2023年的女性谋杀案：全球亲密伴侣、家庭成员的女性谋杀报告

Femicidesin2023

*Inthispublication,theterm“femicide”isusedtorefertoalltypesofgender-relatedkillingsof

womenandgirlsasdescribedinthe“Statisticalframeworkformeasuringthegender-relatedkillingofwomenandgirls(alsoreferredtoas“femicide/feminicide”)”,developedbyUNODCandUN

WomenandapprovedbytheUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissioninMarch2022.

©2024UnitedNations

Thisresearchbriefmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandanyformforeducationalornon-profitpurposeswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.

Suggestedcitation:

UNODCandUNWomen,Femicidesin2023:GlobalEstimatesofIntimatePartner/FamilyMemberFemicides(UnitedNationspublication,2024).

DISCLAIMER

TheviewsexpressedinthisresearchbriefdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsoritsofficialsorMemberStates.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisresearchbriefdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Thisresearchbriefhasnotbeenformallyedited.

Linkscontainedinthepresentpublicationareprovidedfortheconvenienceofthereaderandare

correctatthetimeofissue.TheUnitedNationstakesnoresponsibilityforthecontinuedaccuracyofthatinformationorforthecontentofanyexternalwebsite.

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Femicidesin2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisresearchbriefwaspreparedbytheResearchandTrendAnalysisBranch(RAB),UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC),andtheEndingViolenceAgainstWomenSection(EVAWS),

UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UNWomen)underthesupervisionofAngelaMe,ChiefofRAB,andKalliopiMingeirou,ChiefofEVAWS.

Generalcoordinationandcontentoverview:

MartijnKind

FrancescaMassanelloAngelaMe

KalliopiMingeirou

Analysisanddrafting:

EnricoBisogno

Andrada-MariaFilip

Dataandestimatesproduction:

CameliaAbdelgelilNataliaIvanova

MarkusSchwabe

Researchsupport:

GiorgiaAiroldi

LaraKuschlanskiRaphaëlleRafin

Mapping:

LorenzoVita

Editing:

JonathanGibbons

InfographicsandcoverProduction:

SuzanneKunnen

Coverartwork:

©CeciliaShishan

Contributions:

UNODCwishestothankAurélienLangladeandKeltoumeLarchet(NationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPolice,France),NaeemahAbrahamsandEsnatChirwa(Gender&HealthResearchUnitoftheSouthAfricanMedicalResearchCouncil),AngélicaSàenzSotomonte(EndingViolenceagainstWomenAdvisor,UNWomenColombia)andSvenPfeiffer(UNODCCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeSection)fortheircontributionsandhelpfulcomments.

Contact:UNODCData,AnalyticsandStatisticsSection:unodc-dass@

UNODCwouldalsoliketothanktheartistCeciliaShishan,whogenerouslydonatedtheartworkpictureusedforthisresearchbrief.

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Femicidesin2023

PREFACE

Theresearchbriefthisyearmarksapivotalanniversary—25yearssincetheadoptionofUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution54/134,whichestablished25NovemberastheInternationalDayfortheEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen.ThisdaycommemoratesthebrutalassassinationoftheMirabalsistersintheDominicanRepublicon25November1960,whoseactivismandsacrificegalvanizedglobalattentiontowardseffortstoendviolenceinflicteduponwomenandgirlsduetotheirgender.

Morethantwodecadeslater,anddespitetheeffortsofwomen'srightsmovementstodemandjusticeandaccountability,aswellassomenotableprogressinpreventingandrespondingtoviolenceagainstwomenandgirls,significantchallengespersistinfullyaddressingtheissue.Wearealarmedthatthenumberofkillingsbyfamilymembersandintimatepartners–themostcommonmanifestationoffemicide–remainsatstaggeringlevelsglobally.Some51,100womenandgirlswerekilledathomebypeoplecloselyrelatedtothemin2023,accountingfor60percentofallfemalehomicides.Intoomanycases,victimsoffemicidehadpreviouslyreportedviolenceandtheirkillingscouldhavebeenprevented.

ThisresearchbriefalsorevealsahighlyworryingtrendindicatingthatattentiontotheproblemoffemicidemayhavewanedinthewakeoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Since2020,thenumberofcountriesreportingorpublishingdataonthekillingofwomenbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembershasdecreasedby50percent.Yet,moreandbetterdataareneededforadeeperunderstandingoftheissueanditsmagnitude,andinordertodevelopandimplementmoreeffectivepreventionandresponsestrategies.TheUNODC-UNWomenStatisticalframeworkformeasuringgender-relatedkillingsprovidesdetailedguidanceforproducingcomprehensivedataonfemicide.

Withtheclocktickingtowards2030,thetargetdatefortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,andastheglobalcommunityapproachesthe30thanniversaryreviewoftheimplementationoftheBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction,weurgentlyneedtoaccelerateprogresstowardsgenderequalityanderadicatingviolenceagainstwomenandgirls.Thetimehascometorequestmoreaccountability,morefunding,andareneweddedicationtosafeguardingandadvancingtherightsofallwomenandgirls,ineveryplaceandinalltheirdiversity.UNWomenandUNODCremaincommittedtosupportingMemberStatestoendviolenceagainstwomenandgirlsandachievingjusticeforeveryvictim.Impunitymustendandperpetratorsmustbeheldaccountable.

GhadaWaly,ExecutiveDirector,

UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime

SimaBahous,

ExecutiveDirector,UNWomen

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Femicidesin2023

TABLEOFCONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1

PREFACE 2

KEYFINDINGS 4

INTRODUCTION 10

INTIMATEPARTNER/FAMILYMEMBERFEMICIDEIN2023 11

TRENDSININTIMATEPARTNER/FAMILYMEMBERFEMICIDE 20

HOMICIDEINTHEPRIVATESPHEREHASADISPROPORTIONATEIMPACTONWOMENANDGIRLS 22

PREVENTINGFEMICIDE 22

PRODUCINGFEMICIDEDATA:ANUNMETCHALLENGE 28

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KEYFINDINGS

•Globally,approximately51,100womenandgirlswerekilledbytheirintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembersduring2023.Higherthanthe2022estimateof48,800victims,

1

thischangeisnotindicativeofanactualincreaseasitislargelyduetodifferencesindataavailabilityatthecountrylevel.

2

The2023figuremeansthat

60percentofthealmost85,000womenandgirlskilledintentionallyduringtheyearweremurderedbytheirintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers.Inotherwords,anaverageof140womenandgirlsworldwidelosttheirliveseverydayatthehandsoftheirpartneroracloserelative.

•Womenandgirlseverywherecontinuetobeaffectedbythisextremeformofgender-basedviolenceandnoregionisexcluded.Withanestimated21,700victimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidein2023,Africaistheregionwiththehighestnumberofvictimsinaggregateterms.Moreover,Africacontinuestoaccountforthehighestnumberofvictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemiciderelativetothesizeofitspopulation(2.9victimsper100,000in2023).TheAmericasandOceaniaalsorecordedhighratesofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidein2023,at1.6and1.5per100,000respectively,whiletheratesweresignificantlylowerinAsiaandEurope,at0.8and0.6per100,000respectively.

•Beyondthekillingofwomenandgirlsbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers,otherformsoffemicideexist.Inrecentyears,somecountrieshavebeguntoquantifyotherformsoffemicidebyimplementingtheUNODC-UNWomenStatisticalframeworkformeasuringgender-relatedkillings.InFrance,forexample,duringtheperiod2019–2022,79percentofallfemalehomicideswerecommittedbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers,whileotherformsoffemicideaccountedforanadditional5percentofallfemalehomicides.Similarly,exploratoryresearchinSouthAfricaindicatesthatfemicidesoutsidethedomesticsphereaccountedfor9percentoftotalfemalehomicidesin2020–2021.

•Duetoalackofsufficientdatainotherregions,timetrendsinintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidecanonlybemonitoredintheAmericasandEuropeatpresent.Intheformer,therateofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidehasremainedrelativelystablesince2010,whileitdecreasedslowlyinEurope(-20percent)between2010and2023,asaresultofslowlydecliningtrendsincountriesinNorthern,EasternandSouthernEurope.

•TheintentionalkillingofwomenintheprivatesphereinEuropeandintheAmericasislargelycommittedbyintimatepartners.Outofallwomenkilledbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembersinthosetworegionsin2023,64percentweremurderedbytheirintimatepartnersinEuropeand58percentintheAmericas.Intherestoftheworld(basedonavailabledata),however,womenandgirlsaremorelikelytobekilledbyfamilymembers(59percent)thanbytheirintimatepartners(41percent).Thisemphasizestheneedtoensurethatthepreventionofdomesticviolenceaddressesintimaterelationshipsaswellasfamilycontextswherewomenareathigherrisk.

•Availabledataforthreecountries–France(2019–2022),SouthAfrica(2020–2021)andColombia(2014–2017)–confirmthatasignificantshareofwomenkilledbytheirintimatepartners(between22and37percent)hadpreviouslyreportedsomeformofphysical,sexualorpsychologicalviolencebytheirpartner.Thissuggeststhatmanykillingsofwomenarepreventable.Restrainingordersonmalepartnersthatprohibitfurthercontactbetweenthemandthevictimsoftheirviolenceareamongthemeasuresthatcouldpreventthekillingofwomen.

•Overthepasttwodecades,thenumberofcountriesreportingdataonthekillingofwomenandgirlsbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembersincreasedslowly.Thenumberpeakedin2020at75countries,butsubsequentlydecreasedandby2023washalfthenumberin2020.Furthermore,atpresentonlyafewcountriesareabletoproducedataonformsoffemicidecommittedoutsidethedomesticsphereincompliancewiththeUNODC-UNWomenStatisticalframeworkformeasuringgender-relatedkillings.MemberStateshaveincreasinglyadoptedmeasurestoaddressfemicideinrecentyears,buttheaccountabilityofcountries’effortstofightgender-relatedkillingsisalsomeasuredbythequalityandavailabilityoftheirstatisticsonfemicide.Significanteffortstoreversethenegativetrendintermsofdataavailabilitywouldthusincreasegovernmentaccountabilityforaddressingviolenceagainstwomen.

1UNODCandUNWomen,“Gender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirls(femicide/feminicide)”(UnitedNationspublication,2023).

2Formoreinformation,seethemethodologicalannextothepresentresearchbrief.

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Femicidesin2023

INTRODUCTION

Femiciderepresentsthemostextrememanifestationofgender-basedviolenceagainstwomenandgirls.Veryoftensuchkillingsarenotisolatedincidentsbutrathertheculminationofpre-existingformsofgender-basedviolencethataffectallregionsandcountriesworldwide.Broadlyspeaking,femicidesorgender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirls

3

arecommittedindifferentsettings,withintheprivatesphereandbeyond,forgender-relatedmotives.Suchmotivesarerootedinsocietalnormsandstereotypesthatconsiderwomentobesubordinatetomen,aswellasindiscriminationtowardswomenandgirls,inequalityandunequalpowerrelationsbetweenwomenandmeninsociety.

4

Gender-relatedmotivescharacterizethecontextinwhichthesecrimesarecommitted,whichalsodistinguishesthemfromotherintentionalkillingsofwomenandgirlsunrelatedtogendermotives.TheStatisticalframeworkformeasuringthegender-relatedkillingofwomenandgirls(alsoreferredtoas“femicide/feminicide”),jointlydevelopedbytheUnitedNationsofficeonDrugsandCrime

(UNODC)andUNWomenandapprovedbytheUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissioninMarch2022,identifiesthreetypesoffemicide:

1.Intentionalhomicidesofwomenandgirlsperpetratedbyintimatepartners

2.Intentionalhomicidesofwomenandgirlsperpetratedbyotherfamilymembers

3.IntentionalhomicidesofwomenandgirlscommittedbyperpetratorsotherthanintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembersandwherethekillingmeetsatleastoneofeightcriteriaidentifiedintheStatisticalframework

Thisresearchbriefisfocusedonpatternsofandtrendsinthefirsttwotypesoffemicideastheavailabilityofdataonthethirdtypeoffemicideisstillverylimited.Thefocusisthereforeonfemicidescommittedwithinthedomesticsphere,whicharebyfarthemostprevalentformofgender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirls.

Globalandregionalestimatesofthenumberofwomenkilledbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembersin2023arepresentedinthisresearchbrief,asareavailabletimetrends,otherfeaturesofgender-relatedkillings,selectedpracticesforpreventingfemicidesandavailablecountrydata.

3Theterms“femicide”and“gender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirls”areusedinterchangeablyinthisresearchbrief.

4UNODCandUNWomen,“Statisticalframeworkformeasuringthegender-relatedkillingofwomenandgirls(alsoreferredtoas“femicide/feminicide”)”(UnitedNationspublication,2021).

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Femicidesin2023

INTIMATEPARTNER/FAMILYMEMBERFEMICIDEIN2023

Approximately51,100(45,400–56,700)womenandgirlsworldwidelosttheirlivesatthehandsofanintimatepartnerorotherfamilymemberin2023.Higherthanthe2022estimateof48,800victims,

5

thischangeisnotindicativeofanactualincreaseasitislargelyduetodifferencesindataavailabilityatthecountrylevel.

6

The2023figuremeansthat60percentoftheroughly85,000womenandgirlskilledintentionallythatyearweremurderedbytheirintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers,suchasfathers,uncles,mothersandbrothers.

Thehighestnumberofvictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidewasrecordedinAfricain2023with21,700(18,600–24,600)victims,followedbyAsiawith18,500(16,200–20,700),theAmericaswith8,300(8,100–8,500),Europewith2,300(2,100–2,400)andOceaniawith300(282–420)victims.Africacontinuestorecordthehighestnumberofvictimsinaggregateterms,althoughitisadvisabletointerprettheregionalestimateswithcaution,astheyaresubjecttosignificantuncertaintygivenpersistentlimitationsintermsofdataavailability.

Figure1:Estimatednumberofvictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicide,byregion(2023)

Numberofvictims

Oceania

Europe

Asia

Americas

Africa

05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000

Source:UNODCestimatesbasedonUNODCHomicideDataset.

Note:Uncertaintybandsrepresentpossibleestimationerrorsduetotheimputationofmissingvaluesatthecountrylevel.Thebandsdonotrepresentprobabilityconfidenceintervals.Theestimatesarebasedonthelatestavailabledata,whichremainlimited,especiallyinAfrica,Asia,andOceania.Thesizeoftheerrorbarsprovidesanindicationofthelevelofuncertaintythattheestimatescarryattheregionallevel.

Disparitiesacrossregionsinthetotalnumberoffemalevictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicideinabsolutetermsalsoreflectdifferencesinpopulationsize.Itisthereforeimportanttoassessthescaleoftheproblemthroughadifferentlensandtoanalysetheextentoftheproblembylookingattherateofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicide.

Globally,around1.3womenper100,000femalepopulationareestimatedtohavebeenkilledbyanintimatepartneroranotherfamilymemberin2023.Intermsofregionaldifferences,itisestimatedthatthehighestrateofintimate-partner/familymemberfemicidewasinAfrica(2.9per100,000femalepopulation),followedbytheAmericas(1.6),Oceania(1.5),Asia(0.8)andEurope(0.6).Asshownbelow,however,regionalratesmaymasksignificantsubregionalandnationaldisparitiesintermsoftheleveloflethalvictimization.

5UNODCandUNWomen,“Gender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirls(femicide/feminicide)”(UnitedNationspublication,2023).

6Formoreinformation,seethemethodologicalannextothepresentresearchbrief.

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Femicidesin2023

Figure2:Estimatedrateofvictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicideper100,000femalepopulation,byregion(2023)

Rateper100,000female

population

World

OceaniaEurope

Asia

Americas

Africa

01234

Source:UNODCestimatesbasedonUNODCHomicideDataset.

Note:Uncertaintybandsrepresentpossibleestimationerrorsduetotheimputationofmissingvaluesatthecountrylevel.Thebandsdonotrepresentprobabilityconfidenceintervals.Theestimatesarebasedonthelatestavailabledata,whichremainlimited,especiallyinAfrica,Asia,andOceania.Thesizeoftheerrorbarsprovidesanindicationofthelevelofuncertaintythattheestimatescarryattheregionallevel.

Thevastmajorityofintentionalkillingsofwomenandgirlsworldwideareperpetratedbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers.Thissuggeststhatthehomeremainsthemostdangerousplaceforwomenandgirlsintermsoftheriskoflethalvictimization.Oncloserinspectionoftherelationshipbetweenvictimsandperpetrators,estimatesbasedonavailabledatasuggestthatthelargestshareofintimatepartner/familymemberkillingsinEuropeandintheAmericasareinfactcommittedbyintimatepartners,with64percentbeingmurderedbytheirintimatepartnersinEuropeand58percentintheAmericas.Intheotherthreeregions–Africa,AsiaandOceania–availabledatasuggestthatthemajorityoffemalevictimsofintimatepartner/familymemberfemicidewerekilledbyfamilymembers(59percent)ratherthanintimatepartners(41percent).

Giventhedifferencesinvictim-perpetratordynamicsamongthesetwotypesoffemicide,targetedpreventionpoliciesareneededtotacklethesespecificformsofgender-basedviolencewithinthedomesticsphere.Thecontextinwhichintimatepartnerviolencecanescalateintoakillinghasbeenwidelystudiedbycriminologistsandacademics,withaseriesofriskfactorssuchasahistoryofviolencebetweentheperpetratorandthevictim,previousthreatsandanactualorpendingseparationbeingidentified.

7

Considerablylessisknownaboutthepatternsandriskfactorsassociatedwiththeintentionalkillingsofwomenandgirlsbyotherfamilymembers,whichmayrequireabroadersetofpreventionstrategies.

7Johnson,H.et.al.,“Intimatefemicide:Theroleofcoercivecontrol”,FeministCriminology,vol.14(2017).

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Figure3:Sharesofperpetratorsoffemicidewithinthefamily,byregion(average2010–2023)

Source:UNODCestimatesbasedonUNODCHomicidedataset.

BOX1:CHARACTERISTICSOFFEMICIDESINFRANCEPERPETRATEDBETWEEN2019AND2022

(ContributionbytheCriminologicalResearchDivisionoftheNationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPoliceinFrance)

InFrance,violenceagainstwomenhasbeenreceivingincreasedattentioninrecentyearsand,althoughlongunderestimated,itisnowacknowledgedtobeanationalpriority.Since2017,PresidentMacronhasmadethefightagainstthistypeofviolencethe"greatnationalcause"ofhistermofoffice.In2019,theFrenchGovernmentorganisedaseriesofdebatesandconsultationsdesignedtostepupthefightagainstthisphenomenon.Thispoliticalattentionhasledtostrongersystemsofprevention,protectionandsupportforvictims,butdespitethisprogress,violenceagainstwomenremainsamajorchallengeforFrenchsociety.

ThelatestFrenchvictimizationsurvey,VécuetRessentienMatièredeSécurité(Experiencesandperceptionsintermsofsecurity),estimatesthat240,000womenwerevictimsofphysicalviolenceand217,000ofsexualviolenceinthecountryin2022.

8

Homicideremainstheparoxysmalmanifestationofthecontinuumofviolenceagainstwomenanditscontinuedmonitoringhelpstoimproveunderstandingoftrendsinviolenceagainstwomen.TheNationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPolice(DNPJ)

9

collectsandanalysesoperationaldata(criminalfiles,recordsofinvestigationsandarchives)onallintentionalhomicidescommittedinFrance.In2024,DNPJhasimplementedtheStatistical

8Servicestatistiqueministérieldelasécuritéintérieure(SSMSI),Surveyreport,VécuetRessentienMatièredeSécurité,Victimation,DélinquanceetSentimentd’Insécurité(2023).

9WithinDNPJ,theCriminologicalResearchDivision(DRC)isresponsibleforstudyingcriminalphenomenaanddevelopingmonitoringtoolsforfieldpersonnel.ItcollectsandprocessesinformationcollectedbyDNPJanddisseminatesinsightsgainedthroughcriminologicalanalysis.

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frameworkongender-relatedkillingsofwomenandgirlsdevelopedbyUNODCandUNWomen

10

to

measurethetotalnumberoffemicidesinFrance.Constantlyupdatedbasedoninformationfromlawenforcementactivities,thepreliminarydatafortheperiod2019–2022arepresentedhere.Forthisandotherreasons,suchdatamayslightlydifferfromstatisticaldataonintentionalhomicidesreleasedbythestatisticalserviceoftheMinistryoftheInterior.

Sharesoffemicidesamongtotalintentionalhomicidesofwomen,France(2019–2022)

Source:NationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPolice(DNPJ).

InFrance,mostkillingsofwomenhaveagender-relatedmotive

Between2019and2022,956womenorgirlswerevictimsofintentionalhomicideinFranceand84percentofthekillingswerefemicides.Themajorityofthesegender-relatedkillingswereofwomenkilledbytheircurrentorformerintimatepartner(56percentofallwomenkilled),23percentwerekilledbyotherfamilymembersandasmallershareofwomen(5percent)werekilledbecauseofagender-relatedmotivebyperpetratorsoutsidetheirfamily.Asignificantshare(14percent)offemalehomicideswasperpetratedduetomotivesunrelatedtogender(forexample,inconnectionwitharobberyordispute)andinthecaseofasmallshare(2percent)ofallfemalehomicidestherewasnotsufficientinformationavailabletoestablishtheirnature.

Onaverage,thefemiciderateinFrancewas0.58per100,000femalepopulationintheyears2019to2022,duringwhichitrangedbetween0.51(2021)and0.67(2019).Thefemiciderateunderwentadecreasingtrenduntil2021,butthenroseagainbecauseagreaternumberofwomenwerekilledbyotherfamilymembers.

Some40percentoffemicidesperpetratedoutsidethedomesticsphere(47casesduringtheperiodunderexamination)wereaccompaniedbysexualviolence,whileextremeviolenceormutilationofthebodywasusedagainstthevictiminalmostonethirdofcases.Inthecaseofonethirdoffemicidesperpetratedoutsidethefamilysphere,thevictimswereinvulnerablesituations,suchasbeingemployedinthesexindustryorsubjecttoillegalexploitation.

10UNDOCandUNWomen,“Statisticalframeworkformeasuringthegender-relatedkillingofwomenandgirls(alsoreferredtoas“femicide/feminicide”)”(UnitedNationspublication,2021).

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Femicidesin2023

Numberoffemicides,bytype,France(2019–2022)

Source:NationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPolice(DNPJ).

Criteriaforidentifyingfemicidesnotperpetratedbyintimatepartnersorotherfamilymembers,France(2019–2022)

Killingofvictimincontextofhatecrime

Bodyofvictimdisposedofinpublicspace

Mutilationofvictim’sbody

Sexualviolenceonvictimbefore/afterthekilling

VictimworkinginthesexindustryIllegalexploitationofvictim

010203040

Percentage

Source:NationalDirectorateoftheJudicialPolice(DNPJ).

Note:Thesumofthepercentagesishigherthan100astherearefemicidecaseswheremultiplecriteriaaremet.

Forexample,afemicidecommittedaftersexualviolencecouldalsobeaccompaniedbymutilationofthevictim’sbody.

Contextandmodusoperandioffemicides

Itisextremelycommonforvictimsoffemicidetoknowtheperpetrator,withvictimsandperpetratorsknowingeachotherin97percentofcases.ThisfindingisalsoobservedinotherWesternEuropeancountries

11

andisparticularlyrelevantininformingpreventionmeasures.

MostfemicidesinFrancearecommittedwithaweapon:29percentwithabladedweaponand22percentwithafirearm,mostofwhicharedomestichuntingweapons.OveronethirdoffemicidesinFrancearecommittedwithoutaweapon(37percent).ThisisnotspecifictoFrance,asthedistributionisthesameinseveralotherWesternEuropeancountries.

12

11Liem,M.etal.,“PatternsoffemalehomicidevictimizationinWesternEurope”,InternationalCriminology,vol.4,No.2(Springer,2024).

12Ibid.

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Intermsoflocationswherefemicidesoccur,threequartersarecommittedinthevictim'shomeand11percentinthestreetorotherpublicplaces.Often,thevictimalsoknowstheperpetrator(84percentofcases)whenthekillingoccursinpublicspaces.

Whenconsideringpossibleriskfactors,itshouldbenotedthatfewervictims(11percent)andperpetrators(20percent)offemicidesareundertheinfluenceofalcoholthaninthecaseofmalehomicides(25and30percentrespectively).Somestudiespointtothedrugintoxicationofvictimsasahomicidalriskfactor,

13

butinthecaseoffemicidesinFrance,thisdoesnotseemtobethecase,with3percentofvictimsand5percentofperpetratorsoffemicidebeingundertheinfluenceofdrugsatthetimeofthecrime.

Finally,itisofnotethatperpetratorsoffemicidearealmostalwaysdetectedbytheauthorities,asthishappensin97percentofcases,asignificantlyhighersharethaninthecaseofhomicidesofmalevictims(79percent).However,thevastmajorityofperpetratorsoffemicidearemen,asonly10percentoffemicidesarecommittedbywomen.

Focusonfemicideperpetratedbyintimatepartners

WhenfocusingonthemostprevalentformoffemicideinFrance,thatisthekillingofwomenbytheirintimatepartners,itisclearthatsuchkillingscanfollowaculminationofo