北京中考英语5年真题汇编-教师版-专题03 阅读理解之说明文

北京中考英语5年真题汇编——专题03阅读理解之说明文【五年考情回顾】年份体裁主题内容2024年说明文本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。2023年说明文主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。2023年说明文本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。2022年说明文文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。2020年说明文本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战。（2024·北京·中考真题）SamHillisreallybadatfindinghiswayfromplacetoplace.TheworldisfullofpeoplelikeHill—andtheiropposites,whoalwaysseemtoknowexactlywheretheyareandhowtogetwheretheywanttogo.Ithasprovedhardtoexplainwhy.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,there’snewexcitementhappeningintheresearchworld.Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.Researchersdevelopedanonlinegameinwhichplayerstravelbyboattofindwherealotofcheckpointslie.Thegameaskedplayerstoprovidebasicbackgroundinformation,andnearlyfourmillionpeopleworldwidedidso.Throughthegame,theresearcherswereabletojudgenavigational(辨识方向的)abilitybylookingathowfareachpersontraveledtoreachallthecheekpoints.Thentheycomparedplayers’performancewiththeirbackgroundinformation.TheresearchersfoundthatNorthernEuropeansseemedtobebetternavigations,perhapsbecausetheyloveorienteering(定向越野),asportwhichinvolvescross-countryrunningandnavigation.Andthosefromcitieswithmoredisorganizedstreetnetworks(网状系统)didbetterthanthosefromcitieswithorderlyones.Perhapspeopleofplannedcitiesdon’tneedtobuildcomplex(复杂的)mapsintheirminds.Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople’slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.NorthernEuropeans,forexample,showalmostnogender(性别)differenceinnavigation.However,mendomuchbetterthanwomeninplaceswherewomenfaceculturallimitsonexploringtheirenvironmentontheirown.ThatfindingisalsosupportedbystudiesontheTsimane,acommunitylivinginaforestinSouthAmerica.ResearchersputGPSunitson305Tsimanepeopletochecktheirdailymovementsoverathree-dayperiod,andfoundnodifferencebetweenmenandwomeninnavigationalability.Evenchildrenperformedverywell—aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.1．Whywasanexperimentcarriedoutin2022?A．Todevelopanonlinewayfindinggame.B．Toimprovetheplayers’wayfindingability.C．Topickoutpeoplewhoareweakinwayfinding.D．Tofindoutwhypeoplearedifferentinwayfindingability.2．Accordingtothepassage,whoisprobablythebestatfindingtheirway?A．Awomanwhooftenexploresnature.B．AgirlwhostudiesSouthAmericanculture.C．Amanwhorunsonasportsgroundeverymorning.D．Aboywholivesinacitywithanorderlystreetnetwork.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Goodnavigatorsaremostlymade,notborn.B．Navigationskillsdifferbetweenthegenders.C．Navigationskillsarepasseddown,neverlost.D．Goodnavigatorsbringdevelopmentsintechnology.【答案】1．D2．A3．A【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople’slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Evenchildrenperformedverywell—aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。（2023·北京·中考真题）Doyouknowthatover1/3ofallfoodproducedintheworldgoestowaste?AccordingtotheUnitedNations(UN),everyyeararoundtheworld,aboutonebillion(十亿)tonsoffoodiswasted.Atthesametime,therearenearlyonebillionpeoplewhogohungry.Simply1/4ofthefoodwastedisenoughtokeepthemoutofhunger.Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimate(气候)change.Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?Oneeffectivesolutionisbalancingfoodproductionwithdemand(需求).Inhotelsandothersimilarplaces,specialinstrumentsshouldbeusedsothatcookingspecialistsjustprepareandcookfoodasitisordered.Anothereffectivesolutionisstartingprogramstoreduce(减少)foodwaste.Storesandbuyerscantrytheirbesttobecreativeinfoodwastereduction.Forexample,storescanprovidecustomerswithinstructionstellingthemhowtomakefulluseoffood.Buyerscantrynotfixingtheireyesonlyonfoodofthebestquality(质量).Sometimes,thefoodofnon-topqualityisalsogoodenoughtoeat,orcanbeboughtandthenusedtomakedeliciousdishes.Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.Challengingasitis,theuseofmealplansinpreparingfoodcanplayanimportantroleinendingfoodwasteinthefamily.Foodrecyclingisoneoftheknownsolutions.Effortsarenowalreadyinprogress.Foodthatisnotsafeforhumanstoeatisrecycledintootherproductssuchasanimalfeedsandclothing.Yet,thereisstillalongwaytogoandmuchforimprovementinthisarea.Inaword,foodwastehasbeenoneofthebiggestproblemsintheworldthathaveinfluencedusgreatly.Manysolutionshavebeenfoundandmanymoreareyettobeworkedout.Ifeachofuscanputinmoreefforts,foodwasteissuretobereducedforthegoodofourfuture.4．Accordingtothepassage,whatisapossibleresultoffoodwaste?A．Theproblemofworldwidehunger. B．Abigincreaseinfoodproduction.C．Thespeed-upofclimatechange. D．Asuddendropinpopulation.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Foodrecyclinghasbeenhugelysuccessful. B．Buyersshouldgiveupnon-topqualityfood.C．Storesshouldtrainpeopletomakedeliciousdishes. D．Mealplansinthefamilyarehardtoputintopractice.6．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Benefitsofreducingfoodwaste. B．Solutionstothefoodwasteproblem.C．Theimportanceoffightingfoodwaste. D．Theattitudetothefoodwasteproblem.【答案】4．C5．D6．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。4．细节理解题。根据“Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimatechange.”可知食物浪费可能造成的一个结果是气候变化的加速。故选C。5．细节理解题。根据“Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.”可知家庭的膳食计划很难付诸实施。故选D。6．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?”以及通读全文可知主要介绍了四种解决食物浪费问题的方法。故选B。（2023·北京·中考真题）Whenconsideringthekindofexperiencethatmakeslifebetter,mostpeoplefirstthinkthathappinessdependsonexperiencingpleasure:goodfood,goodjobs,allthecomfortsthatmoneycanbuy.Ifwecouldn’thavethese,wemightaswellsitinfrontofthetelevisiononaquietevening.Pleasureisanimportantpartofthequalityoflife,butbyitselfitdoesn’tbringhappiness.Whenpeoplethinkfurtheraboutwhatmakesaworthylife,theytend(倾向于)tomovebeyondpleasantmemoriesandbegintorememberotherevents,otherexperiencesthatoverlap(有重叠)pleasurableonesbutfallintoagroupwithaseparatename:enjoyment.Enjoyableeventstakeplacewhenpeoplehavenotonlysatisfiedaneedormetsomeearlierexpectation,butalsoachievedsomethingunexpected.Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.Noneoftheseexperiencesmaybeespeciallypleasurablewhentheyaretakingplace,butwhenwethinkbackonthemafterwards,wewouldsay,“Thatreallywasfun”andwishtheywouldhappenagain.Afteranenjoyableeventweknowthatwehavechanged,andgrown.Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.Forexample,everybodytakespleasureineating.However,toenjoysfoodismoredifficult—youhavetopayenoughattentiontoameal,soastosenseandtellitsvarioustastes.Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.Apersoncanfeelpleasurewithoutanyeffort,aslongascertainpartsinhisbrainarestimulated(刺激).Butit’simpossibletoenjoyatennisgameorabookwithoutfullattention.It’sforthisreasonthatpleasuredoesnotlastlong,nordoesitmakeusgrow.Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.Withoutenjoyment,lifewillgoon,anditcanevenbepleasant.Butitdependsheavilyonluckandtheexternal(外部的)environment.Toachievepersonalcontroloverthequalityofexperience,however,weneedtolearnhowtobuildenjoymentintowhathappensdayin,dayout.7．Youwillmostprobablyexperienceenjoymentwhenyou________.A．buyexpensiveshoes B．orderadeliciousmealC．talkwithfriendsfornewideas D．sitquietlyinfrontofatelevision8．Whatdoyouknowaboutpleasureandenjoymentfromthepassage?A．Enjoymentgrowsoutofpleasure.B．Pleasureandenjoymentcomehandinhand.C．Pleasurableexperiencesarepartofenjoyableones.D．Someexperiencesprovidebothpleasureandenjoyment.9．Thewords“psychicenergy”inParagraph4areclosestinmeaningto________.A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge10．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A．feelingpleasurestopspeoplefromachievinggrowthB．feelingenjoymentcomeswithachievinggrowthC．aworthylifedependsonluckandenvironmentD．pleasureisthekeytoahappyandworthylife【答案】7．C8．D9．A10．B【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。7．推理判断题。根据“Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.”可知打一场能提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样。由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣。故选C。8．细节理解题。根据“Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受。故选D。9．词义猜测题。根据“Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.”可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。psychicenergy与attention意思相近。故选A。10．观点态度题。根据“Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.”以及“Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成的”这一观点。故选B。（2022·北京·中考真题）Whatdoesitmeantobegreen?Greenismorethanjustacolor.Italsomeanstakingspecialstepstoprotecttheenvironment.Buyingagreenproductisasmallstepeveryonecantake.Decidingwhetheraproductisgreen,however,isn’talwayseasy.Weneedtoconsiderthewholelifecycleoftheproductevenafterit’sofnouse.Hereiswhatwemaykeepinmind.Thematerialsofaproductareusuallyourfirstfocus(关注).Whatisitmadeof?Arethereanyharmfulchemicalsinit?Greenproductsaremadeofmorenaturalmaterialswhicharefreefromharmfulchemicals,sotheycanbegoodforourphysicalhealth.Packagingisimportant.Howisaproductpackaged?Isitoverpackaged?We’dbetterchooseglass,metalandpaperpackaging,asthesecanbereusedormoreeasilyrecycled(回收利用).Wecanalsolookforlesspackagingorevenchooseunbaggedproductswheneverpossible.Location(地点)matters.Wherewasaproductproduced?Wherearewebuyingit?Thinkabouthowmuchenergywasusedtogetittoustrytochooselocalproducts.Whenitcomestofood,itisagoodideatoorderdirectlyfromlocalfarmer,shopatmarketsandbuyfruitsinseason.Buyingfromstoresnearourhousesisalsoagoodchoice,becausewecangotherewithoutdrivingacar.Lookintowhatthecompanytellsusabouttheirproduct.It’seasytosaythataproductis“green”or“allnatural”butthewordsmaybetoogoodtobetrue.So,muchoftheinformationaboutaproductshouldbetakenwithagrainofsalt.Afterall,companiestrytomakeusbelievethattheirproductsareenvironmentallyresponsible.Thegreenestthingiscertainlytheonewedon’tbuy.Thingslikefoodandclothingarenecessaryforlife.Butmanyothersarenot.Betterthanbuyingischoosingtoleaveanunnecessaryproductinthestoreanddoingwithout.Itsendsamessagetotheproducer,keepsmoneyinourpockets,reduces(减少)wasteandkeepstheplanethealthy.11．Thewriterwouldsuggestchoosingaproductthatis________.A．overpackaged B．deliveredfromabroadC．locallyproduced D．madeofunnaturalmaterials12．Thewords“betakenwithagrainofinsalt”Paragraph5probablymean“________”.A．beeasilyunderstood B．notbecompletelybelievedC．bewidelyspread D．notbequicklyforgotten13．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BuyingGreen B．RecyclingWasteC．KeepingHealthy D．ReducingEnergyUse【答案】11．C12．B13．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。11．推理判断题。根据“Thinkabouthowmuchenergywasusedtogetittoustrytochooselocalproducts.Whenitcomestofood,itisagoodideatoorderdirectlyfromlocalfarmer,...”可知，作者建议选择当地生产的产品，故选C。12．词句猜测题。分析“So,muchoftheinformationaboutaproductshouldbetakenwithagrainofsalt.Afterall,companiestrytomakeusbelievethattheirproductsareenvironmentallyresponsible.”可知，公司试图让我们相信他们的产品对环境负责，但是我们应该秉持一个怀疑的态度，此处“betakenwithagrainofsalt”的意思是“不被完全相信”，故选B。13．最佳标题题，本文作者通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。选项A“BuyingGreen”符合主题，故选A。（2020·北京·中考真题）Todaywecandoeverythingwithapps:paybills,orderfoodandshopforanything.Mobiletechnologymeanswecanholdtheworldinourhands.However,whenitcomestotechnologyandhealthcare,opportunitiesandchallengescometogether.Let’sstartwiththewaystogethealthcare.Telemedicinecanallowapatienttousetechnologytoseethedoctoronlineandgetadiagnosis(诊断)andinstructionswithoutleavinghome.Inaddition,therearemanypatientwebsites.Theseallowfordifferentkindsofinteractionsaboutourhealthneedswithoutinvolvingthemedicalteam.Settingadatewithdoctorsandreadinglabresultsarereadilyachievedbytechnology.Awholenewageofmedicalcareseemslikely(可能的)tocomeinthefuture.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Whatmightbeontheothersideoftechno-healthcare?Firstly,weshouldthinkaboutthehealthcareexperienceasawhole.Ausualvisittoadoctorbeginswithareceptionist(接待员),whocanseeandtellhowapatientisdoing,Thismayinfluencethetreatmenteffect.It’sunlikelythatapatientwebsitewillhavesuchintuition.Next,sharingthedetailsofone'sliferequirestrust,whichtakestimetobuild.Thisiscertainlytrueinhealthcare,wheresomeoflife'sbestandworstmomentsinvolvedoctors.Thehumantouchshouldnotbeundervaluedandisunlikelytobethereoverthesmartphone.Lastly,testresultscanbedifficulttounderstand.Whensomeonewithoutamedicaldegreeseesaflaggedresultwithnoexplanationonthewebsite,there'sroomforallkindsofstoriestoformintheirminds—andalsogreatworry.Sohowdoesmedicineadapt(适应)tothenewtechnologyage?Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit.Thereismedicalequipment(设备)thatcanbeusedathometosendnecessarysignsandheartsoundsthroughtelemedicine.Itseemslikelythatsomecompanieswillfindawaytoexplaintestresults.Butwhatitwillnotachieveisthewarmthofhumaninteractionandtouch.Patientsoftenneedsomeonetolistento—andcareabout—theirjourneystory,whichwillneverberealizedthroughahuman-lesstechnology.Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.Let'snotallowourhumanitytobeoneofthem.14．Accordingtothepassage,howdoestechnologyhelphealthcare?A．ItencouragesdoctorstovoicetheirneedsonthewebsitesB．ItoffersthepatientaconvenientwaytogetadiagnosisC．Itimprovesrelationsbetweendoctorsandpatients.D．Itprovidesanopportunitytobuildamedicalteam15．Theword“intuition”inParagraph5probablymeans______.A．anabilitytounderstand B．aninterestingexperienceC．achancetowin D．afairdecision16．Whatdoyouknowabouttechno-healthcarefromthepassage?A．Patientwebsitesrequiretrustfromdoctors.B．Talentedcompaniescangivemedicaladvice.C．Flaggedresultsmaycauseworryforpatients.D．Medicalequipmentcollectspatients’stories.17．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat_____.A．technologycandealwithunexpectedeffects.B．telemedicinecantaketheplaceofusualhealthcare.C．itisdifficultforpatientstoadapttothenewtechnologyage.D．techno-healthcareshouldtakehumanityintoconsideration.【答案】14．B15．A16．C17．D【分析】本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战。14．细节理解题。根据第二段“Telemedicinecanallowapatienttousetechnologytoseethedoctoronlineandgetadiagnosis(诊断)andinstructionswithoutleavinghome.远程医疗可以让病人不用离开家就可以使用技术在线看医生并得到诊断和指导。”，可知它为病人提供了一种方便的诊断方法，故选B。15．词义猜测题。anabilitytounderstand理解的能力；aninterestingexperience有趣的经历；achancetowin获胜的机会；afairdecision公平的决定。根据猜题所在句子中的such可知intuition指代的是上文中的“Ausualvisittoadoctorbeginswithareceptionist(接待员),whocanseeandtellhowapatientisdoing,Thismayinfluencethetreatmenteffect.通常去看医生的时候会有一个前台接待员，他可以看到并告诉病人情况，这可能会影响治疗效果。”，可知猜题句是指“病人的网站不太可能有这样的理解能力”,所以intuition应指“理解的能力”，故选A。16．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Next,sharingthedetailsofone'sliferequirestrust,whichtakestimetobuild.”，可知分享生活细节需要信任，所以选项A是错误的；根据第八段中“Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit”，可知有能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题，所以选项B是错误的；根据第七段中“Whensomeonewithoutamedicaldegreeseesaflaggedresultwithnoexplanationonthewebsite,there'sroomforallkindsofstoriestoformintheirminds—andalsogreatworry.当一个没有医学学位的人在网站上看到一个没有任何解释的标记结果时，就会有各种各样的故事在他们脑海中形成，同时也会产生巨大的担忧。”，可知标记的结果可能会引起患者的担忧，所以选项C是正确的；根据第八段中“Thereismedicalequipment(设备)thatcanbeusedathometosendnecessarysignsandheartsoundsthroughtelemedicine.”，可知有医疗设备可以在家里通过远程医疗发送必要的信号和心脏声音，所以选项D是错的。故选C。17．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.”，可知技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果，所以选项A是错误的；选项B意为“远程医疗可以取代通常的医疗保健。”，文章中没有提及，所以排除；根据第八段中“Sohowdoesmedicineadapt(适应)tothenewtechnologyage?Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit那么医学如何适应新技术时代呢?有能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题。”，可知选项C是错误的；根据最后一段“Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.Let'snotallowourhumanitytobeoneofthem.技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果。让我们的人性不用成为其中一个。”，可知选项D符合原文。故选D。（2024·北京朝阳·二模）Moffully-IIGettinghuggedbysomeoneyoucareaboutcanbeawonderfullyencouragingexperience.Researchhasshownthathugscanstrengthen(加强)oursocialconnections,improveouremotional(情感的)stateandreducefeelingsoflonelinessandsadness.Theycanevenhelptolowerstresslevelsandimproveourhealth.Unluckily,noteveryonehasthechancetoreceivehugswhenevertheyneedthem.So,howcanthisproblembesolved?Oneideathatscientistshavesuggestedisdevelopingsocialrobotsthatcanhugpeople.Theserobotscouldprobablyofferlonelypeoplethepositivebenefitsofgettinghuggedwithouttheneedtoknowapersonwhohugthem.However,creatingahugrobotthatiswell-receivedbypeopleandleadstopositivefeelingsandreducedstressisnosimpletask.Forexample,iftherobotistoolargeorhasadesignlikesomethingintimidating,peoplemayfeeluneasyabouthuggingit.Therefore,itisimportantforresearcherstocarryoutfurtherstudiestoensurethathugrobotsaredesignedinawaythatsupportsacceptanceandcomfort.ArecentstudypublishedintheInternationalJournalofSocialRoboticsfocusedonthedevelopmentofMoffully-II,anewlydevelopedhugrobot.Itlookslikealarge,human-shapedteddybearandstandsattwometerstall.Duringahug,itisabletomoveitsarmsandperformdifferentgestures(手势).Copyingtheactionsthathumansusuallydoduringhugs,suchastappingsomeoneontheback,isnecessaryformakingthehugfeelreal.Duringthestudy,volunteerswhoreceivedhugsfromMoffully-IIshowedapreferenceforhugswithgesturesoverthosewithoutgestures.Theysensedtherobotasfriendlierandsaferwhenitperformedgestures,andtheyfoundthehugstobemoreenjoyableingeneral.Whilesomepeoplemayfeeluncomfortablewiththeideaofhuggingarobotinsteadofahuman,hugrobotsshowpossibilitiesforimprovingthewell-beingofthosewhoareshortofhugs.Thisincludespersonsinnursinghomeswhomaybenefitfromthecomfortingeffectsofhugs,eveniftheyareprovidedbyarobot.18．Whatisoneofthepossiblebenefitsofreceivinghugs?A．Increasedloneliness. B．Loweredemotionalstate.C．Controlledsocialconnections. D．Reducedstressandimprovedhealth.19．Theword“intimidating”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto________.A．terrible B．cool C．friendly D．convenient20．Whatisthemainpurposeofthestudymentionedinthepassage?A．Toprovetheinfluenceofgestures. B．Toexaminehoweffectivehugrobotsare.C．Todevelopsocialrobotsforsickpeople. D．Tostudythebehaviorofrobotsinnursinghomes.21．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AreYouReadytoHugaRobot? B．IsItStrangeforRobotstoGiveHugs?C．AreRobotsGoodatGivingComfortingHugs? D．DoRobotHugsFeeltheSameasHumanHugs?【答案】18．D19．A20．B21．A【导语】本文主要阐述了拥抱的积极作用，并讲述研究人员正在研究的拥抱机器人。18．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchhasshownthathugscan...helptolowerstresslevelsandimproveourhealth.”可知，研究表明拥抱可以帮助降低压力水平，改善我们的健康。故选D。19．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Forexample,iftherobotistoolargeorhasadesignlikesomethingintimidating,peoplemayfeeluneasyabouthuggingit.”可知本处是要推断什么样的机器人会使人在拥抱它时感到不安；terrible可怕的；cool酷的；friendly友好的；convenient方便的。结合词义可推断是可怕的机器人设计会让人感到不安。故选A。20．推理判断题。根据第三段“...itisimportantforresearcherstocarryoutfurtherstudiestoensurethathugrobotsaredesignedinawaythatsupportsacceptanceandcomfort.”和第六段“...hugrobotsshowpossibilitiesforimprovingthewell-beingofthosewhoareshortofhugs.”可知，研究人员的进一步研究拥抱机器人提高了那些缺乏拥抱的人的幸福感，进一步确认了拥抱机器人很有效。故选B。21．最佳标题题。本文的第一段讲述拥抱的积极作用；第二段至第五段讲述研究人员研发拥抱机器人；第六段讲述目前拥抱机器人的取得成效。能读全文，可知拥抱机器人的研发日益完善，本文意在向民众推介拥抱机器人。故选A。（2024·北京门头沟·二模）MeandMyBrainWeallknowthatmeaningfulchangeshappeninourbodiesduringadolescence(青春期),buthaveyoueverstoppedtowonderwhat’sactuallygoingoninsideourbrainsduringthistime?Topaintaclearpicture,weshouldfirstknowaboutourselveswiththedifferentpartsofthebrain.Didyouknow,forexample,thatourbrainsaremadeupofaround100billionnervecells(神经细胞)calledneurons(神经元)?Andcomingfromtheseneuronsareseveralbranch-likestructuresforsendingandreceivingelectricalsignals?Everytimewedoorthinkanything,asignalissent.Thesignaltravelsdownalongstructurecalledtheaxon(轴突)and,attheend,itpassesacrosssmallgapscalledsynapses(神经元的突触)tothedendrites(树突)ofanotherneuron,whichreceivethesignal.Inthisway,messagesaresentacrossourneuralnetwork.Ourbrainstructurechangesgreatlyaswegrowup.Newbornbabieshavealmostalltheirneuronsbutfewconnectionsbetweenthem,whichiswhytheycan’tdoverymuch.Afterafewmonthshowever,thenumberofconnectionsincreasesquickly,whichinturnhelpssmallkidsmasternewskillssuchaswalkingandtalking.Mostbraindevelopmentiscompletedinthefirstfewyears,butwenowknowthatourbrainscontinuetodevelopthroughoutourlivesandperhapsthemostsurprisingtimeofchangeanddevelopmentisduringadolescence.Duringthisperiodofreorganization,thebrainnoticesasuddenincreaseinneuronsnotdissimilartoaplantgrowinguncontrollablyinspring.Justaswecutbackaplanttomakeitstrongerandhealthier,wecutbackourbrains.Theconnectionsthatareusedbecomestronger,whereasthosewhicharen’tuseddryanddie.So,themoreoftenanactionorthoughtisactivated,thestrongertheconnectionsbecomebetweentheneurons,whichinturnmakesthepartofthebrainbeingusedstronger.Thisexplainswhythemoreyoudosomething,thebetteryoubecomeatit,reinforcingtheoldsaying“practicemakesperfect”.Infact,theteenagebrainprovidesconditionsforperfectingskillssuchasplayingamusicalinstrument,speakinganotherlanguage,orlearningadifficultcomputergame.Itcouldbearguedthatteenagersdecidethedevelopmentoftheirowngreymatterthroughtheactivitiestheytakepartinandtheirexperiences.Itmayalsobeunsurprisingtomanytolearnthatthelastpartoftheadolescentbraintodevelopisthefrontalcortex(额皮质),responsibleforself-control,problemsolvinganddecisionmaking.So,longbeforeteensaregoodatabstractthinking(抽象思维)andlogicaldecisionmaking,theydependontheemotionalcenterofthebraintomakechoicesandthink.Soperhapsunpredictable,uncertain,risktakingteenagebehaviors,oftenputdowntohormones(荷尔蒙),mayactuallyhavemoretodowithwhat’sgoingoninsideourbrain.22．Whatdowelearnaboutthestructureofthebrain?A．Allneuronsareactivatedwhenwethink.B．Thestructureofabraincelliscomparedtoatree.C．Neuronsallowamessagetotravelaroundthebrain.D．Thestructureofabrainchangeswhenamessageissent.23．WhatdoesParagraph3tellus?A．Adecisionhelpsbabieslearnhowtospeak.B．Mostchangesinbrainhappenafteradulthood.C．Theprocessofbraindevelopmentiscontinuous.D．Babiesarebornwiththeabilitytodoanything.24．Theword“reinforcing”inParagraph4probablymeans“_________”.A．judging B．challenging C．supporting D．limiting25．Thewriteragreesthatteenagers________.A．areclevererthantheyusedtobewhentheystudytheirbrainsB．aremisunderstoodandtheycanplaydifficultcomputergamesC．wanttolearnmoreaboutthechangesintheirbrainsandbodiesD．canbenefitfromunderstandin