英语国家概况Chapter12

Contents

ⅠEducation

ⅡMedia

ⅢHolidaysandFestivalsⅠEducation1.IdealsofAmericanEducation

2.EducationalSystemAsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywantanoutcomeoftheAmerican’sassertions

(主张、断言、声明)aboutequalityequalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducationTheChildplacedinalower-abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher-abilitygroupIdealsofAmericanEducationProducingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontroleducationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;nonationalministryofeducationeachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation

IdealsofAmericanEducationEFAeducationforallEmphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceive(构思、设计)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.

IdealsofAmericanEducationIdealsofAmericanEducationEducationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.Quotationsconcerningeducation:Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator)

EducationalSystem2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation

2.2HigherEducation

2.3FamousUniversities

2.4MulticulturalEducationElementaryandsecondaryeducation—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12gradesOneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems:elementaryschool—onethrougheighthighschool—nextfouryearselementaryschool—onethroughsixjuniorhighschool—seventhroughnineseniorhighschool—tenthroughtwelveElementaryandSecondaryEducationElementaryeducationCourses—reading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducationClasssize—20to30studentsElementaryandSecondaryEducationSecondaryeducationTwostages:juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschoolCourses:morespecialized—English,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.Nineperiodsforaday:fiveforacademicsubjectsoneforphysicaleducationalunchperiodtwostudyperiodsvisitingthelibraryparticipatinginextracurricularactivityElementaryandSecondaryEducationElementaryandSecondaryEducationAmusicclassinajuniorhighschoolAclassroominaseniorhighschoolNoannualcollegeentranceexamination;applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:1highschoolrecords2highschoolteachers’recommendations3theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity4scoresontheScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)ElementaryandSecondaryEducationThebeginningofhighereducation—thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636abigenterprisewithacomplexsystemFourcategoriesofinstitutions:theuniversitythefour-yearundergraduateinstitution—thecollegetechnicaltraininginstitutiontwo-yearcommunitycollegeHigherEducationCollege&UniversityCollege—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorofSciences(B.S.)degreeUniversity—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicserviceCollege&UniversityLocationofinstitutionsNewYork—308institutionsCalifornia—299institutionsNevadaandWyoming—onlynineinstitutionseachThevarietyofsubjectsfineartsandpractical,career-orientedfieldsThevarietyofinstitutionslarge,comprehensiveuniversitiesandsmalltraditionalliberalartscollegesFactorsforstudents’personalpreferencessize,academicquality,locationreputationofthefacultyanddepartmentTheBoardTheboardoftrustees(理事)—carryingoutadministrationofcollegesanduniversitiesComposedprimarilyoflaymen(非专业人士)Laymen—representthepublicintereststhanprofessionalsLegalbody,responsiblefortheinstitutionResponsibilities:choosingthepresident;establishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty;approvingthebudget;thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems,etc.CollegeLifeAnacademicyear—ninemonthstwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersessiona“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsonecredit—onehourofclassperweekinasinglecourseacoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemesterStudyincollegeGroupworkDiscussionanddebateSports—significantinuniversitylifefootball—mostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor“jocks”(大学运动员)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudents’organizations—clubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbiesart,music,drama,debateforeignlanguages,photographyvolunteerworkCollegeLifeIvy

League—includingeightuniversities(Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,Princeton,andYale)StanleyWoodward,aNewYorkHeraldTribunesportswriter,coinedthephraseintheearlythirties.FamousUniversitiesHarvard

Princeton

YaleColumbiaPennsylvaniaCornellDartmouthBrownHarvardUniversityTheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearninginAmericacomprehensiveuniversitythatmainlygrantsdegreesengagedinscientificresearchestablishedin1636namedafterJohnHarvard—itsfirstbenefactor

(捐助者)Schoolbadge—VERITAS(Latin):truth“以柏拉图(Plato)为友，以亚里士多德(Aristotle)为友，更要以真理(truth)为友”ThreeLiesoftheHarvardStatueHarvardUniversityThreeLiesoftheHarvardStatue:The“Founder”JohnHarvardwasactuallynotthefounder.TheuniversitywasfoundedbytwoBritishteachers.WhatJohnHarvarddidwasdonatingsomemoneywhentheschoolwasabouttoshutdownduetofinancialrestrictstwoyearsafterfounded.Theuniversitywasnotfoundedintheyear1638asisengravedonthestatue.Itwasfoundedtwoyearsago.1638wasnothingbuttheyearhedonatedmoney.ThebiggestjokeaboutthestatueisthatthepersonsittingonthechairisnotJohnHarvardhimself!Johnhadalreadypassedawaywhentheuniversitydecidedtosetupastatueandthere'snopictureleftofJohn.Sotheyjustselected

amosthandsomemalestudentsasthestatue'smodel.Outstandingacademicachievements8presidentsJohnAdams,JohnQ.AdamsTheodoreandFranklinD.RooseveltRutherfordB.Hayes,JohnF.KennedyGeorgeW.Bush,BarackHusseinObamamorethan40Nobellaureates

HarvardUniversityFranklinD.RooseveltJohnF.KennedyYaleUniversityFoundedin1701astheCollegiateSchool

(大学学院)inKillingworth,ConnecticutRenamedYaleCollegein1718afterthedonatorElihuYaleBecameYaleUniversityin1864ThethirdoldestinstitutionofhighereducationinAmerica3majoracademiccomponents:YaleCollege(theundergraduateprogram)theGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencestenprofessionalschoolsAwidearrayofresearchorganizations,libraries,museums,administrativeandsupportofficesTheSkull&Bones—secretstudentsocietycomposedofupandcomingpoliticalelitesfamous“bonesmen”:GeorgeW.Bush,JohnKerry,WilliamF.BuckleyJr.etc.YaleUniversityMITMIT—MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology

Establishedin1861inBoston,movedtoCambridgein1916Instituteofdevelopingadvancedadministrativetalentsandscientificandtechnologicaltalents

MITOneoftheteachingandresearchcentersofscienceandtechnology

Composedof5schoolstheSchoolofArchitectureandPlanningtheEngineeringSchooltheSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialHumanitiestheSloganSchoolofManagementtheSchoolofScienceMulticulturalEducationSchoolsteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethnicculturessuccessfulethnicindividualsincorporatedincurrenttextbooksequalitypastracismbluntlyacknowledgedCulturalpluralism—organizingprincipleofeducationElementaryschoolsincludetraditionalcustomsotherharvestholidaysaroundtheworldSecondaryschoolsincludeliteraturefromaroundtheworld,offeringalternativeperspectivesonsocialproblemsandsignificanthistoricaleventsethnicstudiesTosolveproblemsandreachconclusionsbytrialanderrorCultureinfluencesclassroomcommunicationAmericans—frankandblunt

(直言的)waysofexpressionAsian-Americans—avoidingopennessCriticalthinking,judgmentalquestioning,activeparticipation,andindependentandparticipatorylearning—expectedandencouragedInternationalSsbenefitfromandcontributetotheAmericaneducationalsystemMulticulturalEducationⅡMedia1.Newspapers

2.TelevisionandBroadcastNewspapersMoredailynewspapersthanothercountrieshighquality,viewsquotedallovertheworldcolumnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferentpoliticalandsocialviews“funnies(滑稽连环漫画)”orcomicsectioneveryonecanfindacomicstripappealingtohimslapstick

(闹剧、谐趣剧)humormelodrama

(情节剧)violence,adventure,orintellectualsatireInfluentialNewspapersThe

NewYorkTimesestablishedin1851,numberoneforeditorialqualityandnewscoverageassociatedwiththeRockefellerInterestGroupandfinancialfieldsoldespeciallytotheupperorupper-middleclassreputationforitsseriousattitudeandgreatbulk(数量、容量)TheWashingtonPostestablishedin1877secondbiggestnewspapermainreaders—governmentalemployeescloselylinkedtotheAmericanCongressfirstexposingtheWatergateScandalin1972InfluentialNewspapersTheLosAngelesTimesestablishedin1881thirdmostinfluentialpublishedbytheTimes-MirrorCompanyinLosAngelesandconnectedwiththeMorganInterestGroupphysicallyhuge—cover200pagesonSundaypolicy—nottoendorse

(赞同或支持)candidatesforhighofficesInfluentialNewspapers2.TelevisionandBroadcastNogovernment-ownedtelevisionnetworkMajorradioandTVnetworkstheColumbiaBroadcastingSystem(CBS)theNationalBroadcastingSystem(NBS)theAmericanBroadcastingSystem(ABS)CommercialsinTV—advertisementsOnechannelwithnocommercialsPublicBroadcastingService(PBS)ProgramscanbeseenallovertheUSNoCongressinterferenceinthecontentofitsprogramsCNNcableTVnetworkfoundedin1980byTedTurneradivisionoftheTurnerBroadcastingSystem,ownedbyTimeWarnerbasedinAtlantawithfourchannelsprovidesprogramslikeWorldReport,WorldBusiness,WorldSport,Worldweather,WorldBeat

(世界音乐),Hotspots

(热点问题),Insight(透视),andQ&A

(QuestionandAnswer)24-hournewscoverage2.TelevisionandBroadcastVOA(VoiceofAmerica)themostfamousradiostationfortheexpansionofpropagandatoforeigncountriessupportedandorganizedbythegovernment,inWashingtonD.C.2.TelevisionandBroadcastoriginallyestablishedforwarinformation,nowundertheleadershipoftheAmericanInternationalCommunicationBureausendingnewstotheworldinmorethan40languages24hoursaday

ⅢHolidaysandFestivals

1.Thanksgiving

2.IndependenceDayThanksgivingThe4thThursdayinNovembermostimportantholidayapartfromChristmasSchools,officesandmostbusinessesclosethewholeweekend—avacationIn1620,pilgrimscametoNorthAmericainMayflower.Ahardwinter;notenoughtoeat;manypeopledied.Inthefollowingsummer,NativeAmericansshowedthemcropssafetoeatandhowtoplantthem,sotheyhadagoodharvest.ThanksgivingTheyheldabigcelebrationtothankGodandtheNativeAmericans.APilgrim’sThanksgivingTraditionaldinnert