中考英语高分策略-任务型阅读解题方法

中考英语高分策略-任务型阅读任务型阅读不仅可以测试考生的语言知识水平和阅读能力，它还可以测试考生对必须知道的普通生活常识的了解，其特点是考查的内容丰富多彩，题型设计多种多样。在答题时，首先要用阅读材料所提供的信息进行分析处理，然后再按要求完成各项任务。常见题型有判断型、还原型、完成句子型、完成表格型、回答问题型和其他任务型等。►判断型：首先，要把握每个待定句子的含义；其次，要通读短文，把握文章大意，明确作者的观点和态度；再通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的段落与词句，与这些段落、词句意思相符或与作者观点相同的，可判断为正确的，否则，就是错误的。【例1】

阅读短文，判断句子正误。(2017，呼和浩特)Whatareyougoingtodoifyouareinaburninghouse?Howwillyouescape?Doyouknowhowtosaveyourself?Pleasereadthefollowingpassage.Escapingfromafireisaseriousmatter.Knowingwhattododuringafirecansaveyourlife.It'simportanttoknowthewaysyoucanuseandshowthemtoeveryoneinthefamily,suchasstairwaysandfireescapes,butnotelevators.Fromthelowerfloorsofthebuildings,escapingthroughwindowsispossible.Learnthebestwayofleavingbywindowswiththeleastchanceofseriousinjury.Thesecondfloorwindowisusuallynotveryhighfromtheground.Ofcourse,itissafertojumpashortwaythantostayinaburningbuilding.Windowsarealsousefulwhenyouarewaitingforhelp.Besuretokeepthedoorclosed,orsmokeandfiremaycomeintotheroom.Keepyourheadlowatthewindowtobesureyougetfreshairratherthansmokethatmaygetintotheroom.Onasecondorthirdfloor,thebestwindowsforescapearethosethatopenontoaroof.Fromtheroofapersoncandroptothegroundmoresafely.Droppingontohardgroundmightendininjury.Bushesandgrasscanhelptobreakafall.根据上文内容判断正(T)误(F)。1．It'simportanttoknowhowtoescapefromafire.2．Inafirewecanuseelevatorstocomedown.3．Windowsofanyfloorcan'tbeusedwhenyouarewaitingforhelp.4．Doorsmustbeopensothatyoucangetfreshairinafire.5．Thepassagemayhelpsaveyourlifeinafire.解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“It'simportanttoknowthewaysyoucanuse.”可知，碰到火灾时知道如何逃生很重要。故该句正确。2．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“It'simportanttoknowthewaysyoucanuse...suchasstairwaysandfireescapes,butnotelevators.”可知，发生火灾时不能使用电梯逃生。故该句错误。3．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，从低层楼房中的窗户逃生是可行的。故该句错误。4．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，要关上门，否则烟和火会蔓延到房间。故该句错误。5．推理判断题。通读全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了如何从火灾中逃生和自救，例如跳窗、关门、不要使用电梯等；据此可知，本文也许会帮助你从火灾中逃生。故该句正确。1．____

2.____

3.____

4.____

5.____TFFFT阅读下列短文，判断正(T)误(F)。(2017，陕西)AHaveyoueverthoughtaboutmakingabicyclethatyoudreamof?Somecreativepeoplehaveinventedsomespecialbicycles.Herearethreeofthem.BambikesBambikesareproducedinacompanyinPhilippines.Theyaremadeofanunusualkindofbambooandothermaterialslikemetalandalocalplant.Theyareverystrong.Andtheyareaperfectcombination(结合)ofthegreenestbuildingmaterialandcommonbicycles.Bymakingbambikes,thecompanyoffersjobstothelocalpeople.Besides,itprovidesmoneyforsomestudentsinitscommunitytopayfortheirstudy.Tocontinuetheproduction,thecompanyplantsmorebamboothanitcuts.TheheaviestbicycleAGermancyclinglover,FrankDose,hasrecentlymadetheworld'sheaviestbicyclewithbigoldwheelsandlotsofotherwastematerials.Hecreateditjustbecauseofabet(打赌)hemadewithhisfriend.Thebicycleweighed1.08tons.Itbroketheworldrecordofitskindinweight.Franksaidhisbicyclewassurprisinglyeasytoridealthoughithadahugesizeandweighedalot.Herodeitinfrontof5000peopleforover100meterstoproveit.Twisted(变形的)bicyclesTwobrothersinFrancecreatedabikethatlooksstrangetorideandtwistsinthemiddle.Riderscanmaketightturns(急转弯).Thebrotherssaythebicycleishardtoridesoitcanstoppeoplefromstealingit.Infact,itisn'tashardtocontrolasyoumaythink.Ittakesadayortwotogetusedtothecrazywayofriding.It'samazing.Sofar,therehavebeen30ofthebicycle,buttheyarenotforsaleyet.3．如果是will，be，have，can组成的疑问句，在变为宾语从句时，要把这些词还原到句中原来的谓语位置上，并根据主句的时态作相应的变化。如：“Willyoubefreetomorrow？”Sheaskedme.→Sheaskedmeif(whether)Iwouldbefreetomorrow.她问我明天是否是空闲的。()1.Frankbuilttheworld'sheaviestbicyclewiththematerialsthathisfriendboughtforhim.()2.Somestudentsinthecommunitycangetmoneyfromthebambikecompanytopayfortheirstudy.()3.Bambikesaremadeofaspecialkindofbambooandothermaterials.()4.Thetwobrothersrodetheirbikesinfrontofsomepeopletoshowhowtousethem.()5.30twistedbicyclesweremadeandsoldout.FTTFF►还原型：1．要在理解全文的基础上，把握段落与段落之间、句子与句子之间的行文关系和逻辑关系。2．找出突破口，先还原位置较明显的句子，然后把其余的句子逐一回归原文。对于模棱两可的句子，可试着回归原文，反复诵读上下文，判断其位置是否恰当。3．将所有的句子都还原到短文中后，再通读全文，检查文章是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。【例2】

根据短文内容，从方框内所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。(2017，河南)Startinghighschoolisagreatexperienceforanyteenager.Whetheryouarecomingfromamiddleschool(gradessixthrougheight)orajuniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine)，therearemanythingsabouthighschoolthataredifferentfromyouroldschoolenvironment.1.____Youwillfacebeinginanewschool，makingnewfriendsinanunfamiliarclassandgettingtoknownewteachers.Thesenewteacherswillusuallyhavehigheracademic(学术的)levelthanyourmiddleandjunior­highschoolteachers.2.____Inreturn，theyexpectyoutoworkhardanddevelopyourskills.ABOntopofallthis，peerpressure(同伴压力)todrinkandsmokeoftenincreasesinhighschool.3.____Althoughthereisalotofpressure，itisnothingyoucannotdealwith.Ifyouarefeelingpressuretodosomethingthatyoufeeliswrong，talktoafriend，parentorcounselortofindasolution(解决).4.____Ifyouarenotsucceedingacademically，findsomeonetohelpyou.Ifyoufeellonely，trytojoinaschoolcluborgrouptomakenewfriends.5．____Withtime，youwillcometobethankfulforeverythingaboutyourexperience.Onthepointofstartingyourhighschool，areyouready?EDC根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺、内容完整。A．Youwillexperiencemanychanges.B．Theywanttohelpyougetintocollege.C．Highschoolmayseemdiscouragingatfirst.D．Theyaretheretohelpyougetintothisgreatnewtimeinyourlife.E．Besides，thepressurecouldalsocomefromgrades，lonelinessandsoon.解析：1.细节推理题。根据上文第二句“无论你是从中学(六年级到八年级)还是初中(七年级到九年级)，有很多关于高中的东西和你以前的学校环境不同。”可知说的是有很多的变化，结合选项，应说你会经历许多变化。2．细节推理题。根据下文Inreturn...“作为回报，他们希望你努力学习，发展你的技能。”可知是帮助他们学习，结合选项，应说他们想帮助你进入大学。3．细节推理题。根据上文peerpressure(同伴压力)todrinkandsmokeoftenincreasesinhighschool.“同伴压力导致在高中喝酒和抽烟经常会增加。”和下文Althoughthereisalotofpressure...“虽然有很多的压力……”，可知说的是压力，结合选项，应说此外，也可能来自成绩的压力，孤独等等。4．细节推理题。根据下文Ifyou...“如果你没有成功的学业，找人帮你。如果你感到孤独，试着加入学校俱乐部或团体，结交新的朋友。”可知得到帮助，结合选项，应说他们在那里帮助你进入你生命中这个伟大的新时代。5．细节推理题。根据下文Withtime...“随着时间的推移，你会对你所经历的一切心存感激。就在你高中毕业的时候，你准备好了吗？”可知说的是高中，结合选项，应说高中似乎一开始令人沮丧。根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺、内容完整。IntheearlydaysoftheAmericanWest,lifewasdifficult.Peoplelivedonfarmsawayfromotherfamilies.

6.__B__Thentheysawtheirfriendsandneighborsthere.Ontheirfarmseveryonehadlotsofworktodo.Thereweresomebigjobs,andoneofthemwastobuildahouse.Whatdidfamiliesdotobuildhouse?Theyaskedforhelp.7.__D__Womencookedtogetherwhenmenworkedonthebuilding.Forchildren,itwaslikeaholiday.Thereweremanychildrenwhomtheycouldplaywith.Theyenjoyedthisformverymuch.Togetherthesepeoplebuiltahouse.Atsomeothertimethefamilywiththenewhousewouldhelptheirneighbors,too.Theyhelpedeachotherforthegoodofeveryone.Aworkgroupisreallycooperative.Tocooperatemeans“toworktogether”.Abigjobcanbeeasybecauseofcooperation.Manypeoplecanworktogether.8.__E__Itwillbecomeasmalljobformanyworkers.Today,thereisn'tmuchcooperation.Peopledon'tworktogetherveryoften.9.__A__Howcantheyaskthemforhelp?Now,wehelpothersonlywhentheyhaveemergencies(紧急情况)oraccidents.Wecallthepoliceforhelp,wetalktoourneighbors,andthenwebecometrueneighborsandfriends.Whynotalwayscooperate?Whynotworkwithotherpeople?You'dbetternotwaitforemergenciesoraccidents.10.__C__A．So

some

people

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neighbors.B．They

went

into

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once

a

week

or

once

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month.C．If

you

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others,it

can

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life

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few

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difficult.►填表型：1．通读全文，了解短文大意；2．阅读语篇后所给的句子，从文中找出与之相同或相近的句子；3．分析句子的含义，兼顾上下文之间的联系，确定所要填的词或短语。注意：如果文章中出现了not，never等否定词，则补全句子时很有可能要填语篇中对应词的反义词。【例3】根据短文内容，完成下列表格(词数不限)。(2017，贵阳)TheSilkRoadisthenameofdifferentroadsthatlongagolinkedEurope,AfricaandAsia.Peoplereachedthesedifferentplacesalongtheseroads.ScientistsandarchaeologistsbelievepeoplebegantotraveltheSilkRoadabout3，000yearsago.BythetimetheChinesesilktradebecameimportantintheworld,theSilkRoadhadcoveredalmost6，500kilometers.ItstretchedfromRometoChina,whichisfromtheWesttotheFarEast.Merchants(商人)travellingalongtheSilkRoadcarriedsilk,ofcourse.Theyalsocarriedandtradedspices,cloth,rarejewels,slavesandgold.Duringitsbusiestperiod,theSilkRoadallowedpeoplefrommanydifferentculturesandcountriestomeeteachotherandmix.TheSilkRoadallowedthesharingofpreciousgoodsandnewideas.TheseincludedpeopleandtradinggoodsfromtheMediterranean,Persian,Magyar,Armenian,Bactrian,IndianandChineseareas.AllthesepeopletravelledtheSilkRoad,andtheysharedgoods,stories,languagesandcultures.Inmoderntimes,theoldSilkRoadroutesarestillused,butnowtheyarecrossedbytrainsinsteadofcamelsandhorses.ThereisevenaSilkRouteMuseuminJiuquaninChina.Ithasover35，000objectsfromallalongtheSilkRoad.Inthisway,Chinaprotectsthehistoryofmanycountriesandpeoples.TheSilkRoadInthepastWhenPeoplebegantotraveltheSilkRoadabout1.________ago.What▲AlongtheSilkRoad,merchants2.________silk,spices,clothandsoon.▲Peoplefrom3.________meteachotherandmixed.▲Peoplessharedpreciousgoods,newideas,stories,languagesandcultures.HowPeopleusedto4.________tocrosstheSilkRoadroutes.AtpresentChinaprotectsthehistoryofmanycountriesandpeoplesby5.________inJiuquan.解析：1.根据第二段第三句ScientistsandarchaeologistsbelievepeoplebegantotraveltheSilkRoadabout3，000yearsago.2．根据第二段第二句Theyalsocarriedandtradedspices,cloth,rarejewels,slavesandgold.由此可知此处是动词“携带和交易”，且时态为一般过去时。3．根据第三段第一句Duringitsbusiestperiod,thesilkRoadallowedpeoplefrommanydifferentculturesandcountriestomeet.可知是“来自不同国家有不同文化背景的人”。4．根据最后一段中句子．..butnowtheyarecrossedbytrainsinsteadofcamelsandhorses。可知，在过去是骑骆驼和马穿过的，且题干中用了usedto，后应加动词原形。5．根据最后一段ThereisevenaSilkRouteMuseuminJiuquaninChina.Inthisway,Chinaprotectsthehistoryofmanycountriesandpeoples.可知国家的保护方式是“建立一个丝绸之路博物馆”，题干中用了介词by，后应加动词­ing形式。1．____________

2._____________________3．_____________________________________4．__________________________5．____________________________________________________3000yearscarriedandtradedmanydifferentculturesandcountriesridecamelsandhorsessettingup/building/establishingaSilkRouteMuseum根据短文内容填空，每空词数不限。Whenyousitdownwithyourfamilytoeatameal,haveyoueverwonderedwhenandwherepeopleusedchopsticksforthefirsttime?It'ssaidthatthefirstchopstickswereusedinChina5000yearsago.Sincethen,chopstickshavebeenwidelyusedinmanycountriesinAsia,suchasChina,JapanandKorea.Chopsticksaremadeofdifferentkindsofmaterials.Thematerialslikebambooandwoodarecommonbecausetheyareeasytofind.Peoplealsouseboneforchopsticks.Evenmanyvaluablematerialslikesilvercanbeusedtomakechopsticks.Therearealsomanytablemanners(礼仪)connectedwithchopsticks.Forinstance,neverstick(插入)yourchopsticksstraightinyourricebowl.Peoplebelievethisisimpolitetothehost.TheIntroductionofChopsticksWhenthefirstchopstickswereusedinChinaFifty11.________________agoWherechopstickshavebeenwidelyusedInmany12.______countries,suchasChina,JapanandKoreaWhatmaterialschopsticksaremadeof13._________,_wood,boneorsilverWhybambooandwoodchopsticksarecommonBecausethematerialscanbefound14._________OneofthetablemannersconnectedwithchopsticksNeverstickyourchopsticksstraightinyourrice15._______hundredyearsAsianBambooeasilybowl►问答型：1．如果问题是考查对短文细节的理解，就需要抓住关键词来回答问题。如果考查对短文实质性的理解，则需要以原文为基础，利用其提供的信息，运用多种方法进行分析、归纳，从而得出结论。2．写出能回答所提问题的关键词或词组。回答时，可以用完整的句子，也可以用省略句，如果用省略句回答，务必要写出能回答问题的关键内容。3．要确保写出的句子正确，要注意人称、时态和语态的变化。【例4】阅读短文，回答问题。(2017，沈阳)Doyoualwaysfinditisrainingwhenyouwalkout?Orareyoualwaysbuyingumbrellasandleavingthemhomewhenitrains?There'sanewumbrellathatcouldsolvebothproblems.Theumbrellawillnotonlytellyouweather,butalsoletyouknowifyou'veleftitbehind.Howdoesitwork?Theumbrellawillsendamessagetoyoursmartphone.Anditsays，“Hey,it'sgoingtorainin15minuteswhereyouare,soyou'dbettertakeyourumbrella.”Besides,ifyouareforgetful,youmayneverleaveanumbrellaonabusorsomewhereelseagain.Theumbrellawillsendawarningtoyoursmartphoneifyouleaveitbehind.Thenewumbrellaisexpectedtogoonsalesoon.Thoughitisagoodideaanditlooksprettycool,theumbrellawillcostyou$85.Maybeyouwilljustcheckthefreeweatherapps(应用程序)onyoursmartphoneandtakeanumbrellawithyouwhenitisgoingtorain.1．Howmanyproblemscanthenewumbrellasolve?___________________________________________________________2．Whatelsecanthenewumbrellatellyoubesidestheweather?___________________________________________________________3．Wherewillthenewumbrellasendawarning?___________________________________________________________4．Whenwillthenewumbrellabesold?___________________________________________________________5．Doesthewriterthinkthenewumbrellalookscool?___________________________________________________________解析：1.根据文章第二段“Theumbrellawillnotonlytellyoutheweather,butalsoletyouknowyou'veleftitbehind.”可知这把雨伞可解决两个问题。2．根据文章第二段“Theumbrellawillnotonlytellyoutheweather,butalsoletyouknowyou'veleftitbehind.”可得知答案。3．根据文章第三段最后一句“Theumbrellawillsendawarningtoyoursmartphoneifyouleaveitbehind.”可得知答案。4．根据文章第四段“Thenewumbrellaisexpectedtogoonsalesoon.”可得知答案。5．根据文章最后一段第一句“Thoughitisagoodideaanditlooksprettycool...”可得知答案1．________

2.____________________________3．________________________

4.__________5．_________Two.Ifyou'veleftitbehind.Toyoursmartphone.Soon.Yes.阅读短文，回答问题。What'sinaName?ManyAmericannamescomefromEngland.ButwheredidmostEnglishnamescomefrom?Centuriesago,mostpeopleinEnglandhadonlyname—theirfirstname.Inthe11thcentury,fiveorsixofthe50peopleinavillagemightbenamedWilliam,anditwaseasytogetconfused.ButintheMiddelAges,peoplefoundawaytodescribeeachpersonexactly.IftherewerefourWilliamsinonevillage,onemightbereferredtoasWilliamthesonofJohn.AsecondmightbecalledWilliamfromthehill.Athird,Williamtheblacksmith(铁匠).Andafourth,Williamthebrownhaired.Inconversation,peoplemightrefertothefourWilliamsasWilliamJohn'sson,Williamhill,Williamsmith,andWilliambrown.Itwas300or400yearsbeforetheseextra(附加的)namesgraduallydevelopedintolastnames,orsurnames.Theywerepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Bythe1300s,Robert,thesonofWilliamSmith,hadthenameRobertSmith,evenifhewasnotablacksmithlikehisfather.Asthelastnamebecamewidelyaccepted,thefirstletterwascapitalized,asinRobertSmith.Bythe15thcentury,mostpeopleoftheupperandmiddleclasseshadsurnames.Manysurnameswerebasedonfather­sonrelations.The“sonof”partwasaddedtothefather'sfirstname,likeJohnson,meaningJohn'sson.Sometimesitwasshortenedtojust“s”，

asinJonesorEvans.SurnameslikeHilldescribedtheplacewhereapersonlived.Theyarethemostcommontypeofsurname.Athirdkindofsurnamewasbasedonperson'sjob.Foresterwassomeonewholookedaftertheforest.IntheMiddleAges,occupationnamessuchasBaker,Carpenter,andMillerbecamecommon.Thefourthkindofsurnamewasanickname(绰号).AmanwhosesurnamewasBearmightbeasfierceasabear.Haveyoueverwonderedwhysomesurnamesaresocommon?ThemostcommonsurnameintheEnglishlanguageisSmith.Beingabletomakemetals(金属)intotoolswasanimportantskillintheMiddleAges,andmanypeopleweretrainedblacksmiths.ThemostcommonAmericansurnamesareSmith,Johnson,Williams,andBrown.16．WheredomanyAmericannamescomefrom?TheycomefromEngland.17．Whendidpeoplefindawaytodescribeeachpersonexactly?IntheMiddleAges.18．Howlongdidittakeforextranamestodevelopintolastnames?Ittook300or400years.19．Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?Itismainlyaboutdifferentkindsofsurnames.20．WhyweremanypeopletrainedblacksmithsintheMiddleAges?Becauseitwasanimportantskilltomakemetalsintotools.►综合型：1．对于主旨概括题，要通读全文，分清主旨细节，防止以偏概全。这类题目大多是要求给出文章的标题。文章的标题可以是一个完整的句子、简洁的短语或者是一个问题。书写标题时要特别注意字母的大小写和词数问题。如果标题是一个疑问句，可以在标题后加问号；如果是陈述句，则不必加句点。2．英文释义题，也可称为句子替代或者词汇替代题，要求从文章中找出与所给的句子或词汇含义相同的句子或词汇，一般读懂了文章，弄清了所给句子和文中相应句子的意思即可答出，该题型在任务型阅读中相对简单。3．对于句子填空题，要充分利用文章中表示对比、转折、因果、递进、条件等关系的连接词，结合上下文语境，来弄清楚需要填的究竟是什么含义的句子。4．做翻译句子题时，一定要使句子意思符合语境，表达简洁、准确、到位，符合语言习惯，不可啰嗦、颠三倒四、词不达意。5．根据短文内容回答问题时，无论是封闭式的问题还是开放性的问题都要力求表达准确，尤其是句子结构要准确无误。所写答语可以是完整的句子，也可以简略回答。要注意书写认真、卷面整洁。【例5】

阅读短文，按要求完成下列各题。(2017，沈阳)CaliforniaisoneofthericheststatesinAmerica.Ithasalargeamountofland.Anditalsohasmorepeoplethananyotherstate.Ithasplentyofnaturalresources(资源),too.Buteverything(A)________notperfectthere.Californiahastwomajorproblems:earthquakesandforestfires.TheSanAndreasFaultrunsthroughCalifornia.(B)As_a_result_ofit,thestategetsmanyearthquakes.(C)其中一些地震非常强烈.Forexample,therewasastrongearthquakeinSanFranciscoin1906.Itdestroyedmanybuildings.Anditstartedalargenumberoffires.(D)More_than_3_000_people_died_after_it.Therehavealsobeenmanyotherstrongearthquakes.Somepeoplefearthatthe“big(E)one”willhitsomeday.Theythinkanearthquakewillcauseahugeamountofdamage(破坏)．Duringsummerandautumn,muchofCaliforniaisdry.Soforestfires,orwildfires,oftenstart.Thesefirescanspread(F)rapidly.Theyburnmanyforests.Buttheycanalsoburnpeople'shomesandbuildings.Theyoftenkillpeople(G)________firefighterscanputthemout.1．在文中(A)和(G)的空白处填入适当的单词：________；________2．写出文中画线部分(B)和(F)的同义词语或近义词语：________；________3．将文中画线部分(C)译成英语：_______________________________________________________________4．将文中画线部分(D)改写为：________3000people________theirlivesafterit.5．文中画线部分(E)指代的是：________解析：1.考察主谓一致，everything做主语时谓语动词用单数；考察连词，根据上文语意判断应填before。2．Asaresultof，翻译为“因此”，所以可以替换成becauseof；rapidly意思是“急促地”，可以替换为quickly.3．该句可译为Someoftheearthquakesareverypowerful.4．morethan译为“多于，超出”，可以替换成over;theydied可以替换成losttheirlives.5．该词指代前文一场大地震。1．_________

2._______________________________3．_____________