanimalswhen_____intheforestdoingresearch. A.experiences;stayed B.experiences;staying C.experience;stayed D.experience;staying【答案】B【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是whensheisstayingintheforestdoingresearch.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。考向三名词所有格(1)-’s所有格①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。Tom’sandJim’srooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。TomandJim’sroom.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。atthebarber’s在理发店attheteacher’s在老师办公室(2)of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。thecontentofthenovel小说的内容thenameofthegirloverthere那边那位女孩的名字(3)双重所有格指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。aplayofShakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)afriendofmine(我的一个朋友)【典例示例】1.（2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。2.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s_________walk.A.afourhour B.afourhour’s C.afour-hours D.afourhours’【答案】D【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘"。故选D。考向四名词的语法功能1.作主语Theyoungwomanplayedanimportantpartinthematter.那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。HisgrandpajoinedtheRedArmyattheageoffifteen.他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语Imetyourelderbrotherinthestreet。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。HaveyoufinishedthelettertoJane?你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。Itoldmystudentsafunnystory.我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。Sheaskedthedoctoranotherquestion.她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After20years’traveling,hesettleddowninLiangxiang.二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Doyoustillaskyourparentsformoney?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语It’sagoodideatoplanttreeshere.在这里栽些树是个好主意。Sheisnowaprofessorwhileherhusbandremainsaworker.也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾语的补足语TheyelectedTomheadoftheworkshop.他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）TheoldmancalledmyuncleXiaoLi.老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定语（1）直接作定语,通常用单数形式。collegestudents大学生girlfriend女友vegetablegarden菜园basketballmatch篮球赛Let’sstopbythebookstoreonthewayhome.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！Heboughttheshoesinthatshoeshop.这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。students’books学生用书China’scapital中国的首都theworld’spopulation世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。Hesaidthattwowomendoctorswouldcometoourvillagethenextday.他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。Therearemanymenteachersinourschool.我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。armsproduction武器生产clothesshop服装商店salesdepartment营业部agoodstrain货车savingsbank储蓄所foreignlanguagesdepartment外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。LearningSkillscenter学习技巧交流中心TheBoysClub男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。apeasantfamily/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)aworker’sfamily(worker习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。womendrivers女司机thewoman’sdriver这位妇女的司机girlfriend女朋友thegirl’sfriend这女孩的朋友mothertongue母语mother’stongue母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性goldwatch金表(指手表是含金的)goldenwatch金色的表(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。Thesoldierswalked50kilometersatanight.战士们一夜行军五十公里Yoursuitcaseweighs10kilograms.你的手提箱重10千克。【检测过关】1.It’ssaidthatdogswillkeepyou_______foraslongasyouwantwhenyouarefeelinglonely.A.companion B.colleague C.company D.relation2.Ihaveheardthatitisacommon_______inthatcountrytoholdabigpartytocelebratewhenachildturns15.A.practice B.method C.evidence D.effects3.—What’sthematter,doctor?—Nothingserious.Takethismedicineaccordingtothe________,andyouwillgetbettersoon.A.introductions B.explanations C.suggestions D.instructions4.Inallaspectsofthesociety,therearemanyheroesdedicatedtotheirwork.Sotheyshouldgetthe________theydeserves.A.award B.ceremony C.price D.credit5.ThanksgivingDayoffersusanopportunitytoexpress________toourfamily,friendsandevenstrangers.A.satisfaction B.appreciation C.reputation D.cooperation6.Thestrongerthe________is,themorequicklyamanwilllearnanewskill.Inotherwords,itisuptowhetherhehasaninterestinit.A.motivation B.ambition C.effect D.imagination7.Thenewlawmakesno________betweenadultsandchildren,soeveryoneistreatedequally.A.distinction B.comparison C.assumption D.division8.—Willyoutakemypreviousexperienceinto________whenyoufixmysalary?—Youbet.Wealwaysdoforsenior-levelpositions.A.mind B.thought C.reference D.account9.Theenvironmentalistssaidwildgoats’______onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindicationofthebetterenvironment.A.accommodation B.absence C.attendance D.appearance10.You'dbetterpayyourloanontime,aslatepaymentsmayaffectyour________.A.condition B.credit C.income D.status11.---Idon'tfeelIcanacceptherwords.---Butwhatshesaidwasfair________.A.content B.comment C.contact D.concern12.Thetripaimstoprovidethechildrenwitha________ofthecountrysidefirst-hand.A.taste B.reach C.touch D.load13.LaoGanMa,apopularchillisauce,builtupits______byprovidinghigh-qualityproductsatarelativelylowprice.A.reputation B.campaign C.appetite D.occupation14.Wearegoingtoloseanyway,butthe________ofplayingisnottowinbuttoparticipate.A.honour B.point C.term D.favour15.Wearedeeplyimpressedbyhis________toteaching.A.consideration B.celebration C.devotion D.description16.—DoyouthinkIshouldwearahattotheparty?—Italldependsonyourown________.A.personality B.preference C.convenience D.selection17.The________peopletaketocloningvarieswidelyfromcountrytocountry.A.attitude B.advantage C.pride D.part18.—HaveyoueverbeentoMountWuyi?—Yes.Itisoneofthemostfamous________inFujian.A.attractions B.expressions C.instructions D.attentions19.WhatwasJeff's____tothenewsthathewaschosentobechairmanofthestudents'union?A.reaction B.impression C.permission D.conclusion20.Somecountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,andotherformsof.A.source B.energy C.power D.material21.Wehavemanyanimalsonthefarm,includingthree____________andsix____________.A.sheeps;chickens B.sheeps;chickenC.sheep;chickens D.sheep;chicken22.Her_____forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.A.motivation B.qualificationC.talent D.technique23.Hegavehimanewnametohidehis_______whenhewenttocarryoutthesecrettask.A.emotion B.talent C.identity D.devotion24.SomeofthelanguageusedontheInternetisdifferentfromthatusedinotherformsof____________________.A.communication B.exchange C.literature D.transport25.Hetriedtoavoidmakingmistakes,buttheaddedpressurecausedhimtomakemorethanhisusual.A.size B.space C.share D.state26.Hedoesn’tlikehavingforsupper.A.chick B.chicken C.chickens D.chicks27.OnedayMary’smothertoldherbestfriendofallher.A.hopeandfear B.hopeandfearsC.hopesandfears D.hopesandfear28.—CanIhelpyou,sir?—Yes,what’sthepriceoftheapple?—Ninety-seven_______perkilogram.A.pences B.pence C.penny D.pennys29.Comingonasa______foraregularplayer,Jonesscoredfourcrucialgoalsforhisteam.A.symbol B.sacrifice C.superior D.substitute30.Youcanreadaboutothercountries,butthere’sno_____forvisitingthemyourself.A.compensation B.criterion C.sacrifice D.substitute31.Thisarticlegivesusareal_____intothecausesofthepresentcrisisintheworld.A.enquiry B.admission C.insight D.division32.Promotingthe______ofenergyandcarbonfootprintreductionisanessentialpartofbuildinganecologicalcivilization.A.consumption B.conservation C.constitution D.construction33.Thecompanyisrunningoutofitsfund__________andmaysoonbeunabletopayitsbills.A.reserves B.sources C.incomes D.collections34.Childrenhaveanatural_________abouttheworldaroundthemandtheytendtokeepaskingquestionsaboutit.A.phenomenon B.atmosphere C.appreciation D.curiosity35.I'mnevergoingtoguesstheanswerifyoudon'tgivemea_______.A.relief B.clue C.route D.preview36.Mostschoolsnowadaysprefertousecontinuous_________,becauseitgivesafairerpictureofh