2024高考英语一轮复习词汇语篇模式主题语境二人与社会Topic35语言学习教学案含作业

PAGETopic35语言学习学习内容(LearningContent)words,phrase,idiom,saying,proverb,expression,sentence__________['strʌktʃə(r)]30,grammar,vocabulary,spoken,oral,written,pronunciation,composition,standard,accent,spelling,context，verbal,foreign,official,secondlanguage,________[stres]93学习资料(LearningMaterials)computer,Internet,TV,traditional,modern,newspaper,magazine,journal,pocketdictionary,entry,term,assignment,abundant学习手段(LearningMethods)practice,________[ə'kwaIə(r)]12,grasp,____________[kə'mjuːnIkeIt]48,overcome,________['fəʊkəs]109,focuson,concentrateon,attractone'sattention,pickup,lookup,makenotes,writedown,askforadvice,giveadviceon,analyze,________[dI'beIt]28,explanation,library,takein,________[rI'fɜː(r)]99to,________[ə'tempt]48学习实践(LearningPractice)learn...byheart,payattentionto,put...touse,haveagoodcommandof,memorize,repeat,classify,identify,skip,scan,recite,________[kən'sʌlt]11,comprehension,competition,improve,instruction,takeanactivepartin,________[In'sIst]48on,differ学习成效(LearningPerformance)dowellin,achievement,prize,award,makeit,accomplish,convey意义影响(MeaningandInfluence)master,accurate,perfect,wonderful,fault,advanced,beginner,coin,mothertongue,nativespeaker,broaden,fluency,ambiguous,enlarge,meaningstructure;stress;acquire;communicate;focus;debate;refer;attempt;consult;insistfocus①(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Thecoachisabletofocusonthekidswhiletheotherparentsarerelievedtobeoffthehookforanotherseason.②Letyoureyesfocusonobjectsthatarefurtherawayfromyou.③(2024·天津高考)There'sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat'sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.(1)单句语法填空①Thechildren'sfacesare________focusinthevaluablephotograph.②Pleasefocusyourattention________thearticleyouarereading.③Ifyouwanttogetabetterview,bringtheobject________focus.答案：①in②on③into(2)单句写作①这次访问促使全世界关注气候变暖问题。Thevisithelpedto____________________theclimatechange.②我们的政策是着眼于把这些地区发展起来。Ourpolicyisto____________developingtheseareas.③约翰的这张照片不清晰。ThisphotoofJohnis________________.答案：①focusworldattentionon②focuson③outoffocus(1)v.集中(留意力、精力等于)togiveattention,effort,etc.tooneparticularsubject,situationorpersonratherthananother(2)v.(使)调整焦距toadaptorbeadjustedsothatthingscanbeseenclearly;toadjuststh.sothatyoucanseethingsclearly(3)n.中心点(指人或事物)thethingorpersonthatpeoplearemostinterestedin;theactofpayingspecialattentiontosth.andmakingpeopleinterestedinitbeinfocus清晰；明确；在焦点上beout_offocus模糊；不清晰；不在焦点上bringsth.intofocus使某物清晰；使某物成为焦点focus...on...(使)凝视focusone'sattentionon...把某人的留意力集中在……上表示“集中留意力于……，致力于……”的常用短语还有：①bedevotedto②beburiedin③bebenton④concentrate...on...debate①(2024·北京高考)Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself­drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams.②(2024·江苏高考)WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.(1)单句语法填空①Afiercedebate________thetaxcutwasgoingon.②Thegovernment________(debate)theeducationlawsnow.③Thewholequestionisstill________debate.④Whetherhedeserveswhathashappenedtohimisopen________(debate)．答案：①on②isdebating③under④todebate(2)单句写作①Theproposalisstill____________________(在探讨中)．②I________________________(和玛丽辩论)thisquestion.答案：①underdebate②debatedwithMaryabout(1)n.辩论aformaldiscussioninwhichspeakersexpressopposingviewsandthenthereisoftenavoteontheissue(2)v.(尤指正式)探讨，辩论todiscusssth.,especiallyformally,beforemakingadecisionorfindingasolutioninsist①(2024·天津高考)AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.②Ididn'twanttogobutheinsisted.(1)单句语法填空①Theteacherinsistedthathisstudents________(finish)theirhomeworkalone.②Heinsistedthathe________(do)nothingwrong.③Sheinsistedonyour________(say)“sorry”toherinpublic.答案：①finish②haddone③saying(2)单句写作①我们都坚决要求不完工不休息。_________________________________________________________________②我坚持我们每辆车都应当看一下。_________________________________________________________________③那人坚持说他从未偷过钱。_________________________________________________________________答案：①Weallinsistthatweshouldnotrestuntilwefinishthework.②Iinsistedthatweshouldhavealookateverycar.③Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.(1)v.坚决要求；坚持todemandthatsth.happensorthatsb.agreestodosth.(2)v.坚持说；固执己见tosayfirmlythatsth.istrue,especiallywhenotherpeopledonotbelieveyouinsiston坚决主见insistencen.坚决要求；坚持；固执(1)表坚持要去做某事(未做)insist＋that从句(主语＋should＋动词原形)，should可以省略。(2)insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。differ①Ideasonchildcaremaydifferconsiderablybetweentheparents.②Medicalopiniondiffersastohowtotreatthedisease.(1)单句语法填空①OldEnglishdiffers________theEnglishwespeaknow.②Humanfacialexpressionsdiffer________thoseofanimals________thedegreetowhichtheycanbecontrolledonpurpose.③Thesymptoms(症状)didnotdiffer________thetwogroups.答案：①from②from;in③between(2)单句写作①他的观点与其父母大相径庭。Hisviews________considerably________thoseofhisparents.②这两双鞋颜色不同，大小却一样。Thetwopairsofshoes____________colourbutnot________size.③我和菲尔在很多事情上看法不一样。I________________Philonmanythings.④没有他，会影响你的工作吗？Doeshisabsence____________________yourwork?答案：①differ;from②differin;in③differwith④makeadifferenceto(1)v.相异；有区分；不同于tobedifferentfromsb./sth.(2)v.看法相左；持不同看法；不同意todisagreewithsb.differabout(on)对某问题有异议differfrom不同于；和……不同；和……看法不一样differin...在某方面有异议；在……方面不同differwithsb.(on/about/oversth.)不同意(某人)或某种看法differentadj.不同的；各种的bedifferentfrom与……不同bedifferentin在……方面不同differencen.差别；不同(之处)makeadifference对……有影响，使……不相同makemuch/agreat/alotofdifferenceto对……有很大的影响makeno/littledifference对……没有影响tellthedifferencebetween...and...说出……的区分convey①Understandingyourownneedsandstylesofcommunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.②Yourluggagewillbeconveyedtothehotelbytaxi.(1)依据汉语提示填空①Whentheinformationistobe________(传递)overanydistance,acommunicationsystemisrequired.②Pipes________(输送)hotwaterfromtheboilertotheradiators.答案：①conveyed②convey(2)单句语法填空①Thepieceofinformationforvictorywasconveyed________thecountry.②Themessage________(convey)hereisclear：“Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.”答案：①to②conveyed(3)单句写作①那一刻，语言无法表达我的情感。Atthatmomentwordscouldn't________________________.②可怕的地震过后，政府运输人们去平安的地方。Aftertheterribleearthquake,thegovernment________________________.答案：①conveymyemotion②conveyedpeopletoasaferplace(1)v.表达，传递(思想、感情等)tomakeideas,feelings,etc.knowntosb.(2)v.传送；运输；输送totake,carryortransportsb./sth.fromoneplacetoanotherconveyone'sfeelings/meanings/appreciation/affection/emotions表达某人的感情/意思/感谢/宠爱/情感conveysth.to_sb.向某人表达/传递某物conveysb./sth.from_A_to_B把某人或某物从A地运输到B地Ⅰ.阅读(2024·上海松江区高三第一学期期末质控)LearningEnglishVideoProject1.EncountersintheUK(17minutes)WatchCommentsEncountersintheUKisthefirstfilminthisdocumentarymini­series.IttellsthestoryoffourgirlsfromdifferentcountrieswhotraveltoCambridgeinEnglandtostudyEnglishandstaywithlocalfamiliesinwhatiscalleda“homestay”arrangement.Forthefourgirlsthehomestayarrangementisapositiveexperience.Asoneofthehomestayhostsexplains:“It'sgoingtobeagreatexperience,notonlyintermsoflearningEnglish,butinlearningaboutlife.”WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments2.InsightsfromChina(18minutes)WatchCommentsNeversaydieBasedinthebusy,cosmopolitancityofShanghai,DanielEmmerson'slatestfilmInsightsfromChinatakesusinsidetheworldsofEnglishlanguagelearningandteachingandtheairlineindustryinChina.InsightsfromChinafocuseslargelyonthestaffandmanagementofaChineseairlinecompanythathasrecentlycommittedtolearningEnglish.SpringAirlinesisthefirstlow­costairlineinChina.WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments3.StoriesfromMorocco(16minutes)WatchCommentsSetinCasablanca,Morocco,thisfilmfeaturesfootageandinterviewsfocusingonkeyquestionssuchas“WhyarepeoplelearningEnglish？”and“Whattipsandadvicecanlearnersoffer？”StaffandlearnersdiscusstheadvantagesandchallengesofEnglishlanguagelearninginMorocco.IntervieweestouchonavarietyoftopicsincludingBritishvs.Americanaccents,multi­levelclassrooms,andthesimilaritiesofEnglishtoFrenchandSpanish.WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments4.ThoughtsfromBrazil(17minutes)WatchCommentsLikeInsightsfromChina,ThoughtsfromBrazilalsolooksatmoderntrendsinlearningEnglish,especiallyforchildrenandteens.Itwillbeofparticularinteresttoallthosewholongforalearningexperiencethatismoreinteractiveandcommunicative.Teensandyoungadultswillfindnewideasforcombiningpersonalinterestssuchasmusic,gamingandsocialmediawithself­study.AsDanielEmmersontalkstolearnersandteachersofEnglishinSaoPaulo,WatchwithSubtitlesWatchwithoutSubtitlesComments篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了几个有关英语学习的短视频。当下有各种学习英语的渠道和资源，我们不能被这些巨大的信息量沉没(overwhelmedbythemassamountofinformation)，找到适合自己的方法并加以利用才是正道。1．Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat“LearningEnglishVideoProject”ismostprobably________.A．anonlinecoursefocusingonlanguageandcultureB．audiodocumentsonlanguagelearningC．aseriesofEnglishlearningvideoprogramsD．asetoffilmsonEnglish­speakingcountries答案：C细微环节理解题。依据EncountersintheUK(17minutes)中的“It'sgoingtobe...learningEnglish,...”、InsightsfromChina中的“InsightsfromChina...committedtolearningEnglish.”、StoriesfromMorocco中的“...ofEnglishlanguagelearning”和ThoughtsfromBrazil(17minutes)中的“...inlearningEnglish”可知，学习英语视频节目是一系列学英语的视频节目，故选C。2．IfsomeoneisinterestedinthecomparisonbetweenEnglishandotherlanguages,hemightbeinterestedinwatching________.A．EncountersintheUK B．StoriesfromMoroccoC．ThoughtsfromBrazil D．InsightsfromChina答案：B细微环节理解题。依据StoriesfromMorocco(16minutes)中的最终两句“受访者被问到的话题包括英国腔调与美国腔调、多层次教室以及英语、法语和西班牙语的相像之处。”可知，StoriesfromMorocco中介绍了英国和美国腔调和英语、法语和西班牙语的相像性，故选B。3．WhatcanweknowaboutEnglishlearninginSaoPaulo,Brazil?A．Classroomteachingismoreinteractiveandcommunicative.B．Homestayarrangementprovidespositiveexperienceforlearners.C．TheInternetandgamesplaysamajorroleinlanguagelearning.D．Theprincipleoflearningbydoingiswidelyacceptedbylearners.答案：D细微环节理解题。依据ThoughtsfromBrazil中的最终一句“AsDanielEmmersontalkstolearnersandteachersofEnglishinSaoPaulo,Brazil,hediscoversthatmanyofthemhavefoundforthemselvestheprincipleoflearningbydoingandhavereadilyadaptedittotheInternetera.”可知，在圣保罗，通过实践学习的原则被学习者广泛接受，分析选项可知，D符合题意。①homestayn.寄宿家庭②cosmopolitanadj.世界性的③footagen.(影片中的)连续镜头，片段④longfor渴望；憧憬(第一段最终一句)It'sgoingtobeagreatexperience,notonlyintermsoflearningEnglish,butinlearningaboutlife.不仅在学习英语方面，而且在学习生活方面，这都将是一次不错的体验。(2024·山东省枣庄八中月考)ThereareplentyofpeopleintheUKforwhomevenbasicEnglishisaproblem.Accordingtothesurvey,726,000peopleinEnglandandWalessaidtheycouldnotspeakEnglishwell,andanother138,000saidtheydidnotspeakitatall.Ling,40,whoarrivedfiveyearsagofromChina,founditdifficulttolearnEnglish.“WhenIcamehere,IwaspregnantandsoIwasathomeforthenextthreeyears.IttookmelongertolearnasIwasverybusywiththechildren.”EventuallyshewasabletobegintakingclassesandnowspeaksgoodconversationalEnglish.Butevenwithclasses,itcanbealongprocesstopickupthelanguage.Ageisthemostimportantfactorinlanguagestudy,saidMilaVulchanova,professoroflinguistics(语言学)atNorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology.“Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning,whichisbiologicallydetermined.Sotheyoungertheimmigrants(移民),thebetter.Sincethisdeclineisonlygradual,teenagersareatanadvantageoveradults，”hesaid.ThereareanumberofsystemsforgradingEnglish.Thegovernmentexpectsimmigrantstoreach“ESOLEntry3”or“B1level”inScotland,beforetheycanbegivencitizenship.Itisequaltobeingabletoholdaconfidentconversationanditmighttake360hoursofstudytoachieve.GeorgeOsborne,theUKchancellor(财政大臣),saidinJunethatbenefitclaimants(申请救济金者)whodon'tspeakEnglishwillhavetheirbenefitscutiftheyfailtoattendlanguagecourses.HuanJapes,deputychiefexecutiveofEnglishUK,atradebodyforlanguagecolleges,saiditneeded360hours—120hoursforeachofthreestages—togettotheresultthegovernmentexpectedbenefitclaimantstoreach.“Using120hours(foreachstageofEnglishfluency)isarathertraditionalapproachtocoursebooklearning，”saidDrElaineBoyd,headofEnglishlanguageatTrinityCollegeLondon.“Ifsomeoneisreallyhighlymotivated,theycanlearnreallyquickly.It'scommonforchildrenundertheageof11tobefluentinaboutsixmonths.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲解并描述了在英国，很多移民不能说一口流利英语这一现状，作者借助专家们的观点告知我们怎样能学好英语，练就一口流利的英语。学好英语不仅是为了考试，当你会说不止一种语言时，你会拥有更好的记忆力(developbettermemory)，变成一个更棒的旅行者(becomeabettertraveler)，而且有更光明的职业前景(havemorebrightercareerprospects)。4．Thefirstparagraphservesasa(n)________.A．introduction B．discussionC．explanation D．conclusion答案：A推理推断题。第一句说“在英国有很多人，即使是基础英语也是个问题”，接着依据调查可知，在英格兰和威尔士有很多人英语说得不好甚至根本不会说英语。因此推知，这是为了引出下文的很多移民不会说英语的现状，告知我们如何学好英语，故选A。5．WhatdoesMilaVulchanovamainlystress?A．Theimportanceofkeyteachingways.B．ThenecessityofworkinghardatEnglish.C．TheadvantagesoflearningEnglish.D．TheimportanceofstartinglearningEnglishatanearlyage.答案：D推理推断题。依据第三段中的“Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning”和“Sotheyoungertheimmigrants(移民),thebetter.Sincethisdeclineisonlygradual,teenagersareatanadvantageoveradults”可知，MilaVulchanova认为对于移民来说，学英语越早越好，年龄小是优势。因此可推知，他在强调早学英语的重要性，故选D。6．TheUKgovernmenthopesthatbenefitclaimants________.A．reach“ESOLEntry1”B．areadvancedEnglishlearnersC．studyEnglishforabout360hoursD．getcitizenshipfromthegovernmentfirst答案：C细微环节理解题。依据倒数其次段中的“saiditneeded360hours—120hoursforeachofthreestages—togettotheresultthegovernmentexpectedbenefitclaimantstoreach”可知，假如申请救济金者须要360个小时——三个阶段，120个小时一阶段——才能达到政府预期申请救济金者能达到的效果，分析选项可知C项符合题意。7．WhatDrElaineBoydsaidsuggestedthat________.A．120hoursisahighlevelforlearnersB．onecanlearnEnglishfastifactiveC．EnglishfluencycanbeeasilyachievedD．childrenunder11learnEnglishhard答案：B推理推断题。依据最终一段第一句中的“Using120hours(foreachstageofEnglishfluency)isarathertraditionalapproachtocoursebooklearning...”可知，120小时是惯例，一般人能达到；再依据最终一段最终两句可知，假如某人主动性很高，6个月内能学会流利的英语，故选B。①pregnantadj.怀孕的②biologicallyadv.生物学上③citizenshipn.公民权利(或资格)(第三段其次句)Thereisasensitiveperiodinlanguagelearning,whichisbiologicallydetermined.语言学习有一个敏感时期，这是从生物学上确定的。(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter­gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion­mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少的现象及其缘由。语言是人类才智发展的结晶(thecrystallizationofhumanwisdom)，是探讨民族文化的重要指标。激励学习这些稀有语种，防止非物质文化遗产的灭亡。8．Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter­gatherertimes?A．Theydevelopedveryfast. B．Theywerelargeinnumber.C．Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D．Theywerecloselyconnected.答案：B推理推断题。依据第一段其次、三句可知，当人类社会处在原始社会，人们以狩猎为生时，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的语言模式。当世界上的人口数量在五百万到一千万时，语言种类达到了12,000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。9．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinParagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.答案：C词义揣测题。依据其次段中的“dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语越来越占据统治地位。由此推知，dominant意为“占优势的；强大的”。故选C。10．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.答案：B细微环节理解题。依据第三段中的“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”和“Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，目前世界上大约有6,800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6,000人的占一半，即3,400种。故选B。11．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.答案：C主旨大意题。依据第一段第一句和其次段其次句可知，本文所讲的主要内容为随着时代的发展，语言在渐渐消逝和削减。故选C。①independentadj.独立的②compulsoryadj.强制的③settledown定居，安排下来④accountfor(数量或比例上)占；导致(其次段其次句)Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.译文：在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教化的扩散，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的沟通，这些都是导致很多语言消逝的缘由。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正不断地占据统治地位。分析：介词短语inrecentyears作时间状语，all前面的部分为本句的主语，havecaused为本句的谓语。(2024·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)LearningNewVocabularyDuringDeepSleepSleepingtimeissometimesconsideredunproductivetime.Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage?Sleepresearchtodatefocusedonthestabilizationandstrengtheningofmemoriesthathadbeenformedduringpreviouswakefulness.However,learningduringsleephasrarelybeenexamined.Thereisconsiderableevidenceforwake－learnedinformationundergoingrevisionbyareplayinthesleepingbrain.Thereplayduringsleepstrengthensthestillweakmemorytracesandembeds(嵌入)thenewlyacquiredinformationinthepreexistingstoreofknowledge.Ifthereplayduringsleepimprovesthestorageofwake－learnedinformation,thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexaminedwhetherasleepingpersonisabletoformnewsemanticassociationsbetweenplayedforeignwordsandtranslationwordsduringthebraincells'activestates,theso－called“Up－states\”.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.Whenwereachdeepsleepstages,ourbraincellsprogressivelycoordinatetheiractivity.Duringdeepsleep,thebraincellsarecommonlyactiveforabriefperiodoftimebeforetheyjointlyenterintoastateofbriefinactivity.Theactivestateiscalled“Up－state\”andtheinactivestate“Down－state\”.Thetwostatesalternate(交替)abouteveryhalf－second.Newevidenceforsleep－learningchallengescurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.Theconceptofsleepasanencapsulated(被概括的)mentalstate,inwhichweareseparatedfromthephysicalenvironmentisnolongerreasonable.“Wecoulddisprovethatcomplexlearningbeimpossibleduringdeepsleep，\”saysSimonRuch,co－first－author.“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequencesdeepsleepcanbeappliedtotheacquisitionofnewinformationwillbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears，\”saysKatharinaHenke.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeispartoftheInterfacultyResearchCooperation(IRC).Thirteenresearchgroupsinmedicine,biology,psychologyandinformationsciencearepartoftheIRC.Theaimoftheseresearchgroupsistogainabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsinvolvedinsleep,consciousnessandcognition.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项探探讨证了在深度睡眠中学习新词汇的可能性。睡眠可以补充人体的能量，增加自身反抗力，促进人体的正常生长发育(promotethenormalgrowthanddevelopmentofhumanbody)，使人体得到充分的休息等。睡眠对于爱护人的心理健康(protectpeople'smentalhealth)与维护人的正常心理活动极其重要，所以我们应当保证足够的睡眠！12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．“Up－state\”and“Down－state\”appearinturnduringdeepsleep.B．“Up－states\”isanothernameforthebraincells'activestates.C．Semanticassociationsareimportantforlanguagelearning.D．Thebraincells'activestatesarecentralforsleep－learning.答案：D推理推断题。依据第三段前两句“TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexamined...theso－called‘Up－states’.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.”可知，探讨小组探讨了睡眠中的人能否在脑细胞活跃状态下，在被播放的外来词和翻译词之间形成新的语义关联。结果证明他们的想法是合理的。据此可推知，当大脑处于“Up－states”时，可以进行语言学习。在这个过程中，大脑细胞的活跃状态起着主要作用。故答案是D。13．Whatwillresearcher