新高考英语一轮复习练习考向61 语法填空之解答介词 冠词与代词类填空的3策略(原卷版)

考向61语法填空解答介词、冠词与代词类填空的3策略宏观分析语法填空中无提示词类填空题的考查方向多为介词、冠词或代词。①如果可数名词单数前无冠词，则考虑填冠词。分析名词前后的定语，判断是限制还是修饰，弄清是特指还是泛指。②空后是名词或代词，如果名词前已有冠词或其他修饰语，根据意思或搭配考虑填介词。③分析句子结构，确定句子所缺成分，空处在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，利用代词的用法确定用何种代词。策略一考查介词(短语)和动词短语——根据固定搭配【考情再现】1.(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Museumsmusteq\a\vs4\al(compete)________people'ssparetimeandmoneywithotheramusements.Mostmuseumsalsowelcomeschoolgroupsandarrangespecialactivitiesforchildren.答案与解析for句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。大多数博物馆也欢迎学校团体，并为儿童安排特别活动。根据语境可知，此处是动词短语：competefor“为……竞争”。故填for。2.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bambooplantseq\a\vs4\al(areassociated)________health,abundanceandahappyhome.答案与解析with句意：竹子寓意健康富裕与阖家幸福。beassociatedwith“与……相关”。故填介词with。3.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Oranges:Orangetreesareeq\a\vs4\al(more)________decoration;theyareasymbolofgoodfortuneandwealth.答案与解析than句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品它们还象征吉祥富足。morethan“不仅仅，不只是”。故填than。4.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Theartistwasfinallyhumbled(谦卑)bythegreatestartist________eq\a\vs4\al(earth)，MotherNature.答案与解析on句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为onearth。故填on。5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyeq\a\vs4\al(apack)________dogs,seventobeexact.答案与解析of句意为：我们最先听到了一群狗的叫声——准确来说是七只狗的叫声。apackof为固定搭配，意为“一群；一盒；一伙”，故填of。6.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Cornuseseq\a\vs4\al(less)water________riceandcreateslessfertilizer(化肥)runoff.答案与解析than句意：玉米用水量比水稻少，化肥流失少。设空前是形容词比较级less，故该空应填介词than，构成比较级句型。7.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Iwaseq\a\vs4\al(searching)________thesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI'dbeenobserving.答案与解析for句意：“我”在寻找“我”一直在研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。searchfor是动词短语，表“寻找；搜寻”。8.(2020·浙江高考7月卷)Sometimeafter10000BC,peoplemadethefirstrealattempttocontroleq\a\vs4\al(theworld)theyeq\a\vs4\al(lived)________，throughagriculture.答案与解析in句意：公元前10000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“theylived________”是名词theworld的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：theylivedintheworld,livein＋名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。9.(2020·浙江高考1月卷)In2015,onein12peoplearoundtheworldwereover65;by2050,itwillbeoneinsix.Thisagingofthepopulationiseq\a\vs4\al(driven)________twofactors.答案与解析by句意：2015年，全世界每12个人中就有一个人超过65岁；到2050年，这一比例将达到六分之一。这种人口老龄化是由两个因素造成的。bedrivenby...“由……促成”，此句为被动语态，介词by的宾语是动作的执行者。10.(2019·浙江高考)Theeq\a\vs4\al(answer)________thisquestionisnotclear.答案与解析tothekey/answerto...表示“……的答案是……”，是固定搭配。故填to。【技巧微点】1.判断空后是否有谓语，确定填介词设空后没有谓语动词，而是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且它们不在句中作主语也不作动词的宾语，则该空填介词，空后的部分作它的宾语。2.记牢一词多义的情况(1)for：①(去向)往；向，如：leavefor“动身eq\a\vs4\al(去……)”；②为得到，为获取；③表一段时间，如：fortwoyears“两年”；④因为，由于；⑤就……而言。(2)in：①in＋一段时间，用于将来时；②in＋表示“方式/语言/材料”的名词，表“以……方式/用……语言/材料”；③表方向，朝，向，如inthedirection。(3)by＋交通工具/通信工具，也可表方式，如bycar/train/air/sea/letter/email/phone/hand。(4)with：①带有，具有；②用，以；③和……在一起；④因为，由于；⑤和其他动词连用。(5)beyond：①在……另一边；②在……更远处；③超出；非……所能及。(6)as用作介词，意为“作为”，常用于一些动词之后；workas“从事……工作”；serveas“可用作……”；actas“担任；充当……”。3.依据句式和搭配填介词①与动词搭配，如：mistake...for...“把……误认为……”；devote...to...“致力于……”。②与名词或代词搭配，如：(a)lackof“缺乏……”；onone'sown/byoneself“靠自己”。③与形容词搭配，如：beabsentfrom“缺席”；bebusywith“忙于”。策略二考查冠词——基本用法是解题关键【考情再现】11.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Theplumtreesare________eq\a\vs4\al(first)toflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.答案与解析the句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。此处指“第一个”，故序数词first前应加定冠词the。故填the。12.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of________eq\a\vs4\al(nineteen)recognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.答案与解析the句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。根据句意及设空处后的“nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations”可知，此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群”，应用定冠词限定，故填the。13.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshort­listed,wethoughtitwas________joke.答案与解析a句意：当我们接到电话说她入围时，我们以为那是一个玩笑。设空处的joke意为“玩笑”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词修饰，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。14.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percenteq\a\vs4\al(over)________eq\a\vs4\al(past25years)，whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.答案与解析the句意：在过去25年里玉米产量猛增了近125%，而水稻的产量只增长了7%。此处特指在过去的25年里，故填the。15.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I'mface­to­facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingeq\a\vs4\al(attopofher)eq\a\vs4\al(lungs).答案与解析the句意：出乎意料的是，我正与那只猩猩面对面，它开始声嘶力竭地尖叫。atthetopofone'slungs“声嘶力竭地”。16.(2020·浙江高考7月卷)Thisstyleoffarminglastedforquitealongtime.Then,with________eq\a\vs4\al(rise)eq\a\vs4\al(of)science,changesbegan.答案与解析the句意：这种耕种方式持续了很久。然后随着科学的崛起，一切发生了变化。withtheriseof“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。17.(2020·浙江高考1月卷)AchildbornintheUStodayhas________veryrealisticeq\a\vs4\al(chance)oflivingbeyond100andneedstoplanaccordingly.答案与解析a句意：现在在美国出生的孩子很有可能活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。havea(n)...chanceof意为“有……的可能性”，故此处填不定冠词a。18.(2019·浙江高考)Everybodywears________eq\a\vs4\al(same)styleofclothes.答案与解析thethesame意为“相同的”，故填定冠词the。【技巧微点】1.2个口诀巧判用a/an还是the①用定冠词的情况：特指双方熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，专有名词前、西洋乐器前、序数词与最高级前。②用不定冠词的情况：泛指一类人与物，与one同义表“一”；和序数词一起表“又一，再一”，词首字母读元音，冠词就要用an,其他一律用a。2.5种可能填冠词的情况填不定冠词的情况：①________＋单数可数名词②________＋形容词＋单数可数名词填定冠词的情况：①________(＋定语)＋名词＋of等介词短语(表特指)②________(＋定语)＋名词＋定语从句(表特指)③________(＋定语)＋名词＋不定式/分词短语(表特指)3.根据固定搭配或用法确定冠词①动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。②ataloss“不知所措”；awasteof...“浪费……”；havealook/takeawalk“看一看/去散步”等固定搭配。③a＋比较级(＋名词)，表“一个更……的人或物”。④抽象名词具体化的名词(可概括为：惊、乐、憾、傲、慰、险、助、成、败、美)surprise,pleasure,pity,pride,comfort,danger,help,success,failure,beauty，表具体的意义“一个……”时，其前应加不定冠词a或an。策略三考查代词——根据所作成分转换代词或根据指代对象或句式填写代词【考情再现】19.(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations(模拟)andeq\a\vs4\al(imagine)________(they)livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.答案与解析themselves句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。设空处所填词指代该句主语visitors，意为“他们自己”，应用反身代词。故填themselves。20.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Dataaboutthemoon'scomposition,suchashowmuchiceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecidewhether________(it)eq\a\vs4\al(plans)forafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.答案与解析its设空处所填词作名词plans的定语，应用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。21.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)eq\a\vs4\al(Running)ischeap,easyandit'salwaysenergetic.Ifyouaretimepoor,youneedrunforonlyhalfthetimetogetthesamebenefitsasothersports,soperhapsweshouldalleq\a\vs4\al(give)________eq\a\vs4\al(atry).答案与解析it句意：如果你时间不充裕，你只需要花费其他运动一半的时间去跑步便可获得同样的收益，因此或许我们都应该尝试跑步。设空处作give的宾语，且指代上一句中的Running，故用代词it。22.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustgladtoeq\a\vs4\al(find)________(they)alive.答案与解析them设空在句中作find的宾语，故用宾格代词them。23.(2019·北京高考)Nervouslyfacingchallenges,IknowIwillwhispereq\a\vs4\al(to)________(I)thetwosimplewords“Beyourself”.答案与解析myself本句的主语是I，当宾语与主语是同一人时，宾语应用反身代词。故填myself。24.(2018·浙江高考)ManywesternerswhocometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehoweq\a\vs4\al(cheap)________canbeeq\a\vs4\al(toeatout).答案与解析it设空处是形式主语，其中不定式短语toeatout是真正的主语，作形式主语应用it。【技巧微点】句子成分法当句子中缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。①作主语：人称代词主格(I,we,you,he,she,they,it)、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词。②作宾语：人称代词宾格(me,us,you,him,her,them,it)、名词性物主代词(ours,mine,yours,his,hers,theirs,its)、不定代词。③作表语：人称代词宾格、不定代词或名词性物主代词。④作定语：形容词性物主代词(our,my,your,his,her,their,its)。⑤作宾语、表语或同位语且反射句子的主语，用反身代词(myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves)，同时注意数的变化。※填it的情况：a.作形式主语或形式宾语；b.指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况；c.固定搭配，如makeit“成功；按时到达”；getit“理解，明白”。【检测训练】1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Ashepherdbecameaheroashesavedsixmarathonersamongagroupofthose1.(affect)byextremeweather.ZhuKeming,afarmerfromJingtaicountyofBaiyin,NorthwestChina'sGansuprovince,wasgrazinghissheeponamountainneartheYellowRiveronSaturdaymorning.Asitbeganrainingandthetemperaturedropped2.(sharp),Zhuwenttoseekshelterinanearbycavehouse3.hehadstoredclothesanddriedfoodforemergencyuse.While4.(stay)inthecavehouse,Zhuheardcriesforhelpfromoutside.Hewalkedoutandsawagroupofmarathonrunners,includingoneconvulsing(抽搐)duetothecold.Heimmediatelytooktherunnersintothecavehouse,andstartedfirestowarmthem.Hethencalledtheemergencyhotline5.help.Whilewaitingfor6.(rescue),Zhukeptlookingaroundoutside.Hethenfound7.runnerlayingonground.Hecarriedthemanintothecavehouse,and8.(wrap)himinquiltsuntilheregainedconsciousness.ZhangXiaotao,whosurvivedtheill-fatedracethatclaimedthelivesof21runners,was9.(emotion)whenrecallingtheshepherd'shelp."The10.(lose)oftemperaturewasfast.ItisamiraclethatIsurvivedanarrowescapefromdeath.Withouthim(ZhuKeming),Idon'tknowwhatwouldhavebecomeofme,"hesaid.2阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式TheLanternFestival,alsoknownasShangyuanFestival,isobservedonJanuary15thonChineselunarcalendar.ItisthefirstfullmoonnightinChineselunaryear,11.(symbol)harmony,reunionandthecomingbackofthespring.TheLanternFestivalisdeemedasagooddayforfamilyget-together.Asforthetraditionsforthisfestival,just12.itsnameindicates,hangingandlookingatlanternsisthemaintradition.Lanternsof13.(vary)ofshapesandsizesaredisplayedontrees,oralongriverbanks.Someareintheshapesofbutterflies,birds,flowers,andboats,others14.(shape)likedragon,fruitandanimalsymbolsofthatyear.Anothertraditionissolvinglanternriddles.Thousandsofriddles15.(hang)onlanternsforpeopletoshootdownandsolve.Theriddlesareusuallyshort,wise,andsometimeshumorous.Theanswer16.ariddlecanbeaChinesecharacter,afamousperson’sname,aplacenameoraproverb.Thistraditionissaid17.(become)apopulargamewithseriousstayingpowerevenassocialdevelopmentchangesothertraditions.Asidefromthat,themostimportantthingtodotodayistoeatsweetdumplings.InnorthernChina,sweetdumplingsmadeofglutinousriceflourarecalled“Yuanxiao”whilein18.(south)parttheyarecalled“Tangyuan”.Typicalsweetdumplingsarefilledwithblacksesamesauce,sweetenedbeanpaste,orhawthornandtheroundshapeofitisasymbolofwholeness,completenessandunity.Thelanternfestivalisanoccasionwhenthefamiliesgettogetherandeveryone—young,old,richandpoor19.(have)fun.Making“Yuanxiao”todayislikeagameor20.activity,soit’sseldomdonewithoutagroupoffriendsorfamilypresenttohelpout.3阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。ChinaearlieronThursdaysuccessfullylaunchedTianhefromtheWenchangSpacecraftLaunchSite,21.(start)aseriesofkeylaunchmissions22.aimtocompletetheconstructionofthestationbytheendofnextyear.Theconstructionofthespacestationandastate-levelspacelab,23.(be)keygoaltofulfillingthethreestrategicstepsinChina’smannedspaceprogramand24.importantleadingprojectforbuildingChina’s25.(strong)inscience,technologyandaerospace.China’smostadventurousspaceattempt,themultimodulespacestationnamedTiangong,willhavethreemaincomponents—acoremodule26.(attach)totwospacelaboratories—withacombinedweightofnearly70tons.Thecorecapsule,namedTianhe,is16.6meterslong27.hasadiameter(直径)of4.2meters.Thecraft’sweightisequal28.thecombinedweightof15standard-sizeautomobiles.Thecapsulewillbe29.(centre)tothespacestation’sfutureoperations,giventhatastronautswilllivethereandcontroltheentirestationfrominside.Itwill30.(use)tohostscientificandtechnologicalexperimentstoo.Theentirestationisexpectedtobecomefullyoperationalaroundtheendof2022andissettoworkforabout15years.4阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。WhatdotheSummerPalace,YuanmingyuanandtheChengdeMountainResortallhave31.common?TheseQing-dynastyarchitectural32.(wonder),alongwithmanyothers,wereallbuiltbymembersofthesamefamily-theLeifamily.Forsevengenerations,theLeifamily33.(quiet)shapedroyalarchitecture.Theirdesignswereadmirable,34.(vary)fromgrandbuildingstopublicworks,suchasroadsanddams.Soincrediblewastheirskill35.manyoftheirbuildingssurvivedearthquakesandremainedstandingoverhundredsofyears.TheLeifamilywerealsopioneeringengineers,whousedagrid(方格)systemtoplantheirprojectsindetail.Theytookcarefulnotesandmademodelsoftheirprojects,manyof36.havesurvivedtothisday,andtheyareregisteredaspartofUNESCO’SMemoryoftheWorldProgramme.Inadditiontotheirarchitecturalachievements,theLeifamily37.(show)diligence(勤奋)andmodesty.Eachgenerationconscientiouslylearnttheirskillsandundertookambitiousprojects,manyofwhichtookyears38.(complete).Yettheydidnotseekfame,andeventoday,theirgreatworksareassociated39.(much)withtheroyalcourtthanwiththem.Withtheirremarkableskills,innovation,diligenceandmodesty,theLeifamilyleavebehindtheirbuildingsandthe40.(believe)thattrueworkmanshipisatreasurethatcanlastbeyondalifetime.5阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。OnSinaWeibo,ActressMaSichun'snamehasrecentlybeentrending.Maappearedinthe41.(five)seasonofavarietyshow,Roast.Theaudiencewasastonishedthatshewasoverweight.ShelookstotallydifferentfromherslimappearanceinYouAreMyHero,42.(release)onMarch11,inwhichMaplaysadoctor.PeoplearewonderingwhathappenedtoMa.Inavideo,shepubliclyadmittedthatshehasbeensufferingfromdepression43.hadn'trealizedthatitwasadisease.Sinceshewasachild,pressurefromfamilyandschoollifetaughthertobecareful.Shewasalso44.victimofbullyinginseniorhighschool.After45.(step)intoshowbiz(演艺圈)，Matriedtogetridofaccusationsofnepotism(裙带关系)becauseherauntiswell-knownactressJiangWenli.Foralongtime,Ma46.(stick)inacycleofdepression.Butnow,shehaslearnedtocope.“I'velearnedhowtomakepeacewithmyselfandthepast,”MasaidinaninterviewwithGQLab."I'm47.(true)makinganattempttobemoreopen-mindedand48.(courage)/9sheadded.StandingonthestageofRoast,Maplayedjokesaboutremarks49.heroverweightbroughtaboutbytakingmedicine.Sheevenencouragedthosesufferingfromdepressioninthevideo.<sGotoadoctorandreceivetreatment.Onlywhen50.(face)itcanyouacceptyourself.9,6阅读下面短文，在空格处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。InMarch,Finlandwasnamedas51.(happy)countryintheworldintheUnitedNationsWorldHappinessReport.Thisisthe52.(four)yearinarowfortheEuropeancountrytowinthetitle.AccordingtoCNN,mutual(相互的)trustisoneofthemainreasons.In2020,thewholeworld53.(feel)theeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemic.ButpeopleinFinlanddidn’tshowadeclineinwell-beingaccordingtoasurveyofthepopulation.“Onepossible54.(explain)isthatpeopleseeCOVID-19asacommon,outsidethreataffectingeverybodyand55.thishasgeneratedagreatersenseofsolidarity(团结)andfellow-feeling,”saidJohn,whocontributedtothereport.Finland’snaturalenvironmentalsoplays56.importantrole.Seventy-fivepercentofthecountry57.(cover)byforests.Peoplecanreconnectwithnatureeasily.Forexample,theycansitquietlyonabenchnexttoapeacefullaketoappreciatelife.“Finnishhappinessisn’tskindeepandimmediately58.(vision)—ithasdeeplyrootedinourbeing.Sustainablehappinessisoursuperpower,anditmeanswetend59.(take)lifeasitcomes—atrait(特点)thatishelpingus60.thesechallengingtimes,”saidHeli,seniordirectorofinternationalmarketingatBusinessFinland.7阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。ChinesescientistYuanLongping,globallyknownfordevelopingthefirsthybridricestrainin1973thatrelievedcountlesspeople61.hunger,passedawayonSaturdayattheageof91.Thescientistspentoverfivedecadesresearchingandimprovinghybridrice,62.hasreacheditsthirdgeneration,feeding63.(near)one-fifthoftheworld'spopulationwithlessthan9percentoftheworld'stotalland.InChina,theannualplantingareaofhybridricehastopped16millionhectares,or57percentof64.totalplantingareaofrice.Itsgrowthareaoverseashasreached8millionhectares.Hismorerecentachievementsincludeddeveloping65.(variety)ofseawaterrice,orsaline-alkalitolerantrice.Histeamplannedtousetherice66.(transform)6.7millionhectaresofsaline-alkalilandinChinaoverthenexteightto10years.Yuanoncesaidhehadtwodreams—to“enjoythecoolunderthericecrops67.(tall)thanmen”andthathybridricecouldbegrownallovertheworldtohelpsolvetheglobal68.(short)offood.Yuan'slifelongdevotionto69.(reduce)hungerhasmadehimanationalheroandhouseholdnameinChina.In1999,anasteroid(小行星)discoveredbytheNationalAstro-nomicalObservatories70.(name)afterYuan.In2019,hewasawardedtheMedaloftheRepublic,China'shigheststatehonor.8阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Thelunarsoilsamples71.(bring)backbyChina’sChang’e-5probe(探测器)willgoondisplayforthepublicinBeijingsoonafter72.(they)firstshowingattheGreatHallofthePeople.TheChang’e-5probe73.(collect)1,731gramsoflunarsamples,andthereturncapsulelandedinnorthChinaonDecember17,2020.Lunarsoilisa74.(combine)ofbedrockdustandglassypiecescontainingdifferentmineralsandothersubstances,andisaresultofmeteorite(陨石),spaceraysandsolarwind75.(hit)themoonovertime.Thelunarsoillookslikeconcrete,witheachpieceabout100micrometers76.size.It’s77.(possible)togrowvegetablesinthesoilasitislackingorganicnutrients(营养物)andextremelydry.Onthecontrary,thesoilonEarthiscomposedofminerals,organicmaterialsandwater,78.allowplantsandflowerstogrow.Forscientificpurposes,itisanidealopportunityforhumans79.(study)themoon—analyzingsoiltakendirectlyfromthelunarsurfaceinthelab—whichisanexperiencethatneitherremotesensing80.meteoritestudycanprovide.9阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。TheCaymanIslands,81.itsbrilliantcoralreefsandshiningclearwaters,havebeenapopularplaygroundfortravelers.Thehighlightiswhatattractsthediversfromtheworld.ThisUKoverseasterritoryhas82.populationo