医学英语感染病

IntroductiontoinfectiousdiseasesGangXINDepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunologyterms单击此处添加小标题单击此处添加小标题单击此处添加小标题添加标题InfectiologyInfectionInfectiousdiseasesInfectiologist打开率35%25%20%10%Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbypathogenicmicroorganisms,suchasbacteria,viruses,parasitesorfungi;thediseasecanbespreaddirectlyorindirectly,formonepersontoanother.InfectiousdiseasesCommunicablediseasesWoundinfectionlunginfectionpathogenhostOutlinePathogenHostPathogenesisofinfectionClassificationofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsLaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesTreatmentandpreventionpathogenTypesofpathogens添加标题karuo-,nutorcellnucleus添加标题eu-,Good;well;true添加标题pro-,before添加标题TypesofpathogensSubcelluar添加标题Prokaryotic添加标题Viruses,prion添加标题Bacterial,chlamydiae,rickettsiae,mycoplasmas添加标题Eukaryotic添加标题Protozoa,fungi,helminthes,arthropods添加标题prionAprionisaninfectiousagentcomposedofproteininamisfoldedformDisease:BovinespongiformencephalopathyMadcowdisease(MCD)VirusesThetermvirion(pluralvirions)isalsousedtorefertoasingle,stableinfectiveviralparticlethatisreleasedfromthecellandisfullycapableofinfectingothercellsofthesametypeAvirusisasmallinfectiousagentthatcanreplicateonlyinsidethelivingcellsoforganisms.Bacteria

(singular:bacterium)chlamydiaechlamyd-,mantle(acloak)Chlamydiainfectionchlamydiaconjunctivitisortrachomarickettsiaerickets,vitaminDdeficiencyThegenusRickettsiaisnamedafterH.T.Ricketts(1871–1910),whostudiedRockyMountainspottedfever,andeventuallydiedoftyphusafterstudyingthatdisease.Disease:spottedfever,typhusandscrubtyphusTickhemolymphcellsinfectedwithR.rickettsii.FromtheCDC.SymptomsofScrubtyphusfeverheadachemusclepaincoughgastrointestinalsymptomshemorrhagingandintravascularcoagulation.maculopapularrash,eschar（焦痂）,splenomegalyandlymphadenopathiesaretypicalsigns.Mycoplasmamykes(fungus)andplasma(formed)SpirochetesyphilisSaddlenoseFungi

(singular:fungus)Tinea(=ringworm

)ofskinTineapedisTineamanusTineacrurisGroupofextremelysmallsinglecell(unicellular)oracellularorganismsthatarefoundinmoistsoilorwater.Theytendtoexistasparasites,livingoffotherlifeforms.Protos(First)andzoon(animal)protozoa

(singular:protozoon)helminthsHelmins=wormhelminthsareworm-likeorganisms(Parasiticworms)thatliveandfeedofflivinghosts,receivingnourishmentandprotectionwhiledisruptingtheirhosts'nutrientabsorption,causingweaknessanddisease.Hookwormsattachedtotheintestinalmucosa.arthropodsGreekarthron,"joint",andpodós"foot",whichtogethermean"jointedfeet”CulexMosquitoAedesMosquitoTicksPathogenfactorsvirulencepathogenicityistheabilityofapathogentoproduceaninfectiousdiseaseinanorganism.Thevirulencefactorsofbacteria

MethodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseAdhesionColonizationInvasionImmuneresponseinhibitorsToxins12345Thevirulencefactorsofbacteria

Adhesion.Manybacteriamustfirstbindtohostcellsurfaces..Colonization.Somevirulentbacteriaproducespecialproteinsthatallowthemtocolonizepartsofthehostbody.Invasion.Somevirulentbacteriaproduceproteinsthateitherdisrupthostcellmembranesorstimulateendocytosisintohostcells.Thesevirulencefactorsallowthebacteriatoenterhostcellsandfacilitateentryintothebodyacrossepithelialtissuelayersatthebodysurface.Immuneresponseinhibitors.Manybacteriaproducevirulencefactorsthatinhibitthehost'simmunesystemdefenses.Toxins.Manyvirulencefactorsareproteinsmadebybacteriathatpoisonhostcellsandcausetissuedamage.MethodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseMinimuminfectivedoseinvasionminimumlethaldose

(MLD)thesmallestamountoftoxinthatwillkillanexperimentalanimal.medianinfectivedose

(ID50)theamountofpathogenicmicroorganismsthatwillcauseinfectionin50percentofthetestsubjects.infectivedose

thatamountofpathogenicorganismsthatwillcauseinfectioninsusceptiblesubjects.HostfactorssusceptibilitydispositionImmunesystemAntibody,immunoglobulinIcebergconceptofinfectionInfectiousdiseasespectrumIfalargenumberofindividualsareequallyexposedtoaninfectiousagent,theydonotallrespondinthesamemanner.Infact,theremaybeabroadrangeofresponses:SomedonotbecomeinfectedatallSomebecomeinfectedbutdevelopnosymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopmildormoderatesymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopseveresymptomsSomedieasaresultoftheirinfectionPathogenesisofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsofinfectiousdiseasesOrgansystem-basedNon-specificFeverAnorexiaFatigueMuscleachesSkinrashLossofappetiteastateofphysicaland/ormentalweaknessMaryMallonwasanasymptomaticcarrieroftyphoidfever.Overthecourseofhercareerasacook,sheinfected53people,threeofwhomdied.Host-PathogenInteractions:SymbioticRelationshipsMutualismCommensalismParasitismNeutralismAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismderivesbenefitandtheotherisunharmedAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichonespecies,theparasite,benefitsattheexpenseoftheother,thehostThestateofbeingneutral;neutralityprefix,avariantofsyn-beforeb,p,andm=Together

=Life;livingorganismairborneinfection

dropletinfectionvector-borneinfectionwaterborneinfectionbloodborneinfectionModeofinfectionSneezingcanspreadthefluvirustootherpeople.airborneinfection

onethatiscontractedbyinhalationofmicroorganismsorsporessuspendedinaironwaterdropletsordustparticles.dropletinfection

infectionduetoinhalationofrespiratorypathogenssuspendedonliquidparticlesexhaledbysomeonealreadyinfected(dropletnuclei).vector-borneinfectioninfectioncausedbymicroorganismstransmittedfromonehosttoanotherbyacarrier,suchasamosquito,louse,fly,ortick.waterborneinfectioninfectionbymicroorganismstransmittedinwater.Classificationofinfections1TypeofthepathogenDegreeofinvolvementBacterial,viral,fungal,parasiticLocal/focal,generalizedManneracquiredCommunity,hospital/nosocomialClassificationofinfections2Autoinfectionvs.cross-infectionTypeofoccurrenceSuperinfectionvs.reinfectionOpportunisticinfectionEndogenousvs.exogenoussepsisaninfectioncausedbyaninfectiousagentthatisalreadypresentinthebody,buthaspreviouslybeeninapparentordormant.aninfectionthatdevelopsfrombacterianormallyoutsidethebodythathavegainedaccesstothebodyaninfectioncausedbyadiseaseagentthatisalreadypresentinthebody

aninfectionbyanorganismthatdoesnotordinarilycausediseasebutbecomespathogenicundercertaincircumstances(e.g.,impairedimmuneresponses).thetransmissionofacommunicablediseasefromonepersontoanotherbecauseofapoorbarrierprotectionaninfectionfollowingapreviousinfection,especiallywhencausedbymicroorganismsthathavebecomeresistanttotheantibioticsusedearlierasecondinfectionbythesamemicroorganism,eitherafterrecoveryorduringtheoriginalinfection12345678abacterialinfectioninthebloodstreamorbodytissuesCross-infection01Exogenousinfection02Endogenousinfection03Opportunisticinfection04Reinfection05Superinfection06Autoinfection07Sepsis08LaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesproceduresGoldstandardtestMicroscopyandStainingproceduresCultureandsensitivitySerologictestStainingproceduresUrinalysisandfecalysisSpecimensmear(blood,stool)GramStainingZeihl-NeelsonstainKOH(potassiumhydroxide)testforfungiGramstain

astainingprocedureinwhichmicroorganismsarestainedwithcrystalviolet,treatedwithstrongiodinesolution,decolorizedwithethanol,andcounterstainedwithacontrastingdye;thoseretainingthestainaregram-positive,andthoselosingthestainbutstainingwiththecounterstainaregram-negative.单击此处添加小标题GramStainingTheZiehl-Neelsenstain,alsoknownastheacid-faststain,wasfirstdescribedbytwoGermandoctors;FranzZiehl(1859-1926),abacteriologistandFriedrichNeelsen(1854-1898),apathologist.Itisaspecialbacteriological