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IntroductionLecture859-18Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程Contents
8.1TasksforCriticalThinkingandDiscussion8.2OrderofCitations8.3VerbTenseinCitation8.4VerbTenseinOtherPartsofIntroduction8.5LanguagePractice8.6WritingupYourResearch8.7LanguageSupport59-28Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程Informationelements(IE)of
anintroduction1.Researchbackground2.Literaturereview
(Whathavebeendone?Whathaven’tbeendone?)3.Investigationneeded4.Researchpurpose
(WhatamIgoingtodo?)5.Researchvalue/findings/paperstructure59-38Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程Universe(ageneralareaofstudy)GalaxyStarasub-areaaspecifictopic59-48Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-58.1TasksforCriticalThinkingandDiscussion1.
CompletethefollowingtablebyindicatingtheIEseachtext(readthehandout)contains.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-6S(s)5,8S(s)2-4S(s)/S(s)1S(s)6-7S(s)/S(s)9-12S(s)9S(s)8S(s)4-7S(s)1-3S(s)8S(s)7S(s)6S(s)1-5TextIE1IE2IE3IE4IE51238Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-72.Whichinformationelementisthelongest?Isthereanyreasonforthis?
Thepartofliteraturereviewisoftenthelongestsinceitincludesspecificinformationaboutdifferentstudies.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-83.ReadthefollowingexampleofIE1andindicatewhetherasentencemakesastatementaboutthegeneralarea,thesub-area,ortheauthor’stopic.e.g.1Oneoftheimportantresearchfieldsformobilerobotsistheirsmoothmovementtodestination.2Amobilerobotmustpossessamapandmustbeabletomovebyevadingobstaclesnotdescribedinthemapsuchasaperson,anothermobilerobotormerelyanobject.3Toevadeanobstacle,amobilerobothastobeabletoidentifyitsposition,detecttheobstacleusingavisualsystem,andoperateacollisionavoidancealgorithm.IE1:Establishingacontext
Generalarea:____________Sub-area:____________Author’stopic:____________sentence1sentence3sentence28Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-94.IdentifythepartofIE1inText1,andindicatethesentenceswhichcorrespondtothegeneralarea,asub-areaandtheauthor’stopic.
Generalarea:sentences1-2;
Sub-area:sentences3-4;
Author’stopic:sentence58Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-105.IntheliteraturereviewpartofText2,theauthorcitesthewritersintwodifferentways.Whatarethey?Whatdeterminesawriter’sdecisiononthesetwoforms?a.Author’snamesatbeginningofsentenceinsubjectposition,followedbyreferenceanddateinbrackets.
b.Author’snamesandreferenceattheendofthecitationsentenceinbrackets.
(2)
Importancegiventothecitedauthors.Iftheyaremoreimportantandrelevanttothewriter’swork,thecitedauthorsarefronted.IE2:Reviewingpreviousresearch8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-116.FollowingispartofaliteraturereviewtakenfromtheintroductiontoapaperinthefieldofEnglishlearning.Thesentencesaregivenhereinscrambleorder.Arrangethesentencesintheorderyoufeeltheyshouldappearintheoriginaltext.ThereviewbeginswithsentenceB.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-12
StylisticVariationsinScienceLectures _____A.PangandWright(2005)broadenedthelinguisticfocustoincludesomepedagogicalandsociolinguisticaspectsoflecturing,suchassetting,levelofformality,participantroles,andlecturetopics.
_____B.Mostresearchonthelecturemethodhasbeenconductedinanative-speakercontext. _____C.Theroleofvocabularyinmediatinginstructionhasrecentlyattractedtheattentionofappliedlinguists. _____D.Anumberofstudieshavesofarexaminedthewaysinformationispresentedinlectures;andrecommendationsforimprovingthestudyskillsofnativespeakershavebeenproposed(e.g.,Northetal.,2000;Murphy,2002;Hall,2005). ____E.Lee(2006)hasexaminedfunctionofdefinitionsinsciencelectures. ____F.OnlyafewresearchershaveconsideredthespecialproblemsforeignstudentsmayhavewithlecturesgiveninEnglish(Ding,1999;Young&Wilson,2003;Richards&Flower,2007). ____G.YoungandWilson(2003)concentratedonthelinguisticaspect:eitheronhowmessageswereencoded,orontheaspectsthatmightcausedecodingproblemsfornativespeakers.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-13
StylisticVariationsinScienceLecturesB.Mostresearchonthelecturemethodhasbeenconductedinanative-speakercontext.D.Anumberofstudieshavesofarexaminedthewaysinformationispresentedinlectures;andrecommendationsforimprovingthestudyskillsofnativespeakershavebeenproposed(e.g.,Northetal.,2000;Murphy,2002;Hall,2005).F.OnlyafewresearchershaveconsideredthespecialproblemsforeignstudentsmayhavewithlecturesgiveninEnglish(Ding,1999;Young&Wilson,2003;Richards&Flower,2007).G.YoungandWilson(2003)concentratedonthelinguisticaspect:eitheronhowmessageswereencoded,orontheaspectsthatmightcausedecodingproblemsfornativespeakers.A.PangandWright(2005)broadenedthelinguisticfocustoincludesomepedagogicalandsociolinguisticaspectsoflecturing,suchassetting,levelofformality,participantroles,andlecturetopics.C.Theroleofvocabularyinmediatinginstructionhasrecentlyattractedtheattentionofappliedlinguists.E.Lee(2006)hasexaminedfunctionofdefinitionsinsciencelectures.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-147.InText1,whatisthefunctionofsentence7?Whatconnectionexistsbetweensentence7andsentence8?Whatisthewritertryingtosuggestabouttheresearchinsentence12?
Itindicatesaneedformoreinvestigationintoconsumers’buyingbehavioron-lineandatstores,servingasajustificationforthestudybeingreported.Sentence7servesasthejustificationforSentence8.InSentence12,thewriteristryingtosuggestthevalueofthestudy.IE3,IE4,IE5:Advancingtopresentresearch8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-158.InText3,howdidtheauthorsmanagetocommunicateaneedforresearchinthisarea?Areviewofpreviousresearch,i.e.IE2,isabsent.Whatisthepossiblereasonforthat?Theauthorsimpliedaneedforresearchinthispart.Apossiblereasonmightbe:theresearchtopicwasnewandrelevantresearchwasscarce.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-16(1)
Whatisthecomparabilityofcomputerizedandpaper-and-penciltestsfromacognitiveperspective?9.Followingaresomeresearchquestions.Converteachquestiontoastatementofresearchpurpose.
Thisstudyexaminedtheissuesofthecomparabilityofcomputerizedandpaper-and-penciltestsfromacognitiveperspective.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-17(2)
Isthereanalternativeanalyticalapproachtomachineryselectionproblems?
Thispaperisanattempttodevelopanalternativeanalyticalapproachtomachineryselectionproblems.(3)
Isthesmile—ahighlyvaluedsocialbehavior,attributedmorefrequentlytoin-grouportoout-groupmembers?
Thegoalofthepresentstudywastoexaminewhetherahighlyvaluedsocialbehavior—thesmile—isattributedmorefrequentlytoin-groupthantoout-groupmembers.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-18(4)
HowlongdoesTVcommercialsaffectthesalesofsoftdrinks?
ThispaperreportsontheresultsofastudyconductedtodeterminethelengthoftimeTVcommercialsaffectthesalesofsoftdrinks.(5)
Howismetaphorusedinmajorcharacters’namesintheChineseclassic“ADreamofRedMansions”?
Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexaminethewaysmetaphorisusedinmajorcharacters’namesintheChineseclassic“ADreamofRedMansions”.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程8.2OrderofCitations1)Chronological:
earliest→latest2)Generaltospecific:
remotelyrelated→closelyrelated3)Differentapproaches:
oneapproach+another+stillanotherapproach59-198Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-208.3VerbTenseinCitation
VerbTenseinCitation
Authorprominent
Informationprominent文献综述中动词时态的用法与作者所要强调的信息有关。通常,信息优先用一般现在时;作者优先强调的是一项具体研究,用一般过去时。8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-21Informationprominent:Present
1.TheInternetProtocol(IP),however,isbasedonbesteffortandlackstheabilitytoprovidesomelevelofQualityofService(QoS)guarantees[1].2.Whenstudentsperceivethattheircoursegrades,courseprocedures,orinstructors’communicationareunfair,theyreportagreaterlikelihoodofindirectaggressionagainsttheirinstructors(Chory,2002;Thompson,2005a;2005b),resistingtheirinstructors’requests(Houser&Lee,2006),andgivingtheirinstructorslowerteachingevaluations(Tata,1999).8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-22Authorprominent:Past1.Aleamoni(1981)notedthatopinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliable,validandusefultounreliable,invalid,anduseless.
2.Schaller(1992)observedthatteacherswhoengagedinmoreverbalsensitivity(relationalcompetence),immediacy,andnegativehumor,allofwhichconstitutearelationalteachingapproach,experiencedmoresatisfactionwiththeirstudentsandwork.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-23Authorprominent:presentperfect(1)当论文作者强调几位作者的研究成果或研究概况时,常常用现在完成时。1.ResearcherssuchasBraskamp,BrandenburgandOry(1984),Aleamoni(1987)andSeldin(1999)havedevelopedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-24Authorprominent:presentperfect(2)
2.Althoughrecentresearchhasprovidedinsightsintothecomposingprocessesofsecondlanguagewriters(Raimes,1985;Zamel,1983,1985;seeKrapels,1990,forasurveyofL2processstudies)andintothediscoursestructuresofL2texts(Connor&Kaplan,1987),questionsstillremainregardingtheextenttowhichlanguageproficiencyinteractswithandinfluenceswritingskill.3.Slemenda,etal.(1997)haveshownthataweakquadricepsmuscleisassociatedwithahigherriskforkneeosteoarthritis,suggestingindirectevidencethatinactivitymaybeharmfultothejoint.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-25Authorprominent:Attitudeandtense(1)Note:论文作者对所引用的前人研究成果的态度也影响动词时态的选择。如果过去的成果非常重要,或者与作者正在从事的研究工作直接相关,论文作者就会选择动词的现在时,否则,就用过去时。
1.Schmidt(1998)identifiedthreetypesofmicrocomputeruseinclassrooms:theobjectofacourse,asupporttool,andameansofprovidinginstruction.FosterandKleene(1998)citefourusesofmicrocomputersinvocationalagriculture:drillandpractice,tutorial,simulationandproblemsolving.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-26Authorprominent:Attitudeandtense(2)2.Similarly,asurveyofL2studentstakinguniversitycoursesfoundthattheyidentifiedvocabularyasamajorfactorthatheldthembackinacademicwritingtasks(Leki&Carson,1994).Laufer(1986)arguesthatiffluencyisunderstoodas“theabilitytoconveyamessagewitheaseandcomprehensibility”(p.72),thenvocabularyadequacyandaccuracymattermorethangrammaticalcorrectness.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-27
Researchorientation8.4VerbTenseinOtherPartsofIntroduction
ResearchPurpose
Value
ReportorientationModalauxiliaries
介绍研究目的时,作者可以将着眼点放在研究工作本身(ResearchOrientation)并将其作为主语;作者也可以将着眼点放在论文本身(PaperOrientation)并将其作为主语。通常,前者用一般过去时;后者用一般现在时或将来时。8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-28ResearchPurposeResearchorientation:Past1.Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminetheextenttowhichmeasuresoflexicalrichness,aswellasmeasuresoflexicalerror,arerelatedtothequalityofwrittencompositionsofL2learnersfrommixedlanguagebackgroundsatfourlevelsofanintensiveEnglishprogram.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-29ResearchPurposeReportorientation:Present;Future1.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofasurveyconductedinZhejiangprovince,China,todeterminetheperceivedimpactofChina’saccessiontotheWTOonbusinessprofessionals.2.Inthispaper,weproposeanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.3.ThispaperwilldiscusssomedemographicfactorswhichmightbeimportantforqueenrearinginAfricanhoneybeecolonies.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-308.5LanguagePractice
1.
Readthepaperentitled“Internet-BusinessorJustBusiness?Impactof‘Internet-Specific’StrategiesonVenturePerformance”,anintroductionpartofaresearchpaperinthefieldofmanagementstudies,onthehandout.Theparagraphsofthepaperareinscrambledorder.Rearrangetheparagraphsinanorderastheauthororiginallywrotethem.C-B-E-A-D8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-312.Thefollowingsentencesaretakenfromtheintroductiontoaresearchpaperonbusinessemailcommunication.Theintroductionhasthreeparagraphs.Thesentencesineachparagrapharenotpresentedintheirproperorder.Numberthesentencesintheorderyouthinktheyappearedintheoriginalintroduction.B–C–A–D–F–E–H–G
8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-323.Readthefollowingparagraphswhichcontainliteraturereviewparts.Indicateiftheorderofcitationusedinthereviewis(1)Generaltospecific,(2)Chronologicalor(3)Differentapproaches.
(A)Generaltospecific
(B)Differentapproaches
(C)Chronological8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-334.EachofthefollowingIEIVstatements(researchpurpose/objectivesofthewriter’sstudy)istakenfromadifferentresearchpaper.Determinewhetheritisanexampleofresearchorreportorientation.Thenrewriteeachstatement,changingtheorientationfromresearchtoreport,orviceversa.Makechangesifnecessary.e.g.
(1)ThepurposeofthisresearchwastofurtherinvestigateandcharacterizetheSanitaryEngineeringResearchLaboratoryreactorsystem.
(2)Thepurposeofthispaper(report)istofurtherexamine(describe)andcharacterizetheSanitaryreportorientationresearchorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-34(1)
Inthecurrentstudyweattemptedtoaddresstheperceivedshortcomingsintheliteraturehighlightedabove.________________
Thepresentpaperattemptstoaddresstheperceivedshortcomingsintheliteraturehighlightedabove.
researchorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-35(2)
Inthispaper,weproposeanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.__________________
Thisstudyproposedanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.(Or)Thepurposeofthisstudywastopropose….
reportorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-36(3)
Thepresentstudy,intakinganewapproachtothestudyofacademicwritingtasks,attemptstoprovidesomepreliminaryanswerstothesequestionsinthehopethatotherresearcherswillbuildonthispreliminarywork._____________
Thestudy,intakinganewapproachtothestudyofacademicwritingtasks,wasanattempttoprovidesomepreliminaryanswerstothesequestionsinthehopethatotherresearcherswillbuildonthisbeginning.
reportorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-37(4)
Thispaperpresentstheactiveresourcemanagement(ARM)approachthatactivelymanagestheresourcesinaDSdomainbydynamicallyreallocatingresourcesattheBBbasedonthecurrentrequirementsofapplicationsandthestateofthenetwork.________________
Thepurposeofthisstudywastopresenttheactiveresourcemanagement(ARM)approachthatactivelymanagestheresourcesinaDSdomainbydynamicallyreallocatingresourcesattheBBbasedonthecurrentrequirementsofapplicationsandthestateofthenetwork.
reportorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-38(5)
Theexperimenttobedescribedbelowwasanattempttoprovidesomefurtherdataontheroleandpositionofasummaryinaresearchreport,usingnaturalmaterials.________________
Thisreportisanattempttoprovidesomefurtherdataontheroleandpositionofasummaryinaresearchreport,usingnaturalmaterials.
researchorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-39(6)
Basedontheassumptionthatlearners’attitudestowardalanguagemightaffecttheirlearningofthatlanguage,thispaperreportsonastudywhichexaminedChinesestudents’attitudestowardSingaporeanEnglish.___________________
Basedontheassumptionthatlearners’attitudestowardalanguagemightaffecttheirlearningofthatlanguage,thisstudyexaminedChinesestudents’attitudestowardSingaporeanEnglish.
reportorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-40(7)
Inthispaper,wewilldiscusstheextenttowhichthevideohasachievedtheaimofstimulatingreflectionwithinoneparticularEnglishcommunicationskillscourse,andthedepthofreflectionthathastakenplace.._____________
Thestudyexamined/investigatedtheextenttowhichthevideohasachievedtheaimofstimulatingreflectionwithinoneparticularEnglishcommunicationskillscourse,andthedepthofreflectionthathastakenplace.(Or)Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexamine/investigate…
reportorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-41(8)
Thegoalofthepresentresearchwastoassesswhetherthereisevidenceforin-groupfavoritismintheattributionofsmiles._________________
Themainpurposeofthispaperistoassesswhetherthereisevidenceforin-groupfavoritismintheattributionofsmiles.
researchorientation8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-428.6WritingupYourResearch
1.ThesameintroductiontothepaperaboutteacherevaluationusedinLecture7ispresentedhereagain.IEsI,III,IV,Varegiven,butIEII(Literaturereview)isrepresentedinoutlineform.Usingtheinformationintheoutline,writealiteraturereviewforthisintroduction.Youmayrefertothelistofreferencesattheendofthetextforyourcitationinformation,butdon’trefertotheoriginaltext.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程Teacher’sandStudents’Perceptionsof“StudentEvaluationofFaculty”asamethodforAssessingTeachers’Performance
UniversityofBristolPauline,KLLeeIntroductionInthepast30years,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseintheuseofstudentevaluationofinstruction.Withaccountabilityandaconsumer-orientedcultureinvogue,qualityassurancepracticesarealsogreatlyadvocatedintheeducationsectorinHongKong.Ratinggainedfromstudentevaluationoffaculty(referredtoasSEFhereafter)havebeenusedtoappraiseteachers’performance,andtheyalsoprovidethesourceofinformationfordepartmentheadstomakedecisionsonallocationofduties,contractrenewal,promotionsandstaffdevelopment.59-438Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程IEIILiteratureReviewA.Anumberofstudies–investigateevaluationpractice1.Braskamp,BrandenburgandOry;Aleamoni;Seldin:developedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.2.Aleamoni&Hexner:opinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliable,validandusefultounreliable,invalid,anduseless.3.Norris:manyoftheattemptstoassesscurricula,programmecontent,studentperformanceandteachereffectivenesshavebeen“ungainlyandilldefined”.B.Onereasonfordifferenceofopinions:purposesofevaluationBall:(someresearchers)mainpurposeofeducationalevaluation:gettingfundingandexertingbureaucraticcontrol59-448Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程AlthoughstudentevaluationhasbeencarriedoutintertiaryeducationinHongKongfornearly10yearsnow,thereislittleagreementaboutwhatconstitutesexcellent,good,orunacceptableperformance.Additionally,manyquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthereliabilityandvalidityofstudentevaluationasamodeofteacherappraisal.59-458Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程ThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatehowrobustSEFisasameasureofteachingqualityintertiaryeducation.Threeresearchquestionsarelistedasfollows:(1)What,accordingtostudentsandteachers,constitutesgoodteachingintertiaryeducation?(2)Howgoodameasure,accordingtoteachers,isstudentevaluationoffaculty,intertiaryeducation?(3)Isstudentevaluationoffacultyaviablemeanstogainfeedbackonteachingperformance?AsecondgoalwastodevisesomeguidingprinciplesforappraisingteachersinthetertiarysectorinHongKong.ThisstudywasidentifiedasbeingofimportancetothehealthydevelopmentofqualityassurancepracticeintertiaryeducationinHongKong.59-468Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-47
Anumberofresearchstudieshavebeenconductedtoinvestigatethisevaluationpractice.ResearcherssuchasBraskamp,BrandenburgandOry(l994),Aleamoni(1987)andSeldin(1999)havedevelopedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.AleamoniandHexner(1980)notedthatopinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliableandusefultounreliableanduseless.Someclaimthatmanyoftheattemptstoassessprogrammecontentandteachereffectivenesshavebeen“ungainlyandill-defined”(Norris,1990:22).AlthoughstudentevaluationhasbeencarriedoutintertiaryeducationinHongKongfornearly10yearsnow,thereislittleagreementaboutwhatconstitutesexcellent,good,orunacceptableperformance.Additionally,manyquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthereliabilityandvalidityofstudentevaluationasamodeofteacherappraisal.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程59-482.UsingthesampleintroductionsinReadingsfromthislecture,writeanintroductiontoapaperyoumaythinkyoucanwriteinyourfieldofstudy.8Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程8.7LanguageSupportRecently,therehasbeenmuchinterestintheroleofmarketingresourcesincontributingtothecreationofcompetitiveadvantageandsubsequentlyfirmperformance.Inrecentyears,appliedresearchershavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedintechnologiesforwaste-watertreatment.Recently,therehasbeenaspateofinterestinthestudyofthecomposingprocessedofChineseEFLwriters.TherelationshipsbetweenvocabularyandreadingcomprehensionproficiencyinEFLlearnershavebeenstudiedbymanyresearchers.Theeffectofair-conditioningsystemsonhumanhealthhasbeenstudiedextensivelyinrecentyears.TheInternetisanextremelyimportantnewtechnology,andit
isnosurprisethatithasreceivedsomuchattentionfromentrepreneurs,executives,investorsandbusinessobservers.Describingresearchbackground59-498Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程AccordingtoHall(1997),culturescanbegroupedalongacontinuumfromlow-contexttohigh-context.Forexample,MaitraandGoswami(1995)examinedthevisualdesignofaJapanesecompany’sannualreportandfoundverydistinctivedesignfeatures.White(2003)distinguishesbetweenlanguageacquiredforbasicinterpersonalcommunicationandlanguageacquiredforacademicpurposes.In[7]theauthorsexaminetheperformanceofvoiceoveranetworkwhichsupportspremiumandassuredservices.Withoutattemptingtobeexhaustive,wehaveselectedasmallsampleofstudiesforinclusioninthisreviewevidenceofthetransferoffirstlanguagewritingskillstothesecondlanguage(Brooks,1985;Cummins,1989)althoughtheevidenceisnotconclusive(Carson,Kroll&Kuehn,1990).Nation(1996:11)remarks“alargervocabularysizeisclearlybetter”andquotesWest(1941)asrecommending98%“known”wordsinareadingtext(Nation&Coady,1988:99).AsCraik(1998:25)pointedout,withoutcommunication“therewouldbenoorganizingororganization.”Reviewingexistingliterature
59-508Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程acknowledgeagreeassurecontenddescribeaddannounceclaimdeclaredirect
Reportingverbswhichcanbeusedtoreportwhatpeoplesayadmitarguecommentdemandexplainadviseassertconfirmdenyinsist
maintainproposereportsaytellmentionreassurerespondstateurgeobserverecommendrequeststipulatewarnpredictremarkrevealsuggestwrite*Notethattheverbs“address”,“converse”,“lecture”,“speak”and“talk”,althoughtheymean“tosaysomething”,cannotbeusedasreportingverbs.59-518Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程acceptagreeassumebelieveconsiderconcludedecidediscoverdoubtestimateexpectfeelfigureholdhopeimagineintendknowmeannoteplanproposereasonsupposethinkunderstandwishwonderReportingverbswhichcanbeusedtoreportpeople’sthoughts59-528Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程However,theseapproachesdonotincludetestsforchangesinpriceelasticity.Theabovestudiesignoreanimportantaspectoftheproblem,namelytheinefficienciesinwateruse.However,fewstudieshavereportedontheeffectsofcomputerassistedlanguagelearning.Todate,fewstudiesofL1orL2interestandcomprehensionhaveusedmultiplecomprehensionmeasures.Indicatinganeedformoreresearch
59-538Introduction英语专业学术论文写作教程Althoughmuchworkhasbeendonetodate,morestudiesneedtobeconductedtoascertaintheeffectsofmicrocomputer-assistedinstructioninlanguage.Ascomputertechn
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