历年考研英语真题集含答案

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollow!ngtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnu

mberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhe

nmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglaneethismightseemlikeastre

ngththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.But

Dr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebg3wasleadi

ngdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywere

workingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudgedofappear!ngtoosoft_6crimemight

bemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsix

otherdef6ndantsonlytoprobationonthatday.

To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.In

theory,_the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomly

forinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas

11.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews,12by31admissionsofficers.

Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14nu

merousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunction

withanapplicant，sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,

astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhether

toaccepthimorher.

DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseries

ofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,then

thescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.This

mightsoundsmall,

butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMAT

pointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.

1.[A]grant[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers

2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external

3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment

4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall

5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for

7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test

9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success

10.[A]chosen[B]stupid[C]found[D]identified

11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured

13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged

14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took

15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather

16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced

17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below

18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate

19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard

20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful

SectionDReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwo

extrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessional

socialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.

AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudents

worldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotodaychallengesincludingsgloba

climatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)Humanityhasthenecessary

agro-technologicaltoolstoeradicate

hunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblems

aresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.

(42)___Thisisasham——ethecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunityto

raiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJoseph

Schumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.

Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarly

debates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.

Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords

“environmentalchanged"or"climatechange“haveincreasedrapidlysince

2004,(43)—

Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:Belgiumis

interestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity

sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.

Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding(44)thisisan

adequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplain

aboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday'seconom

climate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprograms

havelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposed

thatsystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuch

acategory,Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnotto

neglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)Thatshouldcreatemore

collaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelop

projectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.

[A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocial

scientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighly

specializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchas

policybriefs.

[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe

100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords.

[C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,including

healthanddemographicchangefoodsecurity,marineresearchandthebio-economy,clear,

efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.

[D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiders

tobeitsmaingoal.Globalchailengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattention

fromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.

[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchange

andsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,for

example,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasit

isaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.

[F]Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.

AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryfor

social-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainable

development.

[G]Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasa

percentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernment,highereducation,

non-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout

15%.

PartB:(10points)

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishtoChinese.Writeyourtranslation

onANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:

theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurge

tocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;(46)

Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesone

that,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakosvariousotherfundamentalurges,

beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.

Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,

a“stillpointoftheturningworld,“toborrowaphrasefromT.S.

(47)Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposed

toshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethe

latterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,thefoemerbecomesallthemoreurgent.

Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofonerelationtoone's

environment.(48)Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduce

fromintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidnexistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.In

sodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytake

theirstand.

Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefromissointrinsic

thatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,

ofplants,oftrees,(49)mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblame

onsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeelthe

expressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactual

cultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresent

attemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,and

afrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevarious

fantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.(50)It

isthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden

thoughina“liberated“sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecan

seebiophilia-ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife-assuminguncannyrepresentational

forms.

SectionIIIWriting

PartyA

51Directions:

Writeane-mai1ofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollegeinvitinghim/her

tobeajudgefortheupcomingEnglishspeechcontest.

Youshouldineludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-ail.Use“LiMing“instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

PartB:(20points)

PartB

52Directions:

Writeanessayofabout16-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,you

should

(1)describethedrawingbriefly,

(2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and

(3)giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

2013年考研英语真题答案

SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)

1A2.D3C4.A5B

6B7A8D9D10A

11.D12.C13.B14.D15B

16.C117.A18C19.B20C

Sedion11:ReadingComprehension(60points)

PartA(40points)

24.D

21.B22D23.A]35.C

26B27.D28C29A30D

31C32.A33.D34C35C

36C37,C38.I)39.A40.B

PartB(10points)

41E42.F43.BMG45.C

PartC(10points)

46巧”个人看到由无家可归之人所建的花园的胆片时*他会突然馆到、尽管这槃花园飙恪零样，它们仍

反映「人们除r装怖以及创适杵表达之外的ftwx-他基本需求“

47■方神荃的净上.不管它有多么简陋•它都展人类必不可少的*它跟她穴截然不同*巢穴只是满足了动

物的需求&

48无家可归者的花园的确是无边町匚扎它是寄形于城吊中的一片即小存在也无从寻觅的花园.

49.人一H.失去了花园'没有f花草树木、大多会陷入祷神萎靡的状态'还常常以为是内心在作臬。

而当有一天我们笈现自己置身花园*那些不快的感觉便神奇的消失不见了。

50.虽然(说这话》在某种意义上说有点随性.但正是这种对自然或克片或含蓄的描述.川吏得用“花

耐”-词来形容这些人工建筑显得那么贴切•

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissue

recently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justices

behavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'

sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivity

makesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.

Pa

oftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourt

shouldmakeitself_6tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_between

thecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrom

politics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_ll_theywouldbefreeto_12_those

inpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedto

setlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental

social_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,the

lawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesare

soeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacybymakingthemselve

19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrom

politicsand,_2O_3,convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain©modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]uniess

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advaneed[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[Also[B]sinee[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C

orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethat

youareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paper

envelope,oryourcelIphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderat

thosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneurs

andvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterand

printingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswell

asthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthe

modeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.

Thecomputeristhe21stcentury，sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.

(42)1callitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethatthereare

strongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajority

ofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificaneeof

whattheyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yet

forthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareunique

intheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluous

materialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,

literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)

Foral1thepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownload

mode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,with

asmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodify

ingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)

Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasks

ofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.

(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickin

essz，-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.

[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureand

ultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,

butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituent

ofhumanity.

[B]Applications1iketumblr.com,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermedia

increativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,

entertainingandenlighteningothers.

[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalso

managedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessecbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.

[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadingand

uploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshape

ourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformat

beingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.

[F]Onereasonforthepersisteneeofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepast

half-century,muchoftheworld5smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-

television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchaneein50yearstoreversetheflow,to

encouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthe

scientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscienee.

Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferent

phenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(46)1nphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeks

atheoryofeverythin——asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecomingless

clear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimp1ification,giventhedimensionsand

universesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.

(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecominonorigins

itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomore

constrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmight

allbeconsideredformsofsexuaeiection,perhapstheworld'slanguages,music,social

andreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatur48)~l(ofilterout

whatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavior

aroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonli

netodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleagues

considertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversality

inlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumans

arebornwithaninnateIanguag——acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.

Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureof

alanguage,whichiswhychildrencanleannitsoquickly.

(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality

identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsidered

torepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetween

themrepresentmorethan2,000Ianguages5Q)Chomsky'grammarshouldshow_patterns_of_la

nguage_change_that_are_independent_of_the_family_tree_or_the_pathwaytrackedthroughit.

WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypes

ofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggesting

thatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals

[NxtPage]

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexercise

precio

health."But_1_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittle

influenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoes_2short-termchangesinthefunction

oftheheartanditsbloodvessels,_3___heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehard

laughterisdifficultto_4___,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_5___benefitstheway,say,

walkingorjoggingdoes.

—6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparently

accomplishesthe_7_,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,

Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_8