学员在了解本国文化的情况下培训教材

DevelopingInterculturalCompetenceGateway2

CindyLeeContentsPrefaceConventionalLanguageTeachingTheoriesConventionalTeachingPracticeInterculturalCommunicationTheoriesTheComponentsofInterculturalCompetenceNextStepforLanguageTeachersConclusionPrefaceThissessionisbasedontheBritishscholar-MichaelByram’svariousworksoninterculturalcommunicationandinterculturalcompetence.Attheendofthissession,itwillpointoutanewroleforthelanguageteacher.ConventionalTeachingPracticeUsethenativespeakerasamodelforlearnersTransfertheexperienceoflearningthefirstlanguagetolearntheforeignlanguageEmphasisethelinguisticorgrammaticalcompetenceInterculturalCommunicationTheoriesLinguaFranca(a):TheforeignlanguageortheEnglishlanguageisacommunicativemediumamongforeignersExample:

PeoplefromJapan,Italy,Taiwan,GermanyandBritainuseEnglishtocommunicatewhentheymeetwitheachanother.Concentration(1)LinguaFranca(b):Itisneitherappropriatenordesirableforlearnerstomodelthemselvesonnativespeakers.Example:WhenaTaiwanesedoesbusinesswithaSpanishorhasholidaysinSingapore,whydoeshe/sheneedtosoundlikeanAmericaninsuchaninternationalcontext?

InterculturalCommunicationTheoriesConcentration(2)

InterculturalSpeakermeanssomeonehasabilitiesto: -interactwith‘others’-acceptotherperspectivesoftheworld-mediatebetweendifferentperspectives-beconsciousoftheevaluationsofthedifferenceInterculturalCommunicationTheoriesConcentration(3)DirectionsDevelopinglearners’interculturalcompetenceisasimportantasimprovingtheirlinguisticskillsAninnovativemissionforlanguageteachersliesinhelpingstudentspossessthecomponentsofinterculturalcompetenceInterculturalCommunicationTheoriesFromInterculturalCommunicationToInterculturalCompetenceInterculturalcompetenceisthekeytosuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.So,whatfeaturescontributetointerculturalcompetence?TheComponentsofInterculturalCompetence(1)InterculturalAttitudesCuriosityandopennesstootherculturesReadinesstosuspenddisbeliefaboutonotherculturesBeliefaboutone’sownculture學員在了解本國文化的情況下,對異國文化能充滿好奇心並能以開放的心態看待甚至接受他國的文化風俗.InterculturalKnowledgeKnowledgeofsocialprocessesKnowledgeofhowsocialgroupsfunctionRealizeotherpeoplehavemultipleidentitiesTheComponentsofInterculturalCompetence(2)“跨文化的知識”除了意指了解某一地區或國家的文化之外,更重要的是指學員能了解普遍的社會問題,以及族群及文化認同等議題.這些了解可以從國內的觀點出發再延伸到對異國社會的認識.各地域/國家,各語系的族群都絕非是單一性的,了解這些多元文化特質的知識是相當重要的.跨文化可以避免未來接觸外國友人或事務時,產生誤會或文化衝擊.InterculturalSkillsAbilitytocomparetwoormoreculturesAbilitytointerpretthecultureperceivedAbilitytorelateone’sownculturalexperiencesTheComponentsofInterculturalCompetence(3)由於無論教師或是學員都不可能得知所有的跨文化知識,因此學員必須具備跨文化的溝通技巧,以備不時之需.這包括了能夠探知及比較異國和本國文化差異的能力,也包含了能運用本國文化經驗以解決不期然的文化衝突的能力.最終的目標是幫助學員能從容面對不同的文化背景,並能妥善處理當下所遭遇到的難題.CriticalCulturalAwarenessAcknowledgerespectforhumandignityRecognizethehumanrightBecomeawareofone’sownvaluesandhowtheseinfluenceone’sviewsofotherpeople’svaluesTheComponentsofInterculturalCompetence(4)最後是能有客觀的警覺性.藉由學習外語或接觸外國文化的機會,學習尊重他人.同時亦能省視自身的價值觀,並認清是什麼樣的價值觀正影響著自己看待世界的角度.NextStepfortheLanguageTeacher(1)M.Byramandmanyotherscholarsbelievethattheroleoflanguageteachersischangingandshouldbechanging.Theroleofalanguageteacheristodevelopinterculturalskills,attitudesandawarenessofvaluesjustasmuchastodevelopknowledgeofaparticularculture/nationorofdifferentcultureswithinone’sowncountry.NextStepfortheLanguageTeacher(2)However,thetaskforthelanguageteacherisnottodeliverculturalcontentwordbyword,but“tofacilitatelearners’interactionwithsomesmallpartofanothersocietyanditscultures,withthepurposeofrelativisinglearners’understandingoftheirownculturalvaluesandbehaviors,andencouragingthemtoinvestigateforthemselvestheothernessaroundthem,eitherintheirimmediatephysicalenvironmentorintheirengagementwithothernesswhichinternationalizationandglobalizationhavebroughtintotheirworld.”---M.Byram,A.NicholsandD.Stevens

(2001)

Conclusion(1)Theattemptofdevelopinginterculturalcompetenceisambitious.However,Manyteachersbelieveinitandhaverespondedtothisnewrolewiththeirprofessionalimaginationandinnovativeapproachestointrod